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GI > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

oral cavity, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

A

stratified squamous epithelium which is generally not kertainised

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2
Q

nasal cavity and nasopharynx

A

respiratory epithelium

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3
Q

anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

stratified squamous epithelium
thin on ventral surface
thick and pipillae on the dorsal surface

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4
Q

posterior 1/3 tongue

A

smooth stratified squamous epithelium which except for the circumvallate papillae, lacks papillae but does have substantial lymphoid aggregates in the submucosa

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5
Q

entrance to the oropharynx

A

the pharynx has a ring of lymphoid tissue composed of the tonsils
there are deep crypts lined with stratified squamous epithelium and lymphoid folicles

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6
Q

digestive tract layers

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa or adeventitia

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7
Q

mucosa

A

epithelium- sits on a basal lamina
lamina propria- loose connective tissue
muscularis mucosae- thin layer of smooth muscle

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8
Q

submucosa

A

loose connective tissue

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9
Q

muscularis externa

A

two thick layers of smooth mmuscle, an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

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10
Q

serosa or adventitia

A

outer layer of connective tissue that either suspends the digestive tract or attaches it to other organs

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11
Q

location of submucosal glands

A

oesophagus

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12
Q

gastro-oesophageal junction

A

abrupt transition from stratified squamous epithelium of the oesophagus to the simple columnar epithelium of the cardia of the stomach

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13
Q

specialty of the stomach lining

A

gastric pits which have 1-7 gastric glands at the bottom

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14
Q

lining of gastric pits

A

surface mucuous cells

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15
Q

cells of gastric glands

A

not evenly distributed
isthmus- parietal and stem cells
neck- mucuous and parietal cells
fundus (base)- chief cells with a few parietal and enteroendocrine cells

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16
Q

chief cells

A

digestive enzyme secreting cell

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17
Q

parietal cell

A

hydrocholric acid producing cell

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18
Q

cardia

A

deep gastric pits that branch into loosely packed tortuous glands

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19
Q

body

A

shallow gastric pits with long straight gastric glands

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20
Q

pylorus

A

deep gastric pits with branched, coiled gastric glands at a higher density than in the cardia

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21
Q

muscularis externa of the stomach

A

contains an extra layer which is oblique to the usual circular and longitudinal muscle layers
internal to the circular layer
it aids the churning of the stomach

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22
Q

gastroduodenal junction

A

there is an abrupt transition from stomach mucosa to duodenal mucosa
the inner, circular layer of smooth muscle is markedly thickened to form the pyloric sphincter

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23
Q

components of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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24
Q

small intestinal epithelium

A

villi

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25
Q

crypts of lieberkuhn

A

pits drilling downwards between adjacent villi

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26
Q

duodenum

A

contains brunner’s glands in the submucosa

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27
Q

brunner’s glands

A

when stimulated by the presence of chyme, they roduce a thin, alkaline mucuous to neutralise the chyme

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28
Q

jejunum

A

tallest villi, located on permanent circular folds of the mucosa and the submucosa
lymphoid follicles infrequent

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29
Q

ileum

A

short villi

peyer’s patches found in the submucosa and often into the lamina propria

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30
Q

peyer’s patches

A

aggregations of lymphoid follicles

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31
Q

enterocytes

A

the most numerous cells
tall columnar cells with a brush border
principle absorptive cell

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32
Q

goblet cells

A

produce mucin to protect epithelium and lubricate passage of material

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33
Q

paneth cells

A

found at the base of the crypts of lieberkuhn
defensive function
a role in regulating bacterial flora
secrete lysozyme and defesins

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34
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

produce hormones that contribute to the control of secretion and motility
eg gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP

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35
Q

stem cells

A

found at the base of the crypts of lieberkuhn

they divide to replenish epithelim

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36
Q

cells found in the small intestin

A 
enterocytes
goblet cells
paneth cells
enteroendocrine cells
stem cells
37
Q

cells in the large intestine

A

absorptive cells
goblet cells
arranged in straight, tubular, glands, referred to as crypts, that extend down to the muscularis mucosae

38
Q

absorptive cells in the large intestine

A

for removal of salts and thereby water

39
Q

appendix

A

crypts are far less abundant
typically circular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the submucosa and often lamina propria
the lymphoid tissue tends to decline with age

40
Q

rectoanal junction

A

distinct junction between the mucosa of the rectum and the anal canal

41
Q

anal canal

A

continuous with kertinised stratified epithelium of the surrounding skin

42
Q

myenteric plexus location

A

between the muscle layers of the muscularis externa

43
Q

submucosal plexus location

A

in the submucosa

44
Q

myenteric plexus role

A

controls gut motility

45
Q

submucosal plexus role

A

controls the muscle of the muscularis mucosae

helps regulate secretion in the epithelium

46
Q

ganglion

A

groups of neurons living outside the brain and spinal cord

47
Q

tonsils

A

palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, tubal tonsils and pharyngeal tonsils

48
Q

development of the liver and the pancreas

A

as an outgrowth of the gut

49
Q

the parenchyma of the liver and the pancreas

A

glandular epithelial cells

50
Q

liver capsule

A

covered by a collangenous tissue capsule which is covered by a layer of mesothelial cells derived from the peritoneum

51
Q

structure of the liver

A

made up of segments called lobules

52
Q

lobules

A

each is approx hexagonal and has a branch of the hepatic vein called the centrolobular vein at its centre and portal triads at each corner

53
Q

portal tracts

A

branches of hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile ductule
lymphatic vessels

54
Q

lining of portal tract

A

squamous cuboidal cells called cholangiocytes

55
Q

hepatocytes

A

the main cells of the liver

polyhedral epithelial cells form plates or sheets of cells with spaces in between for blood to flow through

56
Q

sinusoids

A

blood channels lined by endothelial cells and there is a narrow lining between these and the hepatocytes

57
Q

space of disse

A

space between lining cells (sinusoids) and hepatocytes

58
Q

microvilli of the liver

A

project into the space of disse

59
Q

endothelium of sinusoids

A

fenestrated so the liquid component of blood generally has free access to the hepatocytes but the blood cells do not

60
Q

support of the liver

A

the portal tracts are accompanied by collagenous connective tissue
parenchyma has reticular fibres (type III collagen) along with some type I collagen that is found in the space of disse

61
Q

hepatic stellate cells (Ito)

A

found scattered in the space of disse
modified fibroblasts and make connective tissue
they also store vit A within fat droplets in their cytoplasm

62
Q

kupffer cells

A

resisdent macrophages of sinusoids

remove particulate matter from the blood and help remove worn out RBCs

63
Q

bile definition

A

alkaline solution containing water, ions, phosphlipids, bilirubin and bile salts

64
Q

bilirubin

A

a pigment which results from the breakdown of haemoglobin in the spleen and when excreted in bile is the principal cause of the brown colour of faeces

65
Q

bile salts

A

necessary for the emulsification of fats in the digestive tract

66
Q

primary bile

A

produced by hepatocytes

modified in several ways eg additions of bicarbonate ions and water by the cholangiocytes

67
Q

cholangiocytes

A

cells that line the biliary tree

68
Q

movement of bile

A

bile flows via bile canaliculi toward the bile ducts in the portal tracts and then to the hepatic ducts

69
Q

bile canaliculi

A

small channels formed by tight junctions in the cell membranes of adjacent hepatocytes

70
Q

the gall bladder definition

A

a muscular sac which stores bile and modifies the bile stored within it

71
Q

lining of the gall bladder

A

tall columnar epithelial cells with a brush border
lamina propria of loose connective tissue rich in blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, a coat of smooth muscle and an outer collagenous layer of adventitia

72
Q

mucosa of the gall bladder

A

has folded mucosa when empty- this flattens when distended

73
Q

what happens to the majority of the bile arriving from the liver?

A

it is removed by the gall bladder

74
Q

process by which the gall bladder removes bile

A

is actively pumps Na+ and Cl- ions from the bile into the spaces between adjacent epithelial cells
water then follows due to the increase in osmotic pressure in these spaces, which become distended with fluid when the gall bladder is actively concentrating bile

75
Q

how is the water removed from the gall bladder?

A

it is carried away, largely by the lymphatic vessels of the lamina propria

76
Q

process by which bile is removed from the gall bladder

A

it is stimulated to contract and deliver bile to the duodenum, both under nervous control (chiefly vagal) and via release of CCK

77
Q

why is the pancreas unusual?

A

both an endocrine and an exocrine duct

78
Q

role of the exocrine pancreas

A

produces about a litre of digestive juices containing proteases to break down proteins, lipases to break down lipids, nucleases to breakdown DNA/RNA and amylase to breakdown starch etc

79
Q

where do digestive juices from the pancreas go?

A

they enter the duodenum via the pancreatic duct

80
Q

endocrine pancreas

A

consists of small, scattered islands of tissue called islets of langerhans which produce a number of hormones including insulin and glucagon

81
Q

exocrine pancreas components

A

numerous serous acini and ducts

82
Q

cells of the basal part of the exocrine pancreas

A

very basophilic because they contain large amounts of RER

83
Q

cells of the apical part of the exocrine pancreas

A

very eosinophilic due to the presence of zymogen granules

84
Q

what happens when the pancreatic secretion arrives in the duodenum?

A

an enteropeptidase converts the inactive proteolytic enzyme trypsinogen into the active form, trypsin
this begins a cascade that results in the activation of other enzymes

85
Q

exocrine pancreas lining

A

thin connective tissue capsule that is continuous with connective tissue septa that divide the gland into lobules

86
Q

intercalated ducts of the pancreas

A

the smallest ducts

do not start where the acinus ends but rather extend into it

87
Q

centroacinar cells

A

duct cells within the acini

their nuclei and cytoplasm do not stain as intensly as the secretory cells

88
Q

hepatopancreatic ampulla (of vater)

A

where the main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct and opens into the duodenum on a papillae

GI (9 decks)

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