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GI > Anatomy- Abdominal Pain > Flashcards

Anatomy- Abdominal Pain Flashcards

1
Q

small intestine

A

duodenum (short)
jejunum (around 3m)
ileum (around 4m)

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2
Q

large intestine

A

colon
rectum
anal canal
anus

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3
Q

colon

A 
caecum 
appendix 
ascending colon 
transverse colon 
descending colon 
sigmoid colon
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4
Q

abdominal organs

A 
liver
oesophagus 
stomach 
gall bladder
pancreas
large intestine 
small intestine
spleen 
kidneys 
adrenal glands
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5
Q

foregut

A

oesophagus to mid-duodenum
liver + gall bladder
spleen
1/2 pancreas

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6
Q

midgut

A

mid- duodenum to proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon

1/2 pancreas

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7
Q

hindgut

A

distal 1/3rd of transverse colon to proximal 1/2 anal canal

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8
Q

clinical organisation of organs

A

quadrants split by horizontal and vertical lines through umbilicus

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9
Q

regions of the abdomen

A 
right hypochondrium 
epigastric
left hypochondrium 
right lumbar 
umbilical 
left lumbar 
right inguinal
pubic 
left inguinal
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10
Q

which planes divide the regions horizontally?

A

subcostal plane

transtubecular plane

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11
Q

which planes divide the regions vertically?

A

mid-clavicular planes

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12
Q

abdominal wall muscles

A

rectus abdominis
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis

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13
Q

role of abdominal wall muscles

A

contract to guard the abdominal organs when injury threatens

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14
Q

peritoneum

A

thin, transparent, semi-permeable, serous membrane
lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
two layers creates the peritoneal cavity between

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15
Q

parietal

A

on the body wall

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16
Q

visceral

A

engulfing the organs

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17
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

between the 2 layers

contains a small amount of lubricating fluid, as gut moves a lot

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18
Q

peritonitis

A

blood, pus or faeces within the peritoneal cavity which causes severe and painful inflammation of the peritoneum

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19
Q

intraperitoneal organs

A

almost completely covered in visceral peritoeneum

minimally mobile

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20
Q

organs with a mesentery (intraperitoneal)

A

covered in visceral peritoneum
visceral peritoneum wraps behind the organ to form a double layer- mesentery
mesentery suspends the organ from the posterior abdominal wall
very mobile

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21
Q

retroperitoneal organs

A

only has a visceral peritoneum on its anterior surface

located in the retroperitoneum

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22
Q

intraperitoneal organ egs

A 
liver and gall bladder 
stomach 
spleen 
parts of small intestine
transvers colon
23
Q

retroperitoneal organ egs

A 
kidneys 
adrenal gland 
pancreas 
ascending colon 
descending colon
24
Q

peritoneal formations

A

condensations exist which are double layers of peritoneum which attach organs to each other or to the body wall

25
Q

types of peritoneal formations

A

mesentery
omentum
peritoneal ligaments

26
Q

mesentery

A

usually connects organ to posterior body wall

27
Q

omentum

A

greater and lesser

passes from the stomach to other organs

28
Q

peritoneal ligaments

A

connect organs to one another or body wall

29
Q

types of mesentery

A

mesentery proper of the small intestine
transverse and sigmoid mesocolon
mesoappendix

30
Q

greater omentum

A

four layered
hangs like an apron
attaches the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon

31
Q

lesser omentum

A

double layered

runs between lesser curvature of stomach and duodenum to liver

32
Q

what does the omentum divide the peritoneal cavity into

A

a greater sac and a lesser sac

33
Q

how do the greater sac and the lesser sac communicate

A

omental foramen (foramen of Winslow)

34
Q

where does the portal triad lie

A

in the free edge of the lesser omentum

35
Q

name the three important ligaments formed by the peritoneum

A

hepatoduodenal ligament which contains the portal triad
hepatogastric ligament
gastrosplenic ligament
splenorenal ligament

36
Q

name the pouch formed by peritoneum in males

A

rectovesical pouch

37
Q

name the pouches formed by peritoneum in females

A

vesico-uterine pouch

recto-uterine pouch

38
Q

what is ascites

A

collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

39
Q

what usually causes ascites

A

cirrhosis

portal hypertension

40
Q

how can ascitic fluid be drained from the peritoneal cavity?

A

paracentesis - abdominocentesis

41
Q

where must the needle be placed in abdominocentesis and why

A

lateral to the rectus sheath to avoid the inferior epigastric artery

42
Q

how do sympathetic nerve fibres get from the CNS to the abdominal organs

A

leave the spinal cord between levels T5 and L2 and leave the sympathetic chains with abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves

43
Q

where do abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves synapse?

A

at prevertebral ganglia at the exit points of the major branches of the abdominal aorta
these pass onto the surface of the arterial branches leaving the abdominal aorta and hitch a ride with arteries

44
Q

how is the adrenal gland special?

A

sympathetic nerve fibres leave the spinal cord at T10-L1 and synapse directly onto the cells

45
Q

how do parasympathetic nerve fibres from the vagus nerve get to the abdominal organs?

A

presynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibres enter abdominal cavity on surface of the oesophagus (“vagal trunks”)

travel into the periarterial plexuses around the abdominal aorta

carried to the walls of the organs where they synapse in ganglia

supply parasympathetic nerve fibres to the GI tract + abdominal organs up to the distal end of the transverse colon

46
Q

pelvic splanchnic nerves

A

S2, 3, 4
Presynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibres
smooth muscle/glands of the descending colon to anal canal

47
Q

where does pain from the foregut organs tend to be?

A

epigastric region

48
Q

where does pain from the midgut organs tend to be?

A

umbilical region

49
Q

where does pain from the hindgut organs tend to be?

A

pubic region

50
Q

how do visceral afferent nerve fibres get from the abdominal organs to the CNS?

A

pain fibres from most of the abdominal organs runs alongside sympathetic fibres back to the spinal cord

51
Q

where do visceral afferent nerve fibres from the foregut organs enter the spinal cord

A

T6-T9

52
Q

where do visceral afferent nerve fibres from the midgut organs enter the spinal cord

A

T8-T12

53
Q

where do visceral afferent nerve fibres from the hindgut organs enter the spinal cord

A

T12-L2

54
Q

where does pain from visceral afferent nerve fibres from abdominal organs tend to be felt

A

in the dermatomes of the levels at which they enter the spinal cord

GI (9 decks)

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