Anatomy- Upper Tract Flashcards
head
oral cavity
pharynx
neck
pharynx
oesophagus
chest
oseophagus
abdomen
stomach
small intestine
large intestine (most)
most accessory organs of GI tract
pelvis
rectum
anal canal
perineum
anus
functions
mastication
taste
deglutition
salivation
mastication
process of chewing
conducted by the movement of the jaw and tongue to breakdown food
facilitates taste and digestion by mixing food with saliva
adult dentition
32 teeth
all erupted by age 18
4 quadrants
TMJ articulations
articular tubercle
mandibular fossa
head of the condylar process
TMJs role
movement of opening and closing the jaw
what controls the movement of the TMJs?
4 muscles of mastication (3 close, 1 open)
nervous supply of the 4 muscles of mastication
mandibular division of trigeminal nerve- CN V3
4 muscles of mastication
temporalis
masseter
lateral pterygoid (open)
medial pterygoid
cavities of TMJs
2 divided by an articular disc
superior cavity for translation
inferior cavity for rotation
mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
CNV3
sensory and motor fibres
course of CNV3
from pons
through foramen ovale
to muscles of mastication and sensory area
posterior 1/3rd of the tongue
vertical part
in oropharynx
taste and general sensation (CNIX)
anterior 2/3rds of tongue
horizontal part
in oral cavity
taste (CNVII)
general sensory (CNV3)
facial nerves
special sensory
sensory
motor
parasympathetic
course of facial nerve
from pontomedullary junction
travel through temporal bone via internal acoustic meatus then stylomastoid foramen
facial nerve supplys..
taste ant. 2/3rds of tongue
muscles of facial expression
glands in floor of mouth
superior half of the oral cavity sensation
gingiva of oral cavity and palate
general sensation CN V2
inferior half of the oral cavity sensation
gingiva of oral cavity and floor of mouth
general sensation CN V3
gag reflex
protective reflex that prevents foreign bodies from entering the pharynx or larynx
to touching the posterior wall of the oropharynx, the pharynx will constrict as the patient attempts to close it off as an entry point to the body
sensory part of the gag reflex
carried by nerve fibres within CN IX
motor part of the gag reflex
carried by nerve fibres within CN IX and CN X
maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
CN V2
sensory fibres
course of CN V2
from pons
through foramen rotundu,
to sensory area (mid face)
glossopharyngeal nerve
CN IX special sensory sensory motor visceral afferent parasympathetic
course of CN IX
from medulla
through jugular foramen
to posterior wall of oropharynx (sensory), parotid gland (secrotomotor) and post 1/3rd tongue (sensation and taste)
salivary glands
3 pairs
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
parotid gland
crosses face secretes into mouth by upper 2nd molar
submandibular gland
enters floor of the mouth and secretes via lingual caruncle
sublingual gland
lays in floor of mouth
secretes via several ducts superiorly
duct clogging/blockage
can cause swelling due to back up of secretions
tongue musculature
suspended in oral cavity by 4 pairs of skeletal muscles palatoglossus styloglossus genioglossus hyoglossus
extrinsic muscles of the tongue
function to change the position of the tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech
intrinsic muscles of the tongue
located mainly dorsally/posteriorly
modify the shape of the tongue during function
what innervates tongue muscles?
CN XII (hypoglossal) except palatoglossus
hypoglossal nerves
CN XII
motor only
course of CN XII
from medulla
through hypoglossal canal
to extrinsic and intrinsic muscle of tongue (except palatoglossus)
the pharynx
3 x circular (constrictor)
3 x longitudinal muscles
both layers elevate the pharynx and larynx
- attach to larynx
- contract to shorten pharynx
- raise the larynx to close over the laryngeal inlet
innervation of the pharynx
outer layer supplied by CN X (vagus)
all insert onto the midline raphe
inner layer supplied mainly by CN X and IX
circular muscles of the pharynx
constrictor muscles
voluntary muscle
overlap each other and contract sequentially
longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
skeletal (voluntary) muscle
inner layer
endoscopy
used to view inside of the GI tract
ask the patient to swallow as you insert the endoscope
swallowing
voluntary
- tongue pushes bolus of food towards oropharynx
involuntary
- soft palate elevated, larynx elevated
- cicrular layer of pharyngeal constrictor muscles contracts
- bolus of food enters oesophagus and travels inferiorly by peristalsis
what closes the lips to prevent drooling durin swallowing?
orbicularis oris and cranial nerve VII
oesophagus
inferior continuation of laryngopharynx muscular tube (walls sit together when no food is present)
where does the oesophagus begin?
inferior edge of cricopharyngeus muscle (vertebral level C6)
spincters of oesophagus
anatomical upper sphincter (cricopharyngeus) and a physiological lower oesophageal sphincter
aid in controlling food movement
oesophageal plexus
runs on surface to supply smooth muscle within its walls
contains parasympathetic nerve fibres (vagal trunks) and sympathetic nerve fibres
these fibres influence the enteric nervous system to speed up (P) or slow down (S) peristalsis
termination of the oesophagus
entering the cardia of the stomach
cervical constriction of the oesophagus
cricopharyngeus muscle
thoracic constriction of the oesophagus
arch of the aorta
left main bronchus
diaphragmatic constriction of the oesophagus
result of passing through diaphragm
lower oesophageal sphincter
what produces the lower oesophageal sphincter?
contraction of diaphragm
intraabdominal pressure slighty higher than intragastric pressure
oblique angle at which the oesophagus enters the cardia of the stomach
lower oesophaegal sphincter
helps reduce occurence of ‘reflux’
presence of a hiatus hernia will reduce effectiveness which can lead to symptoms of reflux
abrupt changes in type of mucosa lining the wall - Z line
stomach location
lies mainly in the left hypochondrium, epigastric and umbilical regions
