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Semester 2: Cardiorespiratory Fitness > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the cartilaginous and muscular structures of the trachea and outline their function

A
  • C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, to support the mucosa

- Trachealis joins the free ends posteriorly, to reduce tracheal diameter and increase intrathroacic pressure

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2
Q

Outline the five components of the respiratory epithelia of the trachea

A
  • Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelia
  • Goblet Cells
  • Serous Glands
  • Basal Cells
  • Stem Cells
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3
Q

Are the ciliated columnar cells, goblet and basal cells more plentiful in the upper or lower trachea?

A
  • Ciliated epithelia more plentiful in lower trachea

- Goblet and basal cells more common in upper trachea

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4
Q

Aside from the respiratory epithelia, outline the other histological layers of the trachea

A
  • Lamina Propria
  • Smooth Muscle
  • Submucosa
  • Perichondrium
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5
Q

Identify four histological differences between the trachea and primary bronchi?

A
  • Epithelia is less tall
  • Lamina propria contains more elastin
  • Submucosa contains fewer serous glands
  • Cartilage is flattened and composed of intercalated discs
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6
Q

Identify six histological components of the tertiary bronchi

A
  • Tall columnar epithelium
  • Lamina Propria, containing elastin
  • Smooth muscle, for expiratory contraction
  • Submucosa, containing sparse serous glands
  • Cartilage is flattened and composed of irregular plates
  • Adventitia containing lymphocytes (MALT)
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7
Q

Do the bronchioles contain cartilage and / or submucosal glands?

A
  • They contain neither cartilage nor submucosal glands
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8
Q

Which type of epithelia do bronchioles possess?

A
  • Ciliated columnar epithelium
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9
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscle contained within the bronchioles?

A
  • Controls resistance to airflow within the lungs
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10
Q

Which vessel lies next to the bronchiole?

A
  • Pulmonary artery
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11
Q

Identify the two types of bronchioles

A
  • Terminal bronchi are proximal and conductive

- Respiratory bronchi are distal and involved in gaseous exchange

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12
Q

Identify the additional cell type present in bronchioles that is not present and identify three functions of this cell

A
  • Clara Cell:
  • Produces surfactant components
  • Stem cells
  • Contain enzyme system that detoxify noxious substances
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13
Q

Identify the structures distal to the respiratory bronchioles

A
  • Alveolar Ducts
  • Alveolar Sacs
  • Alveoli
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14
Q

What are alveolar rings?

A
  • Found within walls of alveolar ducts

- Contain smooth muscle, collagen and elastic fibres

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15
Q

What name is given to the small opening in the alveoli that allow movement of air between adjacent alveoli and where are they located?

A
  • Alveolar Pores of Kohn

- Alveolar Septa

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16
Q

Identify the two types of Pneumocytes and their function

A
  • Type 1: Squamous cells that line the alveoli

- Type 2: Secrete surfactant

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17
Q

What is the respiratory membrane composed of?

A
  • Type 1 pneumocytes
  • Fused basement membrane
  • Cytoplasm of capillary endothelial cell
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18
Q

Identify the structure of a cardiac muscle fibre

A
  • Long cylindrical cell
  • Striated
  • Two centrally located nuclei
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19
Q

What are intercalated discs and identify two functions

A
  • Intracellular junctions
  • Provide points of anchorage
  • Permit rapid spread of contractile stimuli from one cell to another
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20
Q

Outline the three layers of the vessels of the circulatory system

A
  • Tunica Intima composed of endothelial cells
  • Tunica Media composed of smooth muscle
  • Tunica Adventitia
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21
Q

Outline the histological features of the elastic arteries, with reference to their three layers

A
  • Tunica Intima is flat
  • Tunica Media is broad and elastic
  • Tunica Adventitia contains small vasa vasorum
  • Also present are fibroblasts and myointimal cells
22
Q

Why are myointimal cells not considered epithelia?

A
  • They are not invested by basement membrane
23
Q

What is the clinical significance of myointimal cells?

A
  • Accumulate lipid with age

- Results in atherosclerosis

24
Q

Outline the histological features of the muscular arteries, with reference to their three layers

A
  • Tunica Intima is thin
  • Tunica Media is broad and composed of muscle with scanty elastic fibres
  • Tunica Adventitia is composed of collagen
25
Describe the two layers of lamina in muscular arteries and where they are located
- Internal elastic lamina between tunica interna and tunica media - External elastic lamina between tunica median and tunica adventitia
26
Which layer of the elastic lamina is usually absent in smaller muscular arteries?
- External elastic lamina
27
What two changes occur in the transition between arteries and arterioles?
- Loss of the internal elastic lamina | - Reducing in number of muscle layers in the media
28
What is the function of the microcirculation?
- Exchange of gases, fluids, nutrients and metabolic waste products
29
What name is given to the cells where this exchange process takes place?
- Capillaries | - Which form an interconnected network
30
What controls blood flow within the capillaries?
- Precapillary sphincters
31
What are metarterioles?
- Capillaries with a larger diameter | - Characterised by a discontinuous outer layer of smooth muscle
32
Describe the histological structure of the capillaries with reference to endothelium, nuclei and additional cells
- Single layer of flattened endothelial cells - Flattened nuclei - Pericytes which have a contractile function
33
Identify the force compelling venous blood to the heart
- Smooth muscle | - External compression of skeletal muscle
34
How is back-flow of blood prevented in veins? Failure of this process results in what condition?
- Valves which are derived from the intima | - Varicose veins
35
Identify the 3 types of venules and how they differ from one another structurally
- Postcapillary which are smallest - Confluence which are larger with more pericytes - Muscular Venules which acquire a layer of smooth muscle
36
How do the walls and lumens differ in arteries and veins?
- Walls are thinner in veins | - Lumens are larger in veins
37
What is meant by the term vena comitantes?
- Multiple veins | - Closely associated with arteries in peripheral regions
38
Outline the histological features of the small and medium sized veins, with reference to their three layers
- Tunica Intima is thin - Tunica media consists of 2-4 layers of circumferential muscle fibre - Tunica Adventitia is thick and consists of collagen fibres -
39
Outline the histological features of the large veins, with reference to their three layers
- Tunica Intima is thin - Tunica media contains several layers of smooth muscle separated by elastic fibres - Tunica adventitia is thick and consists of collagen and vasa vasorum
40
Outline the histological features of the vena cava with reference to their three layers
- Tunica Intima is composed of fibro-elastic tissue - Tunica Median is narrow and composed of circular smooth muscle - Tunica adventitia is thick and consists of collagen and longitudinal smooth muscle
41
Identify the shape of a cardiac muscle fibre
- Long, cylindrical
42
Describe the number and position of cardiac muscle fibre nuclei
- One or two | - Centrally located
43
Are cardiac muscle fibres striated?
- Yes
44
What structure extends into the splenic parenchyma from the capsule?
- Trabeculae
45
Identify four functions of the spleen
- Production of immunological responses against blood-borne viruses - Removal or particulate matter and defective blood cells - Recycling iron to the bone marrow - Haematopoiesis in the foetus
46
What is the splenic parenchyma?
- Splenic Cords / Cords of Billroth | - Composed of macrophages which are responsible for destruction of aged or damaged cells
47
What is open circulation in relation the the spleen?
- Blood cells entering parenchyma squeeze through walls of sinuses - To drain out of organ via splenic vein
48
What is the peri-arteriolar lymphoid sheath?
- Cylindrical sheath in white pulp - Consisting of T cells - That surround a central artery
49
What are the follicles in the spleen?
- Areas of B cells - That surround the peri-arteriolar lymphoid sheath - Containing germinal centres - Mantle zone consisting of small lymphocytes - Marginal zone
50
What is the perilymphoid red pulp?
- Red pulp - Around the marginal zone - That contains lymphocytes - And is devoid of sinuses

Semester 2: Cardiorespiratory Fitness (18 decks)

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