Anatomy Topic 2 Case 2 Flashcards
What are the nares?
- Anterior aperture of nasal cavities
What are the choanae?
- Posterior apertures of nasal cavities
How are nasal cavities separated:
[A] From each other
[B] From oral cavity
[C] From cranial cavity
- [A] Midline septum
- [B] Hard palate
- [C] Frontal, Ethmoid and Sphenoid Bones
What are conchae and how are they arranged?
- Curves shelves of bone
- Which sit above one another
- Project medially and inferiorly
What is the role of the conchae?
- Increase surface area of contact between tissues
Which air channel occurs between the superior conchae and nasal roof?
- Spheno-ethmoidal recess
What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct?
- Drains tears from the eye into the nasal cavity
What is the function of the vestibular region?
- Contains hairs known as vibrissae
- Filters air by trapping large particles
What is the function of the respiratory region?
- Conchae increase surface area
- Goblet cells secrete mucus which trap small particles
What is the function of the olfactory region?
- Cilia which move mucus to be swallowed
- Olfactory receptors to detect odours
Which cranial nerve is responsible for olfaction?
- Olfactory Nerve
Which cranial nerve is responsible for general sensation of the nose?
- Trigeminal Nerve
- Anterior region by ophthalmic branch
- Posterior by maxillary branch
Which arteries supply the nose?
- Maxillary and facial artereis
- Which are branches of the carotid artery
Identify the three unpaired bones that contribute to the skeletal framework of the nose.
- Ethmoid
- Sphenoid
- Vomer
Identify the four paired bones that contribute to the skeletal framework of the nose.
- Nasal
- Maxillary
- Platine
- Lacrimal
The posterior ethmoidal cells open onto which nasal meatus?
- Superior nasal meatus
The frontal sinuses open onto which nasal meatus?
- Middle nasal meatus
- Via the frontonasal duct
The maxillary sinuses open onto which nasal meatus?
- Middle nasal meatus
The inferior nasal meatus drains which duct?
- Nasolacrimal Duct
The spheno-ethmoidal recess drains which nasal sinus?
- Sphenoid Sinus
What is the clinical significance of the sphenoid sinuses?
- Pituitary gland can be surgically approached via the sphenoid sinuses
Identify five roles of paranasal sinuses
- Decreasing relative weight of the front of the skull
- Providing a buffer against blows to the face
- Insulating sensitive structures e.g. dental roots and eyes
- Humidifying and heating inhaled air due to slow air turnover
- Increasing resonance of voice
Which nerve innervates the paranasal sinuses?
- Trigeminal nerve
Identify the two roles of the larynx?
- Sphincter to close respiratory tract
- Instrument to produce sound
Identify the three unpaired cartilages that make up the larynx
- Cricoid
- Thyroid
- Epiglottis
Identify the three pairs cartilages that make up the larynx
- Arytenoid
- Corniculate
- Cuneiform
At which vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage located?
- C6
Which structures does the quadrangular membrane run between?
- Lateral margins of epiglottis
- Anterolateral surface of arytenoid cartilage
The free lower margin of the quadrangular membrane is thickened to form which ligament?
- Vestibular ligament
What is the rima vestibuli?
- Triangular opening
- Between two adjacent vestibular folds
Which are the anterior and posterior attachments of the cricothyroid ligament?
- Anteriorly to thyroid cartilage
- Posteriorly to vocal processes of arytenoid cartilage
What is the rima glottidis?
- Narrower triangular opening
- Between two adjacent vocal folds
Identify five functions of the larynx
- Quiet respiration
- Forced respiration
- Phonation
- Effort closure
- Swallowing
Between which vertebral levels does the trachea run between?
- C6
- T4 - T5, where it bifurcates at the carina
How is the trachea held open?
- By C-shaped transverse cartilage rings
What is the clinical significance of the right main bronchus?
- Wider and takes a more vertical course
- Inhaled foreign bodies tend to lodge more frequently
Identify alternative names for the primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi
- Primary = Main
- Secondary = Lobar
- Tertiary = Segmental
What doe the segmental bronchi supply?
- Bronchopulmonary segments
What are bronchopulmonary segments and how many bronchopulmonary segments are located in each lung?
- Smallest functionally independent region of a lung
- 10
What is the role of the pulmonary arteries?
- Deliver deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right ventricle
What is the role of the pulmonary veins?
- Deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Identify and describe the two surfaces of each lung
- Costal surface, adjacent to ribs and intercostal surfaces
- Mediastinal surface, adjacent to mediastinum anteriorly and vertebral column posteriorly
Identify and describe the three borders of each lung
- Inferior border, sharp border separating base from costal surface
- Anterior border, sharp border separating costal surface from medial surface
- Posterior border, smooth border separating costal surface from medial surface
What is the root of a lung?
- Short tubular collection of structures that together attach the lungs to the mediastinum
What covers the root of the lung?
- Mediastinal pleura
What is the pulmonary ligament?
- Blade like fold of pleura
- Projects inferiorly from the root to the mediastinum
- Stabilise position of inferior lobe
Does the vagus nerve pass anteriorly or posteriorly to the root of the lung?
- Posteriorly
Does the phrenic nerve pass anteriorly or posteriorly to the root of the lung?
- Anteriorly
Identify six features located in each lung hilum?
- 1 x Pulmonary Artery
- 2 x Pulmonary Vein
- Bronchus
- Nerves
- Lymphatics
How are the structures of the hilum positioned relative to one another in each lung?
- Pulmonary Artery is anterior
- Bronchus in the middle
- Pulmonary Veins are inferior
Identify the lobes and fissures of the right lung?
- Superior, middle and inferior lobe
- Oblique fissure
- Horizontal fissure
Where is the right oblique fissure located on a patient?
- Spinous process of T4
- Crosses 5th intercostal space laterally
- Follows contour of rib 6 anteriorly
Where is the horizontal fissure located on a patient?
- Follows 4th intercostal sapce
- Meets oblique fissure as it crosses rib 5
Identify the important structures that lie adjacent to the right lung
- Heart
- Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
- Azygos Vein
- Oesophagus
- Right Subclavian Artery and Vein
Identify the lobes and fissures of the left lung?
- Superior and inferior lobe
- Oblique fissure
Where is the left oblique fissure located on a patient?
- Spinous process of T4
- Crosses 5th intercostal space laterally
- Follows contour of rib 6 anteriorly
Identify two additional structures of the left lung not present on the right lung
- Cardiac noch
- Lingual of left lung
Identify the important structures that lie adjacent to the left lung
- Heart
- Aortic Arch
- Thoracic Aorta
- Oesophagus
- Subclavian Artery and Vein
Where do the pulmonary arteries originate from?
- Pulmonary Trunk
At which vertebral level does the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk occur?
- T4/T5
- Anteroinferiorly to bifurcation of trachea
Which structures are supplied by the bronchial arteries?
- Bronchial walls and glands
- Walls of large vessels
- Visceral pleura
Where do the bronchial arteries originate?
- Thoracic aorta
How many right bronchial arteries are there and from where do they arise?
- One right bronchial artery
- Third posterior intercostal artery
How many left bronchial arteries are there and from where do they arise?
- Two left bronchial arteries
- Thoracic aorta (T5)
Do the bronchial arteries run on the anterior or posterior surfaces of the bronchi?
- Posterior
What do the bronchial veins frain into?
- Pulmonary veins
- Azygos system
Azygos vein on the right and hemiazygos vein on the left
What is efferent and afferent innervation of the lungs and visceral pleura?
- Anterior and posterior pulmonary plexus
- Which originate from sympathetic trunks and vagus nerves
What is the efferent function of the vagus nerve with regards to the bronchioles
- Constrict bronchioles
What is the efferent function of the sympathetic system with regards to the bronchioles
- Dilates bronchioles
Identify the passageway taken by lymph from the bronchopulmonary nodes?
- Bronchopulmonary nodes
- Tracheobronchial nodes
- Brachiocephalic / Parasternal nodes
- Right / left bronchomediastinal trunks
- Right lymphatic / thoracic duct
- Returned to blood vascular system at brachiocephalic vein
At the level of which costal cartilage do the anterior borders of the lungs meet in the midline?
- 2nd Costal Cartilage
At the level of which costal cartilage does the anterior border of the left lung move away from the midline?
- 4th Costal Cartilage
At the level of which costal cartilage does the anterior border of the right lung move away from the midline?
- 6th Costal Cartilage
At the level of which rib do the lower borders of each lung cross the mid-axillary line?
- Rib 8
At the level of which rib do the lower borders of the posterior aspect of each lung are level with the rib?
- Rib 10
