Anatomy Topic 2 Case 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the nares?

A
  • Anterior aperture of nasal cavities
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2
Q

What are the choanae?

A
  • Posterior apertures of nasal cavities
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3
Q

How are nasal cavities separated:

[A] From each other
[B] From oral cavity
[C] From cranial cavity

A
  • [A] Midline septum
  • [B] Hard palate
  • [C] Frontal, Ethmoid and Sphenoid Bones
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4
Q

What are conchae and how are they arranged?

A
  • Curves shelves of bone
  • Which sit above one another
  • Project medially and inferiorly
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5
Q

What is the role of the conchae?

A
  • Increase surface area of contact between tissues
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6
Q

Which air channel occurs between the superior conchae and nasal roof?

A
  • Spheno-ethmoidal recess
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7
Q

What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct?

A
  • Drains tears from the eye into the nasal cavity
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8
Q

What is the function of the vestibular region?

A
  • Contains hairs known as vibrissae

- Filters air by trapping large particles

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9
Q

What is the function of the respiratory region?

A
  • Conchae increase surface area

- Goblet cells secrete mucus which trap small particles

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10
Q

What is the function of the olfactory region?

A
  • Cilia which move mucus to be swallowed

- Olfactory receptors to detect odours

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11
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for olfaction?

A
  • Olfactory Nerve
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12
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for general sensation of the nose?

A
  • Trigeminal Nerve
  • Anterior region by ophthalmic branch
  • Posterior by maxillary branch
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13
Q

Which arteries supply the nose?

A
  • Maxillary and facial artereis

- Which are branches of the carotid artery

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14
Q

Identify the three unpaired bones that contribute to the skeletal framework of the nose.

A
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid
  • Vomer
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15
Q

Identify the four paired bones that contribute to the skeletal framework of the nose.

A
  • Nasal
  • Maxillary
  • Platine
  • Lacrimal
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16
Q

The posterior ethmoidal cells open onto which nasal meatus?

A
  • Superior nasal meatus
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17
Q

The frontal sinuses open onto which nasal meatus?

A
  • Middle nasal meatus

- Via the frontonasal duct

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18
Q

The maxillary sinuses open onto which nasal meatus?

A
  • Middle nasal meatus
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19
Q

The inferior nasal meatus drains which duct?

A
  • Nasolacrimal Duct
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20
Q

The spheno-ethmoidal recess drains which nasal sinus?

A
  • Sphenoid Sinus
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21
Q

What is the clinical significance of the sphenoid sinuses?

A
  • Pituitary gland can be surgically approached via the sphenoid sinuses
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22
Q

Identify five roles of paranasal sinuses

A
  • Decreasing relative weight of the front of the skull
  • Providing a buffer against blows to the face
  • Insulating sensitive structures e.g. dental roots and eyes
  • Humidifying and heating inhaled air due to slow air turnover
  • Increasing resonance of voice
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23
Q

Which nerve innervates the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Trigeminal nerve
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24
Q

Identify the two roles of the larynx?

A
  • Sphincter to close respiratory tract

- Instrument to produce sound

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25
Identify the three unpaired cartilages that make up the larynx
- Cricoid - Thyroid - Epiglottis
26
Identify the three pairs cartilages that make up the larynx
- Arytenoid - Corniculate - Cuneiform
27
At which vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage located?
- C6
28
Which structures does the quadrangular membrane run between?
- Lateral margins of epiglottis | - Anterolateral surface of arytenoid cartilage
29
The free lower margin of the quadrangular membrane is thickened to form which ligament?
- Vestibular ligament
30
What is the rima vestibuli?
- Triangular opening | - Between two adjacent vestibular folds
31
Which are the anterior and posterior attachments of the cricothyroid ligament?
- Anteriorly to thyroid cartilage | - Posteriorly to vocal processes of arytenoid cartilage
32
What is the rima glottidis?
- Narrower triangular opening | - Between two adjacent vocal folds
33
Identify five functions of the larynx
- Quiet respiration - Forced respiration - Phonation - Effort closure - Swallowing
34
Between which vertebral levels does the trachea run between?
- C6 | - T4 - T5, where it bifurcates at the carina
35
How is the trachea held open?
- By C-shaped transverse cartilage rings
36
What is the clinical significance of the right main bronchus?
- Wider and takes a more vertical course | - Inhaled foreign bodies tend to lodge more frequently
37
Identify alternative names for the primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi
- Primary = Main - Secondary = Lobar - Tertiary = Segmental
38
What doe the segmental bronchi supply?
- Bronchopulmonary segments
39
What are bronchopulmonary segments and how many bronchopulmonary segments are located in each lung?
- Smallest functionally independent region of a lung | - 10
40
What is the role of the pulmonary arteries?
- Deliver deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right ventricle
41
What is the role of the pulmonary veins?
- Deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
42
Identify and describe the two surfaces of each lung
- Costal surface, adjacent to ribs and intercostal surfaces | - Mediastinal surface, adjacent to mediastinum anteriorly and vertebral column posteriorly
43
Identify and describe the three borders of each lung
- Inferior border, sharp border separating base from costal surface - Anterior border, sharp border separating costal surface from medial surface - Posterior border, smooth border separating costal surface from medial surface
44
What is the root of a lung?
- Short tubular collection of structures that together attach the lungs to the mediastinum
45
What covers the root of the lung?
- Mediastinal pleura
46
What is the pulmonary ligament?
- Blade like fold of pleura - Projects inferiorly from the root to the mediastinum - Stabilise position of inferior lobe
47
Does the vagus nerve pass anteriorly or posteriorly to the root of the lung?
- Posteriorly
48
Does the phrenic nerve pass anteriorly or posteriorly to the root of the lung?
- Anteriorly
49
Identify six features located in each lung hilum?
- 1 x Pulmonary Artery - 2 x Pulmonary Vein - Bronchus - Nerves - Lymphatics
50
How are the structures of the hilum positioned relative to one another in each lung?
- Pulmonary Artery is anterior - Bronchus in the middle - Pulmonary Veins are inferior
51
Identify the lobes and fissures of the right lung?
- Superior, middle and inferior lobe - Oblique fissure - Horizontal fissure
52
Where is the right oblique fissure located on a patient?
- Spinous process of T4 - Crosses 5th intercostal space laterally - Follows contour of rib 6 anteriorly
53
Where is the horizontal fissure located on a patient?
- Follows 4th intercostal sapce | - Meets oblique fissure as it crosses rib 5
54
Identify the important structures that lie adjacent to the right lung
- Heart - Superior and Inferior Vena Cava - Azygos Vein - Oesophagus - Right Subclavian Artery and Vein
55
Identify the lobes and fissures of the left lung?
- Superior and inferior lobe | - Oblique fissure
56
Where is the left oblique fissure located on a patient?
- Spinous process of T4 - Crosses 5th intercostal space laterally - Follows contour of rib 6 anteriorly
57
Identify two additional structures of the left lung not present on the right lung
- Cardiac noch | - Lingual of left lung
58
Identify the important structures that lie adjacent to the left lung
- Heart - Aortic Arch - Thoracic Aorta - Oesophagus - Subclavian Artery and Vein
59
Where do the pulmonary arteries originate from?
- Pulmonary Trunk
60
At which vertebral level does the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk occur?
- T4/T5 | - Anteroinferiorly to bifurcation of trachea
61
Which structures are supplied by the bronchial arteries?
- Bronchial walls and glands - Walls of large vessels - Visceral pleura
62
Where do the bronchial arteries originate?
- Thoracic aorta
63
How many right bronchial arteries are there and from where do they arise?
- One right bronchial artery | - Third posterior intercostal artery
64
How many left bronchial arteries are there and from where do they arise?
- Two left bronchial arteries | - Thoracic aorta (T5)
65
Do the bronchial arteries run on the anterior or posterior surfaces of the bronchi?
- Posterior
66
What do the bronchial veins frain into?
- Pulmonary veins | - Azygos system Azygos vein on the right and hemiazygos vein on the left
67
What is efferent and afferent innervation of the lungs and visceral pleura?
- Anterior and posterior pulmonary plexus | - Which originate from sympathetic trunks and vagus nerves
68
What is the efferent function of the vagus nerve with regards to the bronchioles
- Constrict bronchioles
69
What is the efferent function of the sympathetic system with regards to the bronchioles
- Dilates bronchioles
70
Identify the passageway taken by lymph from the bronchopulmonary nodes?
- Bronchopulmonary nodes - Tracheobronchial nodes - Brachiocephalic / Parasternal nodes - Right / left bronchomediastinal trunks - Right lymphatic / thoracic duct - Returned to blood vascular system at brachiocephalic vein
71
At the level of which costal cartilage do the anterior borders of the lungs meet in the midline?
- 2nd Costal Cartilage
72
At the level of which costal cartilage does the anterior border of the left lung move away from the midline?
- 4th Costal Cartilage
73
At the level of which costal cartilage does the anterior border of the right lung move away from the midline?
- 6th Costal Cartilage
74
At the level of which rib do the lower borders of each lung cross the mid-axillary line?
- Rib 8
75
At the level of which rib do the lower borders of the posterior aspect of each lung are level with the rib?
- Rib 10