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Semester 2: Cardiorespiratory Fitness > Anatomy Topic 2 Case 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy Topic 2 Case 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A
  • Broad central partition

- That separates the two laterally placed pleural cavities

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2
Q

What are the anterior, posterior, superior and inferior boundaries of the mediastinum?

A
  • Anterior: Sternum
  • Posterior: Vertebrae
  • Superior: Superior Thoracic Aperture
  • Inferior: Diaphragm
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3
Q

What is the name of the plane that divides the mediastinum into the superior and inferior mediastinum and where is this plane located?

A
  • Transverse Thoracic Plane

- Between sternum and intervertebral disc of T4 and T5

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4
Q

What are the anterior, posterior, superior and inferior boundaries of the superior mediastinum?

A
  • Anterior: Manubrium of Sternum
  • Posterior: T1 - T4
  • Superior: Superior Thoracic Aperture
  • Inferior: Transverse Thoracic Plane
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5
Q

Identify 10 structures located within the superior mediastinum

A
  • Arch of the Aorta
  • Superior Vena Cava
  • Brachiocephalic Veins
  • Left superior Intercostal Vein
  • Vagus Nerve
  • Left Recurrent Branch of Vagus Nerve
  • Phrenic Nerve
  • Thymus
  • Trachea
  • Oesophagus
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6
Q

Identify the anterior, posterior, superior and inferior boundaries of the anterior mediastinum

A
  • Anterior: Body of Sternum
  • Posterior: Pericardial Sac
  • Superior: Transverse Thoracic Plane
  • Inferior: Diaphragm
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7
Q

Identify 5 structures located within the anterior mediastinum

A
  • Mediastinal branch of internal thoracic arteries
  • Lymph Nodes
  • A portion of the Thymus
  • Fat and Connective Tissue
  • Sternopericardial Ligament
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8
Q

Identify the anterior, posterior, superior and inferior boundaries of the posterior mediastinum

A
  • Anterior: Bodies of lower thoracic vertebrae
  • Posterior: Pericardial Sac
  • Superior: Transverse Thoracic Plane
  • Inferior: Diaphragm
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9
Q

Identify 6 structures located within the posterior mediastinum

A
  • Thoracic Aorta
  • Azygos System
  • Thoracic Duct and its associated lymph nodes
  • Oesophagus and its associated nerve plexus
  • Sympathetic Trunks
  • Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves
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10
Q

Identify the anterior, posterior, superior and inferior boundaries of the posterior mediastinum

A
  • Anterior: Anterior Mediastinum
  • Posterior: Posterior Mediastinum
  • Superior: Transverse Thoracic Plane
  • Inferior: Diaphragm
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11
Q

Identify 3 structures located within the middle mediastinum

A
  • Heart
  • Origins of Great Vessels
  • Various nerves and smaller vessels
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12
Q

Identify the two parts of the aorta

A
  • Arch of the aorta

- Descending aorta

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13
Q

Identify the pathway taken by the arch of the aorta

A
  • Emerges from pericardial sac
  • Courses upward, backward and to the left
  • Through superior mediastinum
  • Ending on left side of vertebra T4-T5
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14
Q

Identify the first branch of the arch of the aorta

A
  • Brachiocephalic Trunk
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15
Q

Identify the position and pathway of the first branch of the arch of the aorta

A
  • Anterior to the other branches

- Ascends posteriorly and to the right

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16
Q

Identify the two branches of the first branch of the arch of the aorta and what they supply

A
  • Right common carotid artery, supplies right side of head

- Right subclavian artery, supplies right side of neck

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17
Q

Identify the second branch of the arch of the aorta and what does it supply?

A
  • Left common carotid artery

- Left side of the head and neck

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18
Q

Identify the position and pathway of the second branch of the arch of the aorta

A
  • Left and posterior to the brachiocephalic trunk

- Ascends along the left side of the trachea

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19
Q

Identify the third branch of the arch of the aorta and what does it supply?

A
  • Left subclavian artery

- Left upper limb

20
Q

Identify the position and pathway of the third branch of the arch of the aorta

A
  • Left and posterior to the left carotid artery

- Ascends along the left side of the trachea

21
Q

What vertebral levels does the thoracic aorta descend between?

Where does it penetrate the diaphragm?

A
  • T4 and T12

- Aortic Hiatus

22
Q

Identify the 9 branches of the thoracic aorta?

A
  • Pericardial Branches
  • Bronchial Branches
  • Oesophageal Branches
  • Mediastinal Branches
  • Posterior Intercostal Arteries (9 pairs in total supplying lower 9 intercostal spaces)
  • Superior Phrenic Arteries (dividing into musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic arteries)
  • Subcostal arteries
23
Q

Where are the brachiocephalic veins located?

A
  • Middle mediastinum
  • Posterior to thymus
  • Between the internal jugular and subclavian veins
24
Q

The left brachiocephalic vein crosses the midline to join with the right to form what structure?

A
  • Superior vena cava
25
Q

Identify 5 veins that the left superior intercostal vein receives

A
  • Second, third and fourth intercostal veins
  • Left bronchial vein
  • Left pericardiacophrenic vein
26
Q

Describe the pathway taken by the left superior intercostal vein

A
  • Passes over left side of thoracic arch
  • Lateral to vagus nerve and medial to phrenic nerve
  • Before entering the left brachiocephalic vein
27
Q

Where does the azygos vein arise?

A
  • Opposite L1 or L2

- Between right ascending lumbar vein and right subcostal vein

28
Q

Where does the azygos vein enter the thorax?

A
  • Aortic Hiatus

- To the right of the Thoracic Duct

29
Q

At what level does the azygos vein join the superior vena cava?

A
  • T4
30
Q

Where does the hemiazygos vein arise?

A
  • Between the left ascending lumbar vein and left subcostal vein
31
Q

Where does the hemiazygos vein enter the thorax and at what vertebral level does it cross the vertebral column?

A
  • Left Crus

- Through posterior mediastinum to approximately T9

32
Q

Where does the accessory hemiazygos vein descend?

A
  • On left side of superior portion of middle mediastinum
  • To approximately T8
  • Where it crosses the vertebral column
33
Q

Which divisions of the mediastinum do the vagus nerves pass through?

A
  • Superior and posterior
34
Q

What is the function of the vagus nerves?

A
  • To provide parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic viscera
  • To carry afferents from the thoracic viscera
35
Q

Describe the pathway taken by the right vagus nerve from the superior mediastinum

A
  • Enters superior mediastinum between right brachiocephalic vein and brachiocephalic trunk
  • Descends in a posterior direction towards the trachea
  • Passes posteriorly to the root of the right lung to reach the oesophagus
36
Q

Describe the pathway taken by the left vagus nerve from the superior mediastinum

A
  • Enters superior mediastinum and passes the left side of the aortic arch
  • Descends in a posterior direction to the root of the right lung to reach the oesophagus
37
Q

The left vagus nerve gives rise to which nerve?

A
  • Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
  • Which passes inferiomedially to the arch of the aorta
  • And terminates superiorly in the larynx
38
Q

What is the function of the phrenic nerve?

A

Somatic innervation to the:

  • Mediastinal pleura
  • Fibrous pericardium
  • Parietal layer of serous pericardium
39
Q

How do the phrenic nerves leave the thorax?

A
  • Right phrenic nerve passes through with the inferior vena cava
  • Left phrenic nerve pierces the diaphragm near the apex of the heart
40
Q

Where does the thoracic duct begin?

A
  • Lymphatic trunks in the abdomen at L2

- Referred to as the cisterna chyli

41
Q

How does the thoracic duct enter the thorax?

A
  • Through the aortic hiatus
  • Posterior to the aorta
  • Into the posterior mediastinum
42
Q

What occurs at the thoracic level T5

A
  • Moves to the midline
43
Q

The thoracic duct is joined by which veins

A
  • Left jugular trunk

- Left subclavian trunk

44
Q

Describe the structure of the sympathetic trunks

A
  • Two parallel cords
  • Superiorly they run anterior to the vertebral bodies
  • Inferiorly the run medial in position
  • Punctuated by 11 or 12 ganglia
  • Connected to adjacent spinal nerves by white and grey rami communicantes
45
Q

Identify the two types of branches given off by the ganglia

A
  • Upper five ganglia = postganglionic sympathetic fibres

- Lower seven ganglia = preganglionic sympathetic fibres

46
Q

Where does the pulmonary trunk arise from?

A
  • Conus arteriosus of the right ventricle
47
Q

At which level does the pulmonary trunk divide into left and right pulmonary arteries?

A
  • T5 and T6

Semester 2: Cardiorespiratory Fitness (18 decks)

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