Anatomy Topic 2 Case 4 Flashcards
The right margin of the heart extends between which landmarks?
- Third Costal Cartilage
- Sixth Costal Cartilage
The left margin of the heart extends between which landmarks?
- Second Intercostal Space
- Fifth Intercostal Space
Where would one place the stethoscope in order to listen to the tricuspid valve?
- Left hand side
- Fifth Intercostal Space
- Medially
Where would one place the stethoscope in order to listen to the mitral valve?
- Left hand side
- Fifth Intercostal Space
- Laterally (midclavicular line)
Where would one place the stethoscope in order to listen to the pulmonary valve?
- Left hand side
- Second Intercostal Space
Where would one place the stethoscope in order to listen to the aortic valve?
- Right hand side
- Second Intercostal Space
Identify the two components of the pericardium
- Fibrous pericardium
- Serous pericardium
The base of the fibrous pericardium is attached to which structure?
- Central tendon of the diaphragm
Anteriorly the fibrous pericardium is attached to the sternum by which structure?
- Sternopericardial ligaments
Which nerve pass through and innervate the fibrous pericardium?
- Phrenic Nerves
Which vessels pass through and supply the fibrous pericardium?
- Pericardiacophrenic Vessels
Identify the two layers of the serous pericardium
- Visceral layer
- Parietal layer
What is the oblique pericardial sinus?
- Reflection of serous pericardium
- Located posterior to the left atrium
What is the transverse pericardial sinus?
- Reflection of serous pericardium
- Located superior to the left atrium
Identify five arteries that supply the pericardium
- Pericardiacophrenic
- Musculophrenic
- Inferior Phrenic
- Internal Thoracic
- Thoracic Aorta
Identify three veins that supply the pericardium
- Azygos system
- Superior phrenic
- Internal thoracic
Identify three nerves that supply the pericardium
- Vagus Nerve
- Phrenic Nerve
- Sympathetic Trunk
What is the source of pain from the parietal pericardium?
- Somatic afferent fibres
Where may pain from the parietal pericardium be referred to and why?
- Shoulder and lateral neck
- Share the same dermatomes
- C3,C4,C5
Identify the three layers of the heart, from deep to superficialand provide a brief description of each
- Endocardium consisting of a single layer of simple squamous epithelia
- Myocardium consisting of cardiac muscle cells
- Epicardium, which is synonymous with the visceral pericardium
Identify four structures that are located on the base of the heart?
- Left atrium
- Small portion of right atrium
- Superior vena cava
- Pulmonary veins
The base of the heart runs between which vertebral bodies?
- T5 to T8
Which structure(s) lies immediately posterior to the base of the heart
- Oesophagus
The apex of the heart is positioned deep to which landmark?
- Left fifth intercostal space
Identify three structures that are located on the anterior surface of the heart?
- Right ventricle
- Small portion of right atrium
- Small portion of left ventricle
Identify two structures that are located on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart
- Left ventricle
- Small portion of right ventricle
Which structure separates the left and right ventricle on the diaphragmatic surface?
- Posterior interventricular groove
Which structure separates the diaphragmatic surface and base of the heart?
- Coronary sinus
Through which structure does blood pass from the right atrium into the right ventricle? Which valve closes this structure?
- Right atrioventricular orifice
- Tricuspid Valve
Where does the sulcus terminal cordis extend between?
- Right side of the opening of the superior vena cava to the opening of the inferior vena cava
What is the crista terminalis and where does it extend between?
- Smooth muscular ridge
- Opening of superior vena cava, inferolaterally to opening of inferior vena cava.
What is the right auricle?
- The space anterior to the crista terminalis
Which muscle covers the surface of the right auricle?
- Pectinate muscles
What is the coronary sinus and where is it located?
- Opening at which cardiac veins drain into heart
- Medially to opening of inferior vena cava
Which structure separates the right and left atrium?
- Interatrial septum
What name is given to the depression located at the interatrial septum?
- Fossa ovale
What name is given to the outflow tract of the right ventricle?
- Infundibulum / Conus Arteriosus
The conus arteriosus is derived form which embryonic structure?
- Bulbus cordis
Identify the two types of trabeculae carnae
- Those that attach to ventricular walls at both ends, forming ridges
- Papillary muscles which attach between ventricular wall and chordae tendinae of tricuspid valve
Identify the three types of papillary muscles
- Anterior
- Posterior
- Septal
What is the septomarginal fossa / moderator band?
- Specialised trabecula
- Forms a bridge between interventricular septum and base of anterior papillary muscle
What name is given to the outflow tract in the left ventricle?
- Aortic vestibule
How do the trabeculae carnae of the left ventricle differ to those of the right ventricle?
- More fine and delicate
- Smaller
Identify the papillary muscles of the left ventricle
- Anterior and posterior
Which of the valves include the mitral and tricuspid valves?
- Atrioventricular valves
Which of the valves includes the pulmonary and aortic valves
- Semilunar
Which of the valves are not attached to chordae tendinae?
- Semilunar
How do the shapes of the cusps differ between AV and semilunar valves?
- AV Valves have flat cusps with serrated edges
- Semilunar valves have cup-shaped cusps
What name is given to the thickened upper margin of each semilunar valve cusp?
- Nodule
What name is given to the thin lateral portion of each semilunar valve cusp?
- Lunula
Identify the three cusps of the pulmonary valve?
- Left
- Right
- Anterior
What is a pulmonary sinus and what is their function?
- Part of cusp that fills with blood following contraction
- Forcing the cusps closed
Identify the three cusps of the aortic valve
- Left
- Right
- Posterior
How does the functioning of the aortic valve differ to that of the pulmonary valve?
- Left and right cusps contain openings of coronary arteries
- Which, following contraction, allow blood flow into the coronary arteries
