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JL Respiratory > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

0
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory epithelium

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1
Q

What three things does the nasal cavity provide an extensive area for, in relation to inspired air?

A
  1. Warming
  2. Moistening
  3. Filtering
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2
Q

What is the initial part of the nasal cavity, the vestibule lined by?

A

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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3
Q

Deeper into the lining of the nasal cavity, what is lost?

A

Keratin

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4
Q

What lines nearly all the rest of the conducting part of the respiratory system?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

or Respiratory epithelium

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5
Q

What is another description for respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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6
Q

What two cells are present in respiratory epithelium?

A 
Goblet cells
Basal cells (stem cells)
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7
Q

What lies underneath the respiratory epithelium?

A

Lamina propria which is a band of connective tissue containing seromucous glands. It also has a rich venous plexus - can quickly engorge with blood and ‘block’ the nose

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8
Q

What two things does the oropharynx transmit?

A

Air and swallowed food

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9
Q

What is the oropharynx lined by?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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10
Q

What is the anterior (lingual) surface and upper part of the posterior surface of the epiglottis lined by?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What are the walls of the larynx made up of?

A

Cartilage and muscles

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12
Q

What lines the larynx, with the exception of the vocal folds and adjacent structures?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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13
Q

In the larynx, what lines the vocal folds and adjacent structures?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

How many C shaped cartilages does the trachea contain?

A

15 - 20

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15
Q

In the trachea, what is the open side of the ‘C’ of the cartilage spanned by?

A

Fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle (trachealis muscle)

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16
Q

What does the open end of the “C” cartilage of the trachea point to?

A

Oesophagus

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17
Q

What wall includes a lining or respiratory epithelium backed by a basal lamina, a lamina propria of connective tissue with abundant elastic fibres and a submucosa of loose connective tissue that includes numerous seromucous glands?

A

The wall of the trachea

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18
Q

In the bronchi, what are the rings of hyaline cartilage replaced by?

A

Irregularly shaped cartilage plates

19
Q

Describe the epithelium of the bronchi?

A

Respiratory in type, with the lamoina propria containing a discontinuous layer of smooth muscle and seromucous glands

20
Q

Are cartilage plates present in the bronchioles?

A

No

21
Q

What two things make up the acini?

A

Respiratory bronchiole

Alveolar sacs and alveoli

22
Q

What are less than 1mm in diamater and lack cartilage and glands, but may contain a few goblet cells in their initial portion?

A

Bronchioles

23
Q

What changes with the epithelium as you progress down the respiratory tree to the smallest bronchioles?

A

The epithelium decreases in height from columnar to cuboidal

24
Q

In the smallest of bronchioles, what is the lamina propria composed of?

A

Smooth muscle and elastic and collagenous fibres

25
Q

What do the smooth muscles of the bronchioles respond to?

A

Parasympathetic innervation, histamine and other factors by contracting and constricting the diameter of the bronchiole.

26
Q

What are terminal bronchioles lined with?

A

Cuboidal ciliated epithelium and contain non-ciliated club/clara cells that project above the level of adjacent ciliated cells.

27
Q

What interrupts the continuity of the respiratory bronchioles?

A

Alveoli

28
Q

What is the low cuboidal epithelium replaced by in alveoli?

A

Discontinuous squamous type I alveolar cells

29
Q

What are the 4 roles of Clara cells (club cells)?

A
  1. Stem cells
  2. Detoxification
  3. Immune modulation
  4. Surfactant production
30
Q

What two portions can the respiratory system be divided into?

A
  1. The conducting portion

2. The respiratory portion

31
Q

What is the conducting portion of the respiratory system between?

A

Trachea to end of terminal bronchiole

32
Q

What is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system made up of?

A

Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct and alveolar sac

33
Q

What are terminal portions of the bronchial tree and responsible for the spongy nature of the lungs?

A

Alveoli

34
Q

What resembles pockets similar to a honey comb?

A

Alveoli

35
Q

What two types of cells are the alveoli lined by?

A

Type I alveolar cells

Type II alveolar cells (alveolar cells are also called pneumocytes)

36
Q

What type of alveolar cell is simple squamous epithelium that lines the alveolar surfaces covering 90% of the alveolar surface?

A

Type I cells

37
Q

What do type I alveolar cells provide?

A

A barrier of minimal thickness that is permeable to gases

38
Q

What type of alveolar cells are polygonal in shape, the free surface is covered by microvilli and the cytoplasm displays dense membrane bound lamellar bodies which contain surfactant?

A

Type II cells

39
Q

What do lamellar bodies in type II cells contain?

A

Surfactant

40
Q

How is surfactant released from lamellar bodies of type II alveolar cells?

A

Exocytosis and spreads over the pulmonary surface

41
Q

What reduces surface tension at the air-fluid interface?

A

Surfactant

42
Q

What does surfactant reduce the tendency for?

A

The alveoli to collapse at the end of expiration

43
Q

In addition to the alveolar type I and II cells, what other cells are present in alveoli?

A

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

44
Q

Where are alveolar macrophages located?

A

In the septa or migrating over the luminal surfaces of the alveoli

45
Q

What do alveolar macrophages phagocytose?

A

Inhaled particles that may have escaped entrapment by the mucous lining of the airway

46
Q

What three things does the air-blood barrier consist of?

A

Type I cell, endothelial cell and the basal lamina

JL Respiratory (27 decks)

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