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JL Principles > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

0
Q

What five features are common to all eukaryotic cells?

A
  1. Outer membrane
  2. Inner cytosol
  3. Cytoskeleton
  4. Membrane bound organelles
  5. Structures within the cytoplasm which may or may not be bound by a membrane and these are called inclusions
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1
Q

What is a eukaryotic?

A

A cell with a true nucleus

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2
Q

What is the inner cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

A

A solution of proteins, electrolytes and carbohydrates. It has both fluid and gel-like properties.

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3
Q

What is the cytoskeleton of a cell?

A

It determines the shape and fluidity of the cell. It is made from thin and intermediate filaments and microtubules.

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4
Q

What are inclusions?

A

Other structures in the cytoplasm which may or may not be bound by a membrane

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5
Q

What does the plasmalemma seperate?

A

The cytoplasm from the outside environment

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6
Q

How is the plasmalemma composed?

A

It is a bimolecular layer of amphipathic phospholipid molecules with their hydrophilic heads at the outer and inner surfaces and their hydrophobic fatty acid chains facing towards the middle of the 2 layers

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7
Q

Name five types proteins in the plasmalemma

A
  1. Receptors
  2. Channels
  3. Transporters
  4. Enzymes
  5. Cell attachment proteins
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8
Q

What is the cell membrane highly permeable to?

A

Water, oxygen, small hydrophobic molecules

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9
Q

What is the cell membrane impermeable to?

A

Charged ions (Na+)

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10
Q

Where is choline present in a phospholipid?

A

In the polar hydrophillic region (head)

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11
Q

Where is phosphate in a phospholipid present?

A

Below the choline in the polar, hydrophillic region (head)

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12
Q

What are small, intracellular ‘organs’ with a specific function nad structural organisation?

A

Organelles

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13
Q

Name 6 organelles in the cytoplasm

A
  1. Mitochondria (energy production)
  2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (protein synthesis)
  3. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (cholesterol and lipid synthesis/detoxification)
  4. Golgi apparatus (modification and packaging of secretions)
  5. Lysosomes (hydolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion)
  6. Nucleus (contains genetic code)
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14
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

Energy production

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15
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Protein synthesis

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16
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Cholesterol and lipid synthesis/detoxification

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17
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Modification and packaging of secretions

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18
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion

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19
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Genetic code

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20
Q

What can inclusions only be present as?

A

Transients

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21
Q

What do inclusions represent?

A

Components that have been synthesised by the cell itself (pigment, glycogen stores, lipid droplets, presecretion product) or taken up from the extracellular environment (endocytotic vesicle)

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22
Q

What are the three main classes of filaments in the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
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23
Q

What are microfilaments composed of?

A

Protein actin

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24
Q

What are intermediate filaments composed of?

A

Six main proteins, which vary in different cell types

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25
Q

What are microtubules composed of?

A

Two tubulin proteins

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26
Q

What part of the cytoskeleton binds intracellular elements together and to the plasmallema?

A

Intermediate filaments

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27
Q

What two types of tubulin subunits are microtubules composed of?

A

Alpha and beta tubulin subunits

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28
Q

Where do microtubules originate from?

A

An organising centre called the centrosome

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29
Q

What filaments of the cytoskeleton contain stabilising proteins - MAPS?

A

Microtubule associated proteins - microtubules

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30
Q

Are microtubules polar or non-polar?

A

Polar - polymerise in the central portion of the cell and radiate outwards

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31
Q

What two proteins attach to microtubules and move along them?

A

Dynein and kinesin

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32
Q

What is kinesin and what direction does it move in?

A

ATPase and moves towards the cell periphery

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33
Q

What is dynein and what direction does it move in?

A

ATPase that moves towards the cell centre

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34
Q

What is the nucleus enclosed by?

A

A nuclear envelope

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35
Q

Describe the structure of the nuclear envelope

A

Composed of an inner and an outer nuclear membrane with nuclear pores providing continuity with the cytoplasm

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36
Q

What is between the two sheets of membrane in the nuclear envelope?

A

Perinuclear cistern

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37
Q

What is the perinuclear cistern continuous with?

A

The cistern of the endoplasmic reticulum

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38
Q

What is the outer nuclear membrane studded with?

A

Ribosomes

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39
Q

What is the outer nuclear membrane continuous with?

A

The cytoplasmic rough endoplasmic reticulum

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40
Q

Where does RNA synthesis occur?

A

In the nucleus

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41
Q

Where are mRNA and tRNA transcribed?

A

In the nucleus

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42
Q

Where is rRNA transcribed?

A

In the nucleolus

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43
Q

What two substances does the nucleus contain?

A
  1. Euchromatin

2. Heterochromatin

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44
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

DNA that is actively undergoing transcription

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45
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

DNA that is condensed and not undergoing transcription

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46
Q

Where are ribosomes formed?

A

In the nucleolus

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47
Q

What is each ribosome made from?

A

A small subunit which binds to RNA and a large subunit which catalyses the formation of peptide bonds

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48
Q

What does reticulum mean?

A

Net-like structure

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49
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Forms a network of interconnecting membrane-bound compartments in the cell

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50
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough and smooth

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51
Q

What plays a vital role in the synthesis of proteins destined for insertion into membranes or for secretion?

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum

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52
Q

What happens to proteins that are to remain unpackaged in the cytosol?

A

They are synthesised on polysomes floating free within the cytosol

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53
Q

What are the 4 steps involved in protein synthesis and the RER?

A
  1. Free ribosome attaches to mRNA
  2. If ER signal sequence is present, growing peptide is inserted into a pore in the ER
  3. Growing peptide forms in the ER; signal sequence removed
  4. Ribosome detaches. Most proteins then enter the SER
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54
Q

What is associated with the initiation of glycoprotein formation?

A

The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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55
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum continue doing?

A

the Processing of proteins produced in the RER

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56
Q

Where is the site of the synthesis of lipids?

A

SER

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57
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus compsed of?

A

A group of flattened, membrane bound cisternae arranged in sub-compartments

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58
Q

Where do transport vesicles arrive at the Golgi from?

A

The SER

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59
Q

What do Golgi cisterns function in?

A

The modification and packaging of macromolecules that were synthesised in the ER

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60
Q

What 3 things might the Golgi cistern do to macromolecules that were synthesised in the ER?

A

Add sugars
Cleave some proteins
Sort macromolecules into vesicles

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61
Q

What is special about the inner membrane of mitochondria?

A

It is extensively folded to form cristae which act to increase the availability of surface area

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62
Q

What do mitochondria function in the generation of?

A

ATP via oxidative phosphorylation and the synthesis of lipids and proteins

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63
Q

What are lipid droplets an example of?

A

An inclusion

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64
Q

What types of cells contain - sometimes 90% - of lipids?

A

Adipose cells

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65
Q

What are the 3 types of intercellular junctions?

A
  1. Occluding junctions
  2. Anchoring junctions
  3. Communicating junctions
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66
Q

What junctions link cells to form a diffusion barrier?

A

Occluding junctions

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67
Q

What junctions provide mechanical strength?

A

Anchoring junctions

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68
Q

What type of junction allows movement of molecules between cells?

A

Communicating junctions

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69
Q

What are two other terms for occluding junctions?

A

Tight junctions

Zonula occludens

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70
Q

What type of junction is an adherent junction?

A

Anchoring

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71
Q

What do adherent junctions do?

A

Link submembrane actin bundles of adjacent cells

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72
Q

What is another term for zonula adherens?

A

Adherent junctions

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73
Q

In adherent junctions: what do transmembrane cadherin molecules do?

A

Bind to each other in the extracellular space, and, through link molecules, to actin of the cytoskeleton

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74
Q

What type of junctions are desmosomes?

A

Anchoring junctions

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75
Q

What type of junction links submembrane intermediate filaments of adjacent cells?

A

Desmosomes

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76
Q

Where are desmosomes commonly found?

A

In the skin

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77
Q

What type of junction are hemidesmosomes?

A

Anchoring junctions

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78
Q

What junctions link submembrane intermediate filaments of a cell to the extracellular matrix through transmembrane proteins

A

Hemidesmosomes

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79
Q

What is a junctional complex?

A

Close association of several types of junctions found in cetain epithelial cells

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80
Q

What type of junction is often termed gap junctions?

A

Communicating junctions

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81
Q

What junctions are circular patches studded with several hundred pores?

A

Gap junctions or communicating junctions

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82
Q

What are pores produced by?

A

Connexon protiens

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83
Q

How can bacteria or larger particulate material from the extracellular space be incorporated into the cell?

A

By phagocytosis

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84
Q

What happens when a phagosome binds with a lysosome carrying digestive enzymes?

A

Produces a phagolysosome

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85
Q

Tissue is often fixed to preserve it in as life-like state as possible. Usually a chemical that cross-links proteins is used - give an example?

A

Formalin

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86
Q

What must impregnate tissues? (support material)

A

Usually wax

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87
Q

What is the most common combination of dyes?

A

Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)

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88
Q

What dye is basic, and has an affinity for acidic molecules and stains them purplish blue - for example the nucleus or ribosomes?

A

Haematoxylin

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89
Q

What dye is an acidic dye that has an affinity for basic molecules and staisn them pinkish red - such as proteins in the cytoplasm?

A

Eosin

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90
Q

What are the 4 basic tissue types?

A

Epithelium
Connective tissue
Muscle
Nervous tissue

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91
Q

What type of tissue: cover surfaces of the body or line hollow organs, and also form glands. They occur as sheets of cells and vary widely in size, shape, orientation and function.

A

Epithelium

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92
Q

What type of tissue: Forms the framework of the body, but beyond that it has a dynamic role in the development, growth and homeostasis of tissues, and, via fat, in energy storage

A

Connective tissue

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93
Q

What type of tissue: Specialised to generate force by contracting. There are three major kinds within the body.

A

Muscle

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94
Q

What type of tissue: Consists of neurons and their supporting cells. Serves a control function and allows for rapid communication between different parts of the body.

A

Nervous tissue

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95
Q

What do all epithelia have at their basal surface?

A

A layer of extracellular matrix components called a basal lamina (basement membrane), to which the cells are attached.

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96
Q

What are all epithelia?

A

Non-vascular - nutrients from capillaries in underlying tissue must diffuse across the basal lamina

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97
Q

Why are epithelila usually polarised?

A

Because the apical and basal ends of the cell differ

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98
Q

What type of cell shape is flattened, like a fish scale?

A

Squamous

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99
Q

What type of cell shape is cube shaped?

A

Cuboidal

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100
Q

What type of cell shape is like a column, relatively tall and thin?

A

Columnar

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101
Q

What does stratified mean?

A

Two or more layers

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102
Q

What does pseudostratified mean?

A

Tissue appears to have multiple layers but in fact all cells are in contact with the basal lamina

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103
Q

What three cell shapes can covering epithelia be classed into?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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104
Q

What “number of layers”classification can covering epithelia be put into?

A

Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified

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105
Q

In relation to covering epithelia: What 3 classes make up cell surface, or tissue surface, specialisations?

A

Prominent microvilli (termed brush border)
Cilia
Presence of layers of keratin protiens on the tissue surface (termed keratinised)

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106
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Single cell mucous glands

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107
Q

What do glandular epithelia produce?

A

Secretory products such as sweat, milk, oil, hormones, mucous, enzymes and others

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108
Q

What are endocrine glands also termed?

A

Ductless glands

109
Q

How is the product secreted in endocrine glands?

A

Product secreted towards the basal end of the cell (end sitting on basal lamina), then distributed by the vascular system throughout the body.

110
Q

How is product secreted in exocrine glands?

A

Product secreted towards the apical end of the cell either into the lumen of an internal space, into a duct, or onto the body surface.

111
Q

What are exocrine glands sometimes termed as?

A

Ducted glands

112
Q

What 3 subtypes can connective tissue be subdivided into?

A
  1. Soft connective tissue
  2. Hard connective tissue
  3. Blood and lymph
113
Q

What class of connective tissue do tendons, ligaments, mesentry, stroma of organs and dermis of the skin come under?

A

Soft connective tissue

114
Q

What class of connective tissue do bone and cartilage come under?

A

Hard connective tissue

115
Q

What two things are all connective tissue types composed of?

A

Extracellular matrix

Cells

116
Q

What three things is the extracellular matrix in connective tissue made of?

A
  1. Fibres
  2. Ground substance
  3. Tissue fluid
117
Q

Name three fibres that make up the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

A

Collagen
Reticular
Elastic

118
Q

What is an amorphous, space occupying material made of huge unbranched polysaccharide molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), most of which are bound to protein cores to form glycoproteins?

A

Ground substance

119
Q

What do glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) produce when they bind with protein cores?

A

Glycoproteins

120
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Widely distributed cells that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix

121
Q

What are adipose cells and where are they found?

A

Fat cells, scattered in many connective tissues, but predominant cell in adipose tissue

122
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

The cells of bone

123
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

The cells of cartilage

124
Q

What two types of soft connective tissue are there?

A

Loose and dense

125
Q

What type of tissue: loosely packed fibres seperated by abundant ground substance. Cells are relatively plentiful.

A

Loose soft connective tissue

126
Q

What type of tissue: densely packed bundles of collagen fibres

A

Dense soft connective tissue

127
Q

What is it called when dense soft connective tissue fibres are aligned (e.g. tendon)?

A

Dense regular CT

128
Q

What is it called when dense soft connective tissue fibre bundles run in many directions (e.g. dermis of the skin)?

A

Dense irregular CT

129
Q

Hard connective tissue - cartilage: what does the semi-rigid nature of the matrix come from?

A

The highly hydrated nature of the ground substance (GAGs and proteoglycans)

130
Q

What is avascular and receives nutrients from adjacent tissues by diffusion through its matrix?

A

Cartilage

131
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

132
Q

What is the type of cartilage defined by?

A

The extracellular matrix

133
Q

Name 4 sites where hyaline cartilage is found?

A

Articular surfaces
Tracheal rings
Costal cartilage
Epiphyseal growth plates

134
Q

An outer shell of dense what makes up the shaft of a bone?

A

Cortical bone - diaphysis

135
Q

What type of bone occupies the ends of the bone (the epiphyses)?

A

Cancellous or trabecular bone

136
Q

What is a fine meshwork of bone that looks a bit like the inside of an aero bar?

A

Cancellous bone

137
Q

How is muscle force produced?

A

By the movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres, with the aid of accessory proteins

138
Q

What are the 3 major types of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth
Skeletal
Cardiac

139
Q

What type of muscle can also be called involuntary or visceral?

A

Smooth muscle

140
Q

What type of muscle can also be called voluntary or striated?

A

Skeletal muscle

141
Q

What type of muscle fibre is giant, multinucleated and cylindrical?

A

Skeletal muscle

142
Q

Where are the nuclei of skeletal muscle cells located?

A

At the periphery of the cell, just internal to the cell membrane

143
Q

What is the cell membrane called in muscle cells?

A

The sarcolemma

144
Q

How many nuclei do cardiac muscle cells have?

A

One

145
Q

In what type of muscle cell can intercalated discs be seen passing across the fibres at irregular intervals?

A

Cardiac muscle

146
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of?

A

Neurons and support cells (glia)

147
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue coat that surrounds nervous tissue in the central nervous system?

A

Meninges

148
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue coat that surrounds the nervous tissue in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Epineurium

149
Q

What are the three types of principal glia of the CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

150
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Support and ion transport

151
Q

What do oligodenrocytes do?

A

Produce myelin

152
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Provide immune surveillance

153
Q

What are the principal glia of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

154
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Produce myelin and support axons

155
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular

156
Q

What type of cell stains intensively?

A

Serous secreting cells

157
Q

What type of secreting cells are the parotid gland cells?

A

Serous secreting cells

158
Q

What type of secreting cells are the submandibular glands?

A

Mucous secreting

159
Q

Name one unusual feature of salivary glands?

A

The striated ducts

160
Q

Name the feature that modifys the saliva that is passing through by pumping salt out of the fluid so that it is hypotonic to blood.

A

Striated ducts

161
Q

What are the 4 major layers that compose the digestive tract (starting from the lumen and going out)?

A

Mucosa - 3 parts
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa or Adventitia

162
Q

What three parts make up the mucosa in the digestive tract?

A

Epithelium - sits on basal lamina
Lamina propria - loose connective tissue
Muscularis Mucosae - thin layer of smooth muscle

163
Q

What is the muscularis externa of the digestive tract?

A

Two thick layers of smooth muscle, an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

164
Q

What is the serosa or adventitia of the digestive tract?

A

Outer layer of connective tissue that either suspends the digestive tract or attaches to other organs

165
Q

Where is protective mucosa found?

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and anal canal

166
Q

Where is absorptive mucosa found?

A

In the small intestine

167
Q

Where is secretory mucosa found?

A

In the stomach

168
Q

Where is protective and absorptive mucosa found?

A

In the large intestine

169
Q

What type of mucosa is non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Protective

170
Q

What type of mucosa is simple, columnar epithelium with villi & tubular glands?

A

Absorptive

171
Q

What type of mucosa is simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands?

A

Secretory

172
Q

What type of mucosa is simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands?

A

Protective and Absorptive

173
Q

In the large intestine, outer longitudinal smooth muscle is not continuous - how is it found?

A

In 3 muscular strips called teniae coli

174
Q

What is the digestive tracts own nervous system called?

A

The enteric nervous system

175
Q

Where do most of the neurons in the enteric nervous system live?

A

In groups called ganglia between the two muscle layers that make up the muscularis externa

176
Q

Name the 4 layers of the trachea - starting from the airway

A 
Airway
Respiratory epithelium
Lamina propria
Seromucous gland in the submucosa
Hyaline cartilage of tracheal ring
177
Q

What produces a viscous fluid that coats the surface of the airway and traps particles that are then propelled out of the airway by cilia?

A

The goblet cells of the epithelium and the submucosal glands

178
Q

Which is larger in diameter - bronchi or bronchioles?

A

Bronchi

179
Q

Which has hyaline cartilage in their walls - bronchi or bronchioles?

A

Bronchi

180
Q

The further down the respiratory tree you go - what happens to the columnar cells of the epithelium?

A

They tend to get shorter

181
Q

What are alveoli lined with?

A

Squamous epithelium

182
Q

What structures with hexagonal arrangements make up the liver?

A

Lobules

183
Q

What is there in each corner of a lobule?

A

A branch of the hepatic portal vein and a branch of the hepatic artery, each delivering blood to the lobule

184
Q

What is present in the centre of lobules?

A

A central vein which drains to the hepatic vein

185
Q

What are liver cells called?

A

Hepatocytes

186
Q

What are the spaces for blood flow in the liver lobules called?

A

Sinusoids

187
Q

What does the exocrine pancreas produce?

A

Digestive juices containing proteases, lipases and nucleases

188
Q

What do proteases do?

A

Break down proteins

189
Q

What do lipases do?

A

Breakdonw lipids

190
Q

What do nucleases do?

A

Break down DNA/RNA

191
Q

Where do digestive juices from the exocrine pancreas enter the duodenum?

A

Via the pancreatic duct

192
Q

What does the endocrine pancreas consist of?

A

Scattered Islands of tissue called Islets of Langerhans

193
Q

What do Islets of Langerhans in the endocrine pancreas produce?

A

Hormones including insulin

194
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

A tuft of capillaries surrounded by epithelium - the production of urine begins here

195
Q

What is the kidney composed of thousands of?

A

Nephrons

196
Q

What is another term for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

197
Q

What is another term for white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

198
Q

What do red blood cells lack?

A

A nucleus

199
Q

What are the 5 principal types of white blood cells?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
  4. Monocytes
  5. Lymphocytes
200
Q

What are neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils collectively termed?

A

Granulocytes

201
Q

What are the 3 layers of a muscular artery? (From the middle of the lumen)

A

Tunica Intima - which extends to an internal elastic membrane
Tunica media
Tunica Adventitia

202
Q

What seperates the tunica media and tunica adventitia?

A

The external elastic membrane

203
Q

What is the simple squamous epithelium of blood vessels referred to as?

A

Endothelium

204
Q

What are capillaries essentially composed of?

A

Endothelial cells and a basal lamina

205
Q

What is excess tissue fluid called?

A

Lymph

206
Q

What are lymph vessel walls made of?

A

Smooth muscle

207
Q

How is flow produced in lymph vessels as there is no pump?

A

Smooth muscle in walls, hydrostatic pressure in the tissue and compression of the vessels by voluntary muscle, combined with the valves in the vessels produce flow

208
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A

A single layer of squamous epithelial cells termed endothelial cells supported by a basal lamina and a thin layer of connective tissue

Inner layer

209
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

Made up of predominately smooth muscle. Thickness of this layer varies.

Middle layer

210
Q

What is the tunica adventitia?

A

Made up of supporting connective tissue

Outer layer

211
Q

What layer of blood vessel is closest to the lumen?

A

Tunica intima

212
Q

Name an elastic artery?

A

Aorta

213
Q

Why are large arteries termed elastic arteries?

A

Because they have many sheets of elastic fibres in their tunica media to provide elastic recoil

214
Q

What stains elastic fibres black, collagen fibres green and smooth muscle cells red?

A

Verhoeff’s/Masson trichrome stain

215
Q

In elastic arteries (large arteries) what half of the wall can obtain nutrients from the lumen?

A

The inner half

216
Q

What is the vascular supply of elastic arteries/large arteries called?

A

Vasa vasorum

217
Q

What stains collagen red, cytoplasm yellow and elastin black?

A

Modified van Gieson’s stain

218
Q

What extends to an internal elastic lamina?

A

Tunica intima

219
Q

What extends to an external elastic lamina?

A

Tunica media

220
Q

What oftens has pericytes at intervals just outside the basal lamina?

A

Capillaries

221
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Connective tissue cells that have contractile properties

222
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

Continous - muscle, nerve, lung, skin
Fenestrated - gut mucosa, endocrine glands, kindey
Sinusoidal - liver, spleen, bone marrow

223
Q

What do fenestrated capillaries have?

A

Small pores

224
Q

Where do capillary networks drain into?

A

Post-capillary venules

225
Q

What are endothelial cell lined and associated with pericytes?

A

Post-capillary venules

226
Q

Once a post-capillary venule begins to aquire intermittent smooth muscle cells in a tunica media layer - what are they referred to as?

A

Venules

227
Q

What do most small and medium sized veins have that are inward extensions of the tunica intima?

A

Valves

228
Q

Where is the most blood present in the body?

A

Peripheral veins

229
Q

How can blood be seperated?

A

Spinning in a centrifuge

230
Q

What is found (from bottom to top) in a test tube of blood that has been spun in a centrofuge?

A

Red cells, white cells, plasma

231
Q

If clotting factors are removed from the blood, what is the remaining liquid termed?

A

Serum

232
Q

What is the diameter of erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

A

7 nano metres

233
Q

How long do erythrocytes last in circulation?

A

4 months

234
Q

What 2 organs remove aged red blood cells?

A

Liver and spleen

235
Q

What is a rouleau?

A

Red blood cells found in stacks

236
Q

What shape do red blood cells have?

A

Biconcave

237
Q

What is the most common type of leukocyte?

A

Neutrophils

238
Q

Which leukocyte has many granules in their cytoplasm, stains poorly with acidic or basic dyes and has a prominent, multilobed nucleus?

A

Neutrophils

239
Q

What state do neutrophils circulate the blood in?

A

Inactive state

240
Q

What do neutrophils turn into when activated by bacteria or inflammation and entering tissues?

A

Phagocytes

241
Q

What leukocytes have a bilobed nuecleus and granules containing a variety of hydrolytic enzymes?

A

Eosinophils

242
Q

What leukocytes are important in allergic reactions and gihting parasitic infection?

A

Eosinophils

243
Q

What do the prominent granules in the cytoplasm of eosinophils have an affinity for?

A

Red acidic dye eosin

244
Q

What are the rarest granulocytes?

A

Basophils

245
Q

What do the prominent granules in basophils cytoplasms have an affinity for?

A

Basic dyes such as methylene blue

246
Q

What type of nucleus do basophils have?

A

Bilobed nucleus

247
Q

What substances do basophil granules contian?

A

Histamine, heparin and other inflammatory mediators

248
Q

What type of granulocyte acts as effector cells in allergic reactions?

A

Basophils

249
Q

What do basophils have present in their cell membrane that are directed against particular allergens?

A

High affinity IgE receptors

250
Q

What serves as precursors of tissue macrophages?

A

Monocytes

251
Q

Where are macrophages particularly found in?

A

Loose connective tissue

252
Q

What leukocytes have numerous small lysosomal granules in their cytoplasm, are the largest cells circulating in the blood and have a non-lobulated nucleus which often appears kidney bean shaped?

A

Monocytes

253
Q

What is the name for monocyte/macrophage cells that remain resident in the liver?

A

Kupffer cells

254
Q

What is the name for monocytes/macrophages that are resident in the brain?

A

Microglia

255
Q

What is the name for monocytes/macrophages that are resident in the skin?

A

Langerhan’s cells

256
Q

What leukocytes have a round nucleus surrounded by a thin to moderate rim of cytoplasm that does not have visible granules?

A

Lymphocytes

257
Q

What are the two general classes of lymphocytes?

A

T cells and B cells

258
Q

Where do lymphocytes arise in?

A

The bone marrow

259
Q

Where do T cells differentiate?

A

In the thymus

260
Q

What do B cells give rise to?

A

Antibody secreting plasma cells

261
Q

What part of platelets participates in extrusion of granules and in clot retraction?

A

Cytoskeleton

262
Q

Do platelets have a nucleus?

A

No

263
Q

What three things do platelets do in the process of hemostasis?

A

Adhere
Aggregate
Degranulate

264
Q

During the second trimester - where is the prinicpal site of blood formation?

A

In the liver

265
Q

By birth - where is the principal site of blood formation?

A

Bone marrow

266
Q

What do erythrocytes develop in the bone marrow from?

A

Stem cells

267
Q

When is a cell termed a reticulocyte?

A

When it has granules of RNA in their cytoplasm - occurs in erythrocyte development

268
Q

What is the name of giant cells found in the bone marrow?

A

Megakaryocytes

269
Q

What are formed from megakaryocytes?

A

Platelets

JL Principles (12 decks)

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