Anatomy Flashcards
0
Q
How does urine drain from the kidney?
A
- Nephrons
- Collecting duct
- Minor calyx
- Major calyx
- Renal pelvis
- Ureter
1
Q
Name the 6 features of a typical vertebra?
A
Vertebral body Vertebral arch (x2 pedicle, x2 lamina) Vertebral foramen Transverse processes x2 articular processes - superior + inferior Spinous process
2
Q
Name 3 anatomical sites of uretic constriction
A
- Pelvicuretic junction
- Ureter crossing anterior aspect of common iliac artery
- Ureteric oriphice
3
Q
Where is the trigone of the bladder located?
A
Floor of bladder between the bilateral uretic + midline urethral oriphices
4
Q
What type of muscle fibres encircle the ureteric orifices?
A
Detruser muscle fibres
5
Q
What is the role of a myelin sheath?
A
Electrical insulator: a myelinated nerve conducts action potentials faster
6
Q
In the CNS what is a group of nerve cell bodies called?
A
A nucleus
7
Q
In the PNS what is a group of nerve cell bodies called?
A
A ganglion
8
Q
Name the 12 cranial nerves?
A
- olfactory 2. optic 3. oculomotor 4. trochlear 5. trigeminal
- abducent 7. facial 8. vestibulotrochlear 9. glossopharyngeal
- vagus 11. spinal accessory 12. hypoglossal
9
Q
Name the foraminae in the base of the skull for the cranial nerves to pass through
A
optic canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, interneal acoustic meatus, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal, foramen magnum, cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
10
Q
In the spinal cord which is superficial/deep - white matter or grey matter?
A
white - superficial
grey - deep
11
Q
Where is grey matter found in the brain and is it deep or superficial?
A
Cerebral cortex of brain (outermost layer)
12
Q
Where is white matter - is it deep/superficial - and what gives it a white appearance?
A
In the brain - deep - contains axons with myelinated insulation (myolin)
13
Q
C1 vertebra is missing_________ and instead has ________.
A
A body
A spinous process
14
Q
C2 vertebra has an __________ .
A
Odontoid process
15
Q
What is the palpable spinous process of C7 called?
A
Vertebra priminens
16
Q
What do roots and rootlets do?
A
Connect the spinal nerve to the spinal cord
17
Q
What do the rami do?
A
Connect the spinal nerve to the structures of the body wall
18
Q
What do only anterior rami supply?
A
The limbs via plexi
19
Q
What does the right cervical plexus (C1 - C4 anterior rami) supply?
A
Mainly the neck wall
20
Q
What does the right brachial plexus (C5 - T1) supply?
A
The upper limb
21
Q
What does the right lumbar plexus (L1 - L4) supply?
A
Supplies the lower limb
22
Q
What does the right sacral plexus (L5 - S4) supply?
A
Supplies pelvis/perineum and lower limbs
23
Q
What nerve is a named branch from the brachial plexus and is made from C5 and C6 axons from the anterior rami?
A
The musculocutaneous nerve
24
Classify the 12 pairs of ribs
```
True ribs (1-6) attach via their costal cartilage to the sternum
False ribs (7-10) attach via costal cartilage above to the sternum
Floating ribs (11-12) have no attachments to the sternum
```
25
What are the attachments to bone of the biceps brachii?
From scapula to radius
26
What are the main actions of the biceps brachii?
Flexion of shoulder/elbow and supination of the radioulnar joints
27
What is the nerve supply for the biceps brachii?
Musculocutaneous nerve from brachial plexus
28
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
29
At what disc level does it end?
Ends inferiorly at L1/L2 intervertebral disc level
30
Name the 5 types of muscle?
1. flat muscle
2. pennate muscle
3. fussiform muscle
4. quadrate muscle
5. sphincter muscle
31
What is an aponeurosis?
A flattened tendon
32
What do aponeuroses attach from?
Muscle to soft tissue
33
What is a synapse?
A communication in the spinal cord between the sensory and motor nerves
34
What is the conus medullaris?
The spinal cord as a solid structure ends here
35
Split the spinal nerve pairs into sections (e.g. cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal)
```
8 pairs - cervical - (C1-8)
12 pairs - thoracic - (T1-T12)
5 pairs - lumbar - (L1-L5)
5 pairs - sacral - (S1-S5)
1 pair - coccygeal - (R+L)
```
36
What segments of the spinal cord have lateral horns?
T1 - L2 for cell bodies of next sympathetic neurones in the chain
37
What do sympathetic axons from the brain descend in?
The spinal cord - white matter
38
What 4 cranial nerves have parasympathetic axons?
III
VII
IX
X
39
What are the 5 named nerves that supply the upper limb, coming from the brachial plexus?
```
Axillary nerve
Median nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Radial nerve
Ulnar nerve
```
40
Name the special sensory cranial nerves?
Olfactory, optic, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal
41
Name the motor nerves
Occulomotor, trochlear, trigeminal V3, abducent, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal
42
Name the parasympathetic nerves
occulomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus
43
Name the "sensory" cranial nerves
Trigeminal (V1- V3), glossopharyngeal and vagus
44
Name the the three planes
Sagittal
Coronal
Axial/transverse
45
How does haemoglobin bind to oxygen in the lungs?
Reversibly
46
Name 3 lymphatic tissues?
Tonsils at the back of the nose, tongue and mouth
Spleen
GI tract associated lymphoid tissue
47
What do endocrine glands secrete?
Hormones directly into capillary blood
48
What type of joint connects the skull to the vertebrae?
Craniovertebral joints
49
Name the joint at the sternal angle?
Manubriosternal joint
50
Where are facet joints?
Between most vertebrae
51
What are the 3 different types of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
52
Name 2 subtypes of fibrous joints
Sutures
| Fibrous sheets
53
Give an example of a suture and a fibrous sheet joint
Coronal suture and interosseous membrane
54
What are the 2 subtypes of cartilaginous joints?
Primary and secondary
55
Name a primary cartilaginous joint
An epiphyseal growth plate of hyaline cartilage is a primary cartilaginous joint (it will ossify after growth is complete)
56
Name a secondary cartilaginous joint
Intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage
57
What are fontanelles?
Wide sutures in the neonatal skull
58
What are the two parts of intervertebral discs?
Outer fibrous anulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage)
| Inner soft nucleus pulposus (soft centre - like pulp in teeth)
59
What can a slipped disc do to the spinal cord?
Compress it
60
What are the articular surfaces of synovial joints covered in?
Hyaline cartilage
61
What are the two parts of the capsule that wraps around a synovial joint?
Superficial strong fibrous layer
| Deeper synovial membrane layer to secrete synovial fluid
62
What does the joint cavity in a synovial joint contain?
Synovial fluid
63
What do bursae in synovial joints do?
Prevent friction around the joint during movement
64
What are the two types of bursae?
Synovial fluid filled extensions of the joint capsule (continuous with joint cavity)
Closed sacs of synovial membrane containing synovial fliuid
65
Name the 5 types of synovial joints
1. Pivot joints - 45 degrees of shaking the head
2. Plane joints - minimal movement in one plane (acromioclavicular joint)
3. Hinge joints - reasonable range of movement in one plane (knee)
4. Ball and socket joint - good range of multi-axial movement (circumduction - hip joint)
5. Biaxial joint - reasonable range of movement in one plane and less in another (hands and feet)
66
What is the shoulder joints flexion?
180
67
What is the shoulder joint extension?
90
68
What is the shoulder joint abduction?
180
69
What is the shoulder joints adduction?
45
70
What is the shoulder joints internal rotation?
90
71
What is the shoulder joints external rotation?
60
72
What is the hip joints flexion?
135
73
What is the hip joints extension?
15
74
What is the hip joints abduction?
45
75
What is the hip joints adduction?
30
76
What is the hip joints internal rotation?
35
77
What is the hip joints external rotation?
45
78
What is subluxation?
Reduced area of contaact between articular surfaces
79
What is dislocation?
Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
80
What softens under the influence of placental hormone relaxin during pregnancy?
Pubic symphysis
81
What type of joint is the temperomandibular joint?
Synovial
82
Name the components of the TMJ
Mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone
Head of the condylar process
83
Name the special feature of the TMJ
Articular disc
84
What happens in a dislocation of the TMJ?
The head of the condylar process of the mandible becomes "stuck" anterior to the articular tubercle of the temporal bone
85
How many bones are there in the skeleton?
206
86
What is endochondral ossification?
When a small, hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone
87
What might the medulla of a bone contain?
Bone marrow which can be the site of red and white blood cell production
88
Name a bony feature at the top of the humerous
Greater tubercle
89
Name a distal bony feature of the radius
Styloid process of the radius
90
Name a bony feature on the ischium?
Ischial tuberosity
91
Name a bony feature on the femur beginning with "L"
Lesser trochanter
92
Name a distal bony feature on the femur beginning with "F"
Femoral condyle
93
Name a bony feature on the proximal tibia
Tibial tuberosity
94
Name a bony feature of the tibia involved in the ankle joint?
Medial malleolus
95
Name 8 locations of the mandible where fractures are common?
Condylar process, ramus, angle, lower border of the left side of the mandible, body, mental foramen, mental process, coronoid process
96
What does the spinous process of a vertebra do?
Ligament and muscle attachment
97
What do the superior and inderior articular processes do?
Mobility via synovial facet joints with adjacent vertebrae
98
What do the transverse processes of vertebra do?
Ligament, muscle and rib articulations
99
What is the role of the vertebral foramen?
Convey/protect the spinal cord
100
What is the vertebral arch made up of?
2 pedicle
| 2 Lamina
101
What is the role of the intervertebral foramen?
To protect the spinal nerve connecting with the spinal cord
102
What is the C1 vertebra called?
Atlas
103
What is the C2 vertebra called?
Axis
104
What two things does C1 not have and what does it have instead?
No body or spinous process
| Anterior and posterior arches
105
What feature does C2 have that is related to C1?
The odontoid process (C1's body)
106
What is the vertebra prominens?
The first readily palpable spinous process of C7
107
What three layers is the heart made from?
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
108
What is fibrilation?
Uncoordinated contraction of myocytes that results in inefficient pumping that can be fatal if affecting the ventricles
109
What does adrenaline from the adrenal gland do to the heart?
Speeds it up and increases the force of contraction
110
What type of muscle is cardiac muscle?
Involuntary and striated
111
What type of muscle is smooth muscle?
Involuntary and non-striated
112
What type of muscle is skeletal muscle?
Voluntary and striated
113
What are muscle fascicles made from?
Muscle fibres
114
What are myocytes/muscle fibres made from?
Myofibrils
115
What are myofibrils made from?
Actin and myosin microfilaments
116
What are muscle striations due to?
Overlapping of actin and myosin microfilaments of the sacromere
117
Name the origins and insertions of the bicepts brachii
Insertions x2 on the scapula
| Origin on the radius
118
What are the 3 origins and the 1 insertion of the deltoid muscle?
Origin on spine of scapula
Origin on acromion process of scapula
Origin on lateral 1/3rd of clavicle
Insertion on deltoid tuberosity of the humerous
119
What do the posterior fibres of the deltoid muscle do?
Extension of the shoulder
120
What do middle fibres of the deltoid muscle do?
Abduction of the shoulder
121
What do anterior fibres of the deltoid muscle do?
Flexion of the shoulder
122
What bony feature of the scapula is the head of the humerous related to?
Glenoid fossa of scapula (permits circumduction of shoulder)
123
What bony feature of the humerous is at its distal end?
Trochlea of the distal humerous
124
What bony feature of the ulna is at its proximal end?
Trochlear notch of the proximal ulna
125
What muscle attaches to the anterior aspect of the tibia?
The tibialis anterior
126
What are the two main reflexes involving skeletal muscle?
Stretch reflex
| Flexion withdrawal reflex
127
What ligament goes from the patella to the tibial tuberosity?
Patellar tendon
128
What is a muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply called?
Paralysed
129
What is a muscle that is intact and functioning its motor nerve but the descending controls from the brain are malfunctioning?
Spastic
130
Where is the vesico-uterine pouch?
Between the bladder and uterus
131
Where is the recto-uterine (pouch of Douglas)?
Most inferior part of the periotneal cavity
132
Where will any abnormal fluid in the peritoneal cavity collect when upright?
The pouch of Douglas
133
What are the three layers of the wall of the body of the uterus from external to internal?
1. perimetrium
2. myometrium
3. endometrium
134
What is the abdominal ostium?
Opening of the uterine tube into the peritoneal cavity
135
Where does fertilisation occur?
In the ampulla of the uterine tube
136
Where does implantation of the zygote usually occur?
In the body of the uterus
137
What is an ectopic preganancy?
When the fertilised ovum implants outwith the uterine cavity
138
How does female sterilisation occur?
Tubal ligation - both uterine tubes are clipped or cut or cauterised to occlude the lumen
139
What is the hood of the penis called?
Prepuce
140
What gland in the brain plays a vital role in regulating male hormone production and the development of sperm?
the pituitary gland
141
What muscle surrounds the scrotum?
The dartos muscle (in the superficial fascia) - contracts to wrinkle/thicken the scrotum skin, reduce the surface area in oder to maintain the correct scrotal temperature of -1
142
Where does sperm form?
In the semiferous tubules of the testis
143
Where does sperm pass to once it has formed?
To the rete testis
144
Where does sperm pass to from the rete testis?
To the head of the epididymis which then becomes the vas deferens
145
What is the name of the 2 glands anterior and 1 gland inferior to the bladder?
Seminal glands and the prostate gland
146
What do seminal glands produce?
Seminal fluid
147
What two roles does the prostatic urethra have?
Drains urine from the bladder
| Passes semen in ejaculation
148
What is semen made from?
Sperm and seminal fluid
149
Where do the right and left ejaculatory ducts join together in?
The prostate gland
150
What is the lining of the inside of the bronchial tree (except for the distal bronchioles and alveoli)?
Respiratory epithelium
151
Where in the respiratory pathway does hyaline cartilage support?
The walls of the trachea and all of the bronchi
152
What are the two nasal cavities seperated by?
A nasal septum
153
What is the bony part of the nasal septum and what is the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum?
Superiorly - ethmoid bone
Posteriorly - Vomer
Cartilaginous - septal cartilage (hyaline)
Bony is posterior and carilaginous is anterior
154
What is the floor of the nasal cavity formed by?
The palate
155
What is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by?
The anterior cranial fossa
156
What type of cartilage is inferior to the thyroid cartilage?
Cricoid cartilageq
157
What type of cartlage is posterior to the larynx?
Arytenoid cartilages
158
What greatly increase the surface area of the lateral walls of nasal cavities?
The conchae (produce turbulent flow)
159
What do tonsils produce?
White blood cells in the defence against infection
160
What are 4 muscles of mastication?
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
161
What are two functions of the orbicularis oris?
1. Circularly arranged around the lips and contraction draws the lips together
2. Produces an anterior oral seal that prevents dribbling during chewing and swallowing
162
What is the oral cavity lined with?
Mucosa covered with stratified squamous epithelium
163
What do only the gingivae and hard palate have for their protection during chewing?
Keratin
164
Where is the posterior third of the tongue found?
In the oropharynx
165
What are the four types of papillae and their functions?
Foliate papillae - Taste
Vallate papillae - taste
Fungiform papillae - taste
Filiform papillae - touch, temperature etc
166
What do the four pairs of skeletal intrinsic muscles in the tongue do?
Modify the shape of the tongue during function
167
What do the 4 pairs of skeletal muscles of extrnisic muscles of the tongue do?
Move the tongue around
168
What action does the buccinator do?
With the help of the tongue it acts to position the food bolus between the occlusal (biting) surfaces of the teeth for mastication
169
What teeth numbers are molars given?
6,7 & 8 (wisdom teeth)
170
What teeth numbers are premolars given?
4 & 5
171
What teeth number are canines given?
3
172
What teeth numbers are incisors given?
1 & 2
173
How many teeth are there?
32 teeth
174
Name the 3 major salivary glands
```
Parotid glands (near the ear)
Submandibular glands (under the mandible)
Sublingual glands (under the tongue)
```
175
Where are our minor salivary glands?
In the oral mucosa
176
What lining does the pharynx have?
Muscular tube lined with non-keratinised stratified squamous mucosa
177
Within the mucosa of the nasopharynx and oropharynx what is the ring of tonsils called?
Waldeyer's ring of "tonsils"
178
What two structures guide the food bolus away from the midline laryngeal inlet?
The uvula of the soft palate and the epiglottis
179
What do the inner vertically arranged layer of longitudinal muscles of the pharynx do?
Attach inferiorly to the larynx
Contract during swallowing and raise the larynx
Raise the larynx towards the epiglottis closes the laryngeal inlet
180
What do the outer circularly arrange layer of constrictor muscles of the pharynx do? (Superior, middle and inferior)
Sequentially contract from superior to inferior to push the food bolus inferiorly into the oesophagus
181
What type of mucosa is the oesophagus lined with?
Non-keratinised stratified squamous mucosa
182
What four layers constitute the walls of the intestine?
Lumen
Mucosa
Inner circularly arranged smooth muscle
Outer longitudinally arranged smooth muscle
183
What part (retroperitoneum, intraperitoneum) does the inferior vena cava ascend in?
the retroperitoneum
184
Does the aorta descend in the retroperitoneum or intraperitoneum?
Retroperitoneum
185
What branch of the aorta is just superior to the renal vein but does not pass inferiorly over it?
The coelic trunk
186
What artery passes over the renal vein?
The superior mesenteric artery
187
Where does the splenic vein drain into?
Hepatic portal vein
188
What does the inferior mesenteric vein drain into?
The splenic vein
189
How do foregut structures drain their lymph?
Via nodes located along the splenic artery towards coeliac nodes (around coeliac trunk)
190
How do midgut structures drain their lymph?
Via nodes located along the superior mesenteric artery towards the superior mesenteric nodes (located around the origin of the superior mesenteric artery)
191
How do hindgut structures drain their lymph?
Via nodes located along the inferior mesenteric artery towards the inferior mesenteric nodes (located around the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery)
192
Name the 3 sphincters located down the GI tract
1. Cricopharyngeal sphincter (at the junction between the laryngopharynx and oesophagus to help prevent regurgitation)
2. Pyloric sphincter (at the junction between the stomach and duodenum to control the release of chyme from the stomach)
3. External anal sphincter (at the junction between the anus and external environment to control the release of stool from the anal canal)
193
What type of muscle is the pyloric sphincter composed of?
Smooth muscle
194
What are the main endocrine glands in the cranial cavity?
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
195
Where are the main endocrine glands in the neck?
4 parathyroid glands and the thyroid gland
196
Where are the main endocrine glands in the abdomen?
2 adrenal glands and the pancreas
197
Where are the main endocrine glands in the pelvis?
Female - 2 ovaries in broad ligaments
| Male - 2 testes in the scrotum
198
What are the three parts of the brainstem from superior to inferior?
Midbrain, pons, medulla
199
What is the diencephalon?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
It forms the central core of the cerebrum with connections to the right and left cerebral hemispheres and the mid brain
200
What does the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone do?
Transmits olfactory nerves - sense of smell
201
Where is the pituitary gland located?
In the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone
202
What does the infundibulum of the hypothalamus do?
Connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
203
How do the axons of hypothalamic neurones pass down into the posterior pituitary?
Through the infundibulum
204
What do the hypothalamic neurones in the posterior pituitary manufacture?
Oxytocin
| Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone or ADH)
205
When hypothalamic neurones secrete releasing hormones what happens?
They stimulate the anterior pituitary to release its hormones into the blood stream
206
What two ways does the hypophyseal portal system drain venous blood?
1. from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary capillary beds - this blood contains the releasing or release-inhibitory hormones
2. from the anterior pituitary a second set of veins drains the venous blood to the hypophyseal veins and then eventually to the SVC - this blood contains the anterior pituitary hormones
207
What 6 hormones does the anterior pituitary relase?
```
GH (growth hormone)
Prolactin (milk production)
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)
LH (lutenising hormone - gonads)
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone - ovaries)
```
208
What is an enlarged gland called?
A goitre
209
What is the thyroid gland attached to?
The larynx
210
What is the inferior part of the thyroid gland called?
The isthmus
211
What does the thyroid gland use to manufacture its hormones and what two hormones are produced?
Iodine
triiodothyronine (T3)
thyroxine (T4)
212
What do thyroid hormones do?
regulate metabolism and stimulate growth
213
What can an enlarged thyroid gland be as a result of?
Dietary lack of iodine
214
Where are the 4 parathyroid glands located?
On the posterior surfaces of the thyroid glands lobes
215
What do the 4 parathyroid glands manufacture and secrete?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
216
What does parathyroid hormone do?
Controls the amount of calcium in the blood and bone
217
What is the blood supply to the thyroid gland?
Right inferior thyroid artery
| Left superior thyroid artery
218
How does the thyroid glands venous drainage work?
Right superior middle and inferior thyroid veins
| Veins draining blood from head, neck and upper limbs
219
Where does the pancreas receive its blood from?
The coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery
220
Where does the pancreas drain its blood to?
The splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
221
What are the 2 anatomically and functionally distinct parts of the pancreas?
The endocrine pancreas (the Islets of Langerhans)
| The exocrine pancreas
222
What occurs in the endocrine pancreas?
Insulin is secreted into the venous blood in response to islet cells detecting increased blood glucose
223
What does the exocrine pancreas do?
Manufactures digestive enzymes and secretes them (plus electrolytes) via a duct system into the duodenum
224
Where are the two adrenal (suprarenal) glands?
Capping the superior poles of the kidneys
225
What are the two anatomically and functionally discrete endocrine parts of the adrenal gland?
1. Adrenal cortex
| 2. Adrenal medulla
226
What does the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland relase?
Glucocorticoids - the release of glucocorticoids is under pituitary ACTH control
Mineralcorticoids
Androgens
227
What does the adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland produce?
Adrenaline
| Noradrenaline
228
What are mineralcorticoids involved in?
Blood pressure control
229
Which gonadal artery branches off more superiorly?
The left
230
What three arteries supply the right adrenal gland?
Right inferior suprarenal artery (branch of renal artery)
Right middle suprarenal artery (branch of the aorta)
Right superior suprarenal artery
231
Where does the right suprarenal vein and left suprarenal vein drain into?
Right goes to IVC
| Left goes to left renal vein
232
What does the male gonad secrete?
Testosterone in response to LH from the anterior pituitary
233
What do the ovaries secrete and what is it in response to?
Oestrogen and progesterone in response to FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
234
What does the right gonad venous blood drain into?
IVC
235
What does the left gonad venous blood drain into?
The left renal vein
236
What do testosterone and oestrogen do?
Control the development of secondary sexual characteristics, promote the closure of the epiphyseal growth plates and stimulate sperm and ovum development respectively
237
What is progesterones role?
To prepare the uterus for pregnancy
238
Name three types of autonomic nerves?
Visceral afferents
Sympathetic nerves
Parasympathetic nerves
239
In the CNS what is a group of nerve cell bodies called?
A nucleus
240
In the PNS what is a group of nerve cell bodies called?
A ganglion
241
What is the role of a myelin sheath?
Electrical insulator: a myelinated nerve conducts action potentials faster
242
What nerve supplies the biceps brachii muscle?
Musculocutaneous
243
Name the 12 cranial nerves
Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducent, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal
244
Which CN travels through the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone?
Olfactory
245
Which nerve passes through the optic canal?
Optic
246
Which nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?
Occulomotor, trochlear, trigeminal (V1), abducent
247
What nerves pass through the foramen rotundum?
Trigeminal (V2)
248
What nerve passes through the foramen ovale?
Trigeminal (V3)
249
What nerve travels through the internal acoustic meatus?
Facial, vestibuocochlear
250
What nerve travels through the jugular foramen?
Glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory
251
What nerve travels through the hypoglossal canal?
Hypoglossal
252
Where does the spinal cord end inferiorly?
At L1/L2 intervertebral disc level
253
What does the spinal cord end as?
The conus medullaris
254
What part of the dermatome strip do posterior rami supply?
The paramedian strip
255
All limb dermatomes are supplied by what rami?
Anterior
256
Name one branch from the brachial plexus?
Musculocutaneous (made from axons from both C5 and C6 anterior rami
257
What is the right cervical plexus made up of and what does it supply?
C1 - C4 anterior rami (supplies mainly neck wall)
258
What is the right brachial plexus made up from and what does it supply?
C5 - T1 anterior rami
| Supplies upper limb
259
What does the right lumbar plexus supply and what is it made from?
L1 - L4 anterior rami
| Supplies lower limb
260
What does the right sacral plexus supply and what is it made from?
L5 - S4 anterior rami
| Supplies pelvis/perineum and lower limb
261
What are the 5 named nerves supplying the upper limb, from the brachial plexus?
```
Axillary
Median
Musculocutaneous
Radial
Ulnar
```
262
What segments of the spinal cord have lateral horns?
T1 - L2
263
What do sympathetic axons from the brain descend in?
Spinal cord white matter
264
Which cranial nerves contain parasympathetic axons?
III, VII, IX & X
265
Where do nerves containing parasympathetic axons only travel to?
Organs
266
What receptors receive pain?
Nociceptors
267
What happens at the right primary somatosensory area?
Sensory APs arriving here bring left sided body wall sensations into consciousness
268
Where is the right primary somatomotor area and what does it do?
In the right frontal lobe (other one is in parietal)
Motor APs originating here as a result of conscious planning of a movement bring about contractions of the correct left sided skeletal muscles to make that movement
269
In the body wall what do sympathetic fibres supply?
Skin sweat glands
Skin arrector muscles
All arterioles
270
What is the distal urethra lined by?
Protective stratified squamous epithelium
271
From urter to upper urethra what are the tubes lined with?
Transitional epithelium
272
What ribs protect the kidenys?
11 and 12
273
What two fat layers are on the kidneys?
Paranephric fat and perinephric fat
274
What does the glomerulus of the kidnehy do?
Ultrafiltration of the blood arriving via branches of the renal artery
275
What does the collecting duct do?
Passes through the pyramid to drain the modified filtrate into the minor calyx as urine
276
What artery does the ureter cross the anterior aspect of?
The common iliac artery
277
Where is the trigone of the bladder located?
On the floor of the bladder between the bilateral ureteric and midline urethral orifices
278
What type of muscle does the bladder have in its walls?
detrusor
279
What artery fo the right vertebral and left vertebral artery joint to make?
Basilar artery
280
What is the carotid sinus innervated by?
CN IX
