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DEMS I > histology > Flashcards

histology Flashcards

1
Q

List layers of GI tract

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosal/adventitia

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2
Q

Components of GI mucosa

A

epithelium > lamina propria (loose CT containing lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages) > muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle layer that stimulates the glands, not involved in peristalsis)

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3
Q

Components of GI submucosa

A

Contains connective tissue (more dense), larger blood vessels, nerve plexes (meissners), glands and lymphatic nodules. Also lymphoid cells

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4
Q

Components of GI muscularis externa

A

inner circular smooth muscle, outer longitudinal smooth muscle, nerve plexes

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5
Q

Components of GI serosa/adventitia

A

Outer layer of squamous epithelial cells, inner thin layer of connective tissue. Called adventitia in the esophagus above diaphragm where outer squamous layer is absent

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6
Q

Esophagus muscle components

A

Lined with non-cornified squamous epithelium. Upper contains skeletal muscle, midway mix of skeletal and smooth muscle, lower 1/3 solely smooth muscle

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7
Q

esophagus mucous glands

A

Present in mucosa and submucosa (provides lubrication and assists swallowing)

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8
Q

describe esophagus to stomach junction

A

A true anotomical valve is not present at the esophageal-gastric junction, but a small incomplete sphincter with maintained muscular contraction usually prevents reflux of stomach contents.

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9
Q

Regions of stomach

A

cardia, fundus and pyloris

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10
Q

Cardia function

A

mucus secretion

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11
Q

fundus function

A

secretes acid, peptic digestive products and mucus.

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12
Q

Pyloris function

A

secretes mucus and gastrin from endocrine glands

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13
Q

Describe the muscularis externa in the stomach

A

Differs from the basic pattern in that a third oblique layer of smooth muscle is present just lumenally to the circular muscle layer

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14
Q

Folds in the stomach are called

A

rugae or plicae mucosae- longitudinal folds

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15
Q

Describe gastric epithelium cells

A
  1. mucus secreting cells are arranged in folds, with gastric pits between the folds. 2. Beneath this are gastric glands containing chief cells and parietal cells3. stem cells: surface cells replaced every 3-5 days, deep cells turn over every 6-12 months. 4. enteroendocrine cells: G cells mostly located in pylorus and A-cells, EC cells, D cells.
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16
Q

Function of chief cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen which is converted to pepsin (active protease) in presence of acid. Chief cells are derived directly from stem cells

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17
Q

Function of parietal cells

A

Pump H ions into gastric lumen via a H/K ATPase, and a bicarb/Cl co transporter. Stimulated to produce acid by secretion of gastrin and histamine. Also secretes intrinsic factor (important for uptake of Vit B12 and production of RBCs)

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18
Q

What is Zollinger Ellison syndrome

A

Excessive secretion of gastrin results in overproduction of HCl by parietal cells. It cannot be adequately neutralized in the small intestine and leads to duodenal ulcers and complications.

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19
Q

Function of G cells

A

enteroendocrine cells that secrete gastrin which acts on parietal cells

20
Q

Function of A cells

A

Secrete glucagon

21
Q

Function of EC cells

A

secrete serotonin

22
Q

Function of D cells

A

secrete somatostatin

23
Q

Name the sphincter btw the stomach and small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

24
Q

List the three segmets of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

25
Q

What structures contribute to the large surface area of the small intestine

A
  1. plicae circulares are transverse folds. 2. Villi cover the plicae. 3. microvilli cover the villi
26
Q

Mucus glands of intestines

A

Simple tubular glands called crypts of Lieberkuhn penetrate from base of villi deeper into the mucosa

27
Q

Where are stem cells in intestines

A

In lower 1/3 of crypts of lieberkuhn- give rise to mucus cells, enterocytes or paneth cells

28
Q

What are paneth cells

A

contain large eosinophilic granules, which contain antibacterial peptides called defensins, in addition to lysozyme and phosopholipase

29
Q

What are Brunners glands and where are they found

A

In duodenum- secrete bicarbonate to neutralize acid arriving through pyloric sphincter. Also secrete mucins

30
Q

Structure of intestinal villi

A

Contain loose CT, with small blood vessels, lymphocytes and lymphatic spaces that join the lacteal, a large lymphatic vessel in the center.

31
Q

Function of lacteal

A

Passes fluid entering from lumen and transports lipoprotein droplets (chylomicrons). Fatty acids are exocytosed by enterocytes from the lumen, then are resynthesized into di and triglycerides then released by exocytosis on the opposite side. Lacteals enter larger lymphatics and proceed to bloodstream via thoracic duct

32
Q

describe lymphoid tissue in small intestine

A

Peyers patches are groups of lymphatic nodulesin the submucosa. M cells are specialized epithelial cells that function as antigen uptake cells and phagocytose luminal contents, then present antigens to other lymphocyts and macrophages. Plasma cells of nodules release IgA

33
Q

Compare regional differences in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum

A

Duodenum: contains brunners glands, few goblet cells, few lymphatic tissue, few plicae circulares and most numerous villi. Jejunum: NO brunners glands, medium goblet cells, medium lymphatic tissue, best developed plicae, decreased number of villi distally. Ileum: NO brunners glands, lots of goblet cells and lymphatic tissue, some plicae and less abundant villi.

34
Q

Organization of pancreas

A

Exocrine pancreas is organized ino acini, with clusters of pancreatic acinar and centroacinar cells arranged around the end of a common duct. Basal portions of acinar cells have lots of RER and apical side has secretory granules containing zymogens.

35
Q

Enzymes released by pancreas

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase, and triacylglycerol lipase

36
Q

Describe trypsinogen activation

A

Trypsinogen (pro-trypsin) is activated by enterokinase that is a membrane anchored enzyme in the apical plasma membrane of duodenal digestive/absorptive cells (the epithelial enterocytes). Trypsin in turn activates the other zymogens.

37
Q

Which enzymes are synthesized in activate form in the pancreas

A

amylase and ribonuclease

38
Q

Name the hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

Sphincter of Oddi

39
Q

Function of centroacinar cells

A

secrete pancreatic juice such as water and bicarb. Secretion is under control of both secretin and cholycystokinin.

40
Q

Where does sugar breakdown occur

A

enzymes from pancreas break down large sugars, like starch, into smaller sugars, maltase and isomaltase. These are then broken down by enzymes in the apical plasma membrane of enterocytes in the small intestine into glucose and transported across the cell

41
Q

Types of cells in large intestine

A

mucus producing cells and absorptive cells for water and salt recovery in epithelium. Also lymphocytes located in peyers patches in the submucosa

42
Q

List salivary glands and the type of secretions

A

Submandibular: mixed serous and mucus. Sublingual: mucus. Parotid: serous

43
Q

describe serous secretions

A

watery and contain enzymes (amylase, RNAse, DHAse)

44
Q

Describe pancreatic structure

A

contain acinus - secrete zymogens from the end of the acinus, CCK (which leads to gall bladder contraction and causes zymogen secretion) and centroacinar cells which are an extension of the duct

45
Q
  1. Delineate the requirements for pH control in different regions of the gut. Why in general do we have a much lower pH in the stomach?
A

Low pH helps kill bacteria in stomach

DEMS I (28 decks)

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