Histology Flashcards
1
Q
Form of chromatin that is most abundant
A
Euchromatin - active form
2
Q
Site of DNA transcription
A
Nucleus
3
Q
Responsible for ribosomal RNA synthesis
A
Nucleolus
4
Q
A complex of DNA, histone and non-histone proteins
A
Chromatin
5
Q
3 zones of nucleolus
A
Granular zone (pars granulosa): maturing ribosomes. Dense fibrillar zone (pars fibrosa): active zone. Fibrillar center: inactive DNA
6
Q
Heterochromatin vs. Euchromatin
A
Heterochromatin - condensed/dark, inactive, Barr Body. Euchromatin - dispersed/light, actively transcribed.
7
Q
Barr bodies in Klinefelter’s Syndrome
A
One 47XXY
8
Q
Superfemale will have how many Barr Bodies?
A
Two 47XXX
9
Q
Site of ATP synthesis
A
Mitochondria
10
Q
Synthesis of membrane phospholipids, and steroid hormones. Drug detoxification. FA elongation.
A
Smooth ER
11
Q
Synthesis of secretory and membrane proteins. Co-translational modification of proteins.
A
Rough ER
12
Q
Site of protein sorting and packaging
A
Golgi apparatus
13
Q
Site of mRNA translation into amino sequence
A
Free ribosomes
14
Q
Organisms with abundant smooth ER
A
Ovaries, testes, adrenals
15
Q
Organs with abundant rough ER
A
Pancreas, thyroid
16
Q
Organs with abundant mitochondria
A
Red muscle fibers
17
Q
Glycogen storage disease with a defect in lysosomal metabolism
A
Pompe’s Disease (type II): acid maltase deficiency - muscle weakness, cardiorespiratory failure
18
Q
Mechanical support for cells
A
Microfilament - actin, myosin
19
Q
Cytoskeleton that can function as a tumor marker
A
Intermediate filament - link between extracellular matrix, cytoplasm and nucleus
20
Q
Intracellular vesicle and organelle transport. Ciliary and flagellar movement.
A
Microtubule (A and B tubulin) - centrioles in mitosis and meiosis
21
Q
Thinnest of all cytoskeletons
A
Microfilaments - function inhibited by Amanita mushroom toxin
22
Q
Tumor marker: endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, fibroblast, chondroblast
A
Vimentin
23
Q
Tumor marker: skeletal and smooth muscle
A
Desmin
24
Q
Tumor marker: neurons
A
Neurofilament
25
Tumor marker: epithelial cells
Cytokeratin
26
Tumor marker: inner membrane of nuclear envelope
Laminins A, B, C
27
ATPase activity for movement of vesicles (toward axon terminal)
Kinesin - anterograde transport
28
ATPase activity toward cell body
Dynein - retrograde transport
29
ATPase activity for elongation of nerve axons
Dynamin
30
Anti inflammatory drug that acts on tubules of cells
Colchicine
31
Anticancer drugs that act on microtubules of cells
Vinblastine, Vincristine, Paclitaxel (Taxanes)
32
Microtubule polymerization defect that results in decreased ability for phagocytosis
Chediak Higashi Syndrome - recurrent pyogenic infections, partial albinism, peripheral neuropathy
33
Anchor epithelial cells to the underlying basal lamina
Hemidesmosomes - involved in Bullous Pemphigoid
34
Collagen in the basal lamina
Type IV collagen
35
Prevents or retards the diffusion of material across an epithelium
Zonula occludens - tight or leaky
36
Filaments in zonula adherens
Actin filaments
37
Attach 2 adjoining cells with a plaque called desmoplakin
Desmosomes (macula adherens) - involved in Pemphigus vulgaris
38
What parts of the brain does the BBB not protect?
Roof of 3rd and 4th ventricles, roof of diencephalon, pineal gland
39
Opens the BBB by temporarily shrinking the endothelial cells and stretching the tight junctions between them
Mannitol
40
Contains actin. Seen in brush border of apical layers of cells
Microvilli - function to increase cell surface area
41
Long microvilli. Found in vas deferens, hair cells of inner ear and epididymis
Stereocilia
42
Cilium found in the sensory epithelium of the inner ear
Kinocilium
43
Microorganisms that uses flagellum for locomotion
Giarda, Trichimonas, H pylori
44
Primary cilia dyskinesia. Defect in dynein arms.
Kartagener syndrome - infertility, absent mucociliary clearance (chronic sinusitis), situs invertus (dextrocardia)
45
Eukaryotic function: sensory and movement of fluid
Cilia
46
Provides tissue with smooth surface for easy movement
Hyaline - bluish white and semi transparent, numerous chondrocytes, (+) perichondrium
47
Provides support, flexibility and shape
Elastic cartilage - yellowish, (+) perichondrium
48
Shock absorber, deepens bone sockets
Fibrocartilage - chondrocytes scattered among thick interlace of collagen fibers, (-) perichondrium
49
Vitamin influence of bone
Vit D
50
Unmineralized bone
Osteoid
51
Most abundant type of bone cell
Osteocytes
52
Cell responsible for bone resorption
Osteoclasts - multinucleated cells from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
53
Bone cell that expresses receptors for PTH, Vit D and estrogen
Osteoblast - mononuclear cells that synthesize most of the protein in the bone
54
Trabecular or spongy bone
Cancellous bone - less dense, softer, weaker and less stiff
55
Compact bone
Cortical bone - 80% of the weight of the skeleton
56
Bone where hematopoiesis takes place. More affected in osteoporosis
Cancellous bone
57
Functional unit of a compact bone
Osteon/haversion system
58
Layer of bone matrix between concentric rings of osteocytes
Lamellar
59
Houses the osteocytes
Lacunae
60
Houses the osteoclast
Howship's lacunae
61
Protoplasmic extensions from osteocytes by which maintenance of bone is performed
Canaliculi
62
Connects one haversian canal to another
Volkmann's canal
63
Permanent flexion contracture of the hand at the wrist (claw-like). Due to a fracture at the elbow or upper arm.
Volkmann's contracture - ulnar nerve affected, brachial artery compressed, muscles involved are FDP and FPL
64
X-ray: sunburst, fir tree or moth eaten
Osteosarcoma - most common primary bone Ca
65
Triangular area of new subperiosteal bone that is created when a lesion (tumor) raises the periosteum away from the bone
Codman Triangle
66
Deficiency of Type 1 Collagen
Osteogenesis imperfecta
67
Deficiency of Type IV Collagen
Alport syndrome - deafness, eye disorders, hereditary nephritis
68
Type 2 cytotoxic immune response that presents with hematuria and hemoptysis
Goodpasture Syndrome - (+) glomerulonephritis
69
Epithelium in male urethra
Stratified columnar
70
Epithelium in fossa navicularis of male urethra
Stratified squamous non-keratinized
71
Histopathologic indicator of CNS injury
Gliosis
72
Conduct nerve impulse toward the cell body
Dendrites
73
Gaps between myelinated segments in the neuron
Nodes of Ranvier
74
Rough ER in the CNS
Nissl Substance - stacked RER
75
Stain used to localize Nissl substance
Aniline stain
76
Nissl substance moves and becomes concentrated in the periphery
Chromatolysis - fatigue or neuronal damage
77
Connective tissue cells of the nervous system
Neuroglia or Glial cells
78
Form myelin in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
79
Phagocytic action in CNS
Microglia
80
Ependyma: circulation and absorption of CSF
Ependymyocytes - lines ventricle and central canals
81
Ependyma: transport CSF to the hypophyseal portal system
Tanycytes - line the floor of the 3rd ventricle
82
Ependyma: production of CSF
choroidal epithelial cells
83
Project foot processes in the capillaries
Astrocytes - buffer potassium concentration of CNS
84
Most common primary CNS tumor in children?
Astrocytoma
85
Myelinate axons in the PNS
Schwann cells
86
Tight junction between endothelial cells of capillaries
Blood brain barrier
87
Tight junctions between choroid epithelial cells
Blood CSF barrier
88
Found in squamous epithelial cells, gives skin tensile strength
Keratinocyte
89
Epidermal dendritic cells
Langerhan cells - antigen presenting cells
90
Origin of epidermis (outermost), devoid of blood vessels
Ectodermal
91
Origin of dermis
Mesodermal
92
Layer of loose vascular connective tissue with adipocytes
Hypodermis
93
Melanin is formed from what amino acid?
Tyrosine
94
Sweat glands found everywhere that secretes a clear and odorless substance
Eccrine or Merocrine
95
Produce pheromones via adrenergic stimulation
Apocrine glands
96
Abnormal aggregation of cells that may be seen in SCC
Keratin pearls
97
The endoplasmic reticulum in the muscles
Sarcoplasmic reticulum - terminal cisternae stores the calcium
98
Part of the sarcomere that does not shorten during muscle contraction
A band
99
Released by damaged muscle fibers into the bloodstream and causes renal failure
Myoglobin
100
Segment of adenohypophysis that contains MSH
Pars intermedia
101
Procedure for surgical access to a sellar lesion
Transnasal Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy
102
Resting or reserve cells in the anterior pituitary
Chromophobes
103
Most abundant cell type in the adenohypophysis
Somatotropes - secretes growth hormone
104
Dilatations of axon terminals filled with vesicles containing ADH and oxytocin in the posterior pituitary
Herring bodies
105
Calcified structures in the pineal gland
Corpora arenacea - "brain sand"
106
Endocrine cells of the pancreas
Islet of Langerhans - large, light staining
107
Exocrine cells of the pancreas
Pancreatic acini - dark staining, small, berry like clusters, pyramidal in shape
108
Produces thyroglobulin
Follicular cells (thyroid epithelial cells)
109
Produce calcitonin
Parafollicular cells
110
Produce PTH
Chief cells - small, polygonal, dark staining cells
111
Cells in parathyroid gland that presents at puberty. Function is unknown.
Oxyphil cells - large, light staining
112
Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Renal failure
113
Hallmark of hypocalcemia
Tetany
114
Vertebral level of adrenal glands
T11
115
Largest area of adrenal gland
zona Fasciculata - pale staining cells in cords, (+) lipid droplets
116
From neuroectoderm. Secrete epinephrine, NE and dopamine
Chromaffin cells - weakly basophilic columnar cells
117
Most common location of extra adrenal pheochromocytoma
Organ of Zuckerkandl - near origin of IMA, to the L of the aortic bifurcation
118
Most abundant papillae in the tongue. Mechanical function only, no taste buds.
Filliform - thin, long, V shaped, with increased keratinization
119
Tongue papillae associated with Von Ebner's glands
Circumvallate papillae
120
Salivary gland is what type of gland?
Compound acinar
121
70% of the saliva is produced by this gland
Submandibular gland - serous secretion, CN VII innervation
122
What layer is missing in the esophagus?
Serosa
123
Presence of this cell in the esophagus is characteristic of Barrett's metaplasia
Goblet cells
124
Partial tear of the esophagus
Mallory weiss
125
Full thickness tear of the esophagus. Considered a surgical emergency
Boerhaave syndrome
126
Located in the submucosa of the duodenum. Alkaline secretion
Brunner's glands - rich in mucous and bicarbonate
127
Enzymes found in enterocytes
Lactase, Enterokinase, Maltase, Peptidase, Sucrase
128
Antibacterial activity (lysozyme) in the crypts of lieberkuhn
Paneth cells
129
80% of bile is absorbed in what intestinal segment?
Terminal ileum
130
Peyer's patches are found in what part of the SI?
Ileum
131
Lining of the stomach
Simple columnar epithelium
132
Muscularis externa of stomach
Inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal
133
Lining of small intestines
Simple columnar epithelium with villi and goblet cells
134
Muscularis externa of small intestine
Outer longitudinal, inner circular
135
What makes the colon different from the small intestines?
HAT: haustra, appendices epiplocae, taenia coli
136
Principal parenchymal cells of the liver
Hepatocytes - large polyhedral cells with large centrally located nucleus
137
Liver macrophages found in the sinusoids
Kuppfer cells
138
Stores Vit A in the liver, found in the Space of Disse
Ito cells
139
Lining of gallbladder
Tall columnar cells with microvilli - except terminal ducts (cuboidal epithelium)
140
Layer that the gallbladder lacks
Muscularis mucosae
141
Pockets in the GB mucosa. Acquired herniations.
Rokitansky-Aschoff Sinus
142
Most common area for a biliary enteric fistula to occur?
Duodenum
143
Lining of trachea, main bronchi, lobar bronchi and segmental bronchi
Pseudostratified ciliated squamous epithelium with goblet cells
144
Ratio between thickness of gland and the thickness of the wall that covers the bronchi
Reid's index - normal is <0.4
145
Protector of bronchial epithelium. Metabolize airborne toxins
Clara cells
146
Secrete surfactant and are capable of regeneration and repair
Type II pneumocytes
147
Heart failure cells seen in the lungs.
Hemosiderin laden macrophages - CHF, backflow of blood into lungs
148
Allow passage of bacteria and exudates between adjacent alveoli
Pores of kohn
149
Protein important in the maintenance of adequate oncotic pressure to prevent edema formation
Albumin
150
Lining of renal tubules
Simple cuboidal
151
Lining of proximal tubule
Low columnar with extensive brush border
152
Lining of loop of henle
Thin - simple squamous. Thick - simple cuboidal.
153
Lining of distal tubule
Simple cuboidal without brush border
154
Lining of collecting duct
Cuboidal
155
Cells in collecting duct that absorb Na and secrete K
Principal cells
156
Cells in collecting duct that absorbs HCO3 and K, and secretes H
Intercalated cells
157
Components of Glomerular Filtration Barrier
Capillary endothelium - filtration by size. Basement membrane and Podocyte foot processes - filtration by charge.
158
Modified smooth muscle cells that secrete renin
JG cells - found in afferent arteriole
159
Monitors the concentration of Na in the DCT
Macula densa
160
Contains receptors for Angiotensin II and ANP
Mesangial cells
161
RBCs are able to utilize glucose as fuel through:
Substrate level phosphorylation
162
Where is EPO produced?
Interstitial cells of peritubular capillary bed
163
Protein that maintains the biconcave shape of RBCs
Spectrin
164
Least common of granulocytes
Basophils - large cytoplasmic granules
165
Important in immediate hypersensitivity reactions (Type I) and anaphylaxis
Basophils or mast cells - minor role in parasitic infections
166
Hematologic indicator of lead poisoning
Basiphilic stippling in RBCs
167
Most common type of WBC or PMN cells
Neutrophils - multilobulated nucleus
168
Involved in immune responses against parasites and viruses
Eosinophils - bilobulated nucleus with pink orange granules
169
Allergic inflammatory condition of the esophagus that presents as heartburn and food impaction
Eosinophilic esophagitis - trachealization of esophagus
170
Lymphocytes in cell mediated immunity
T cells
171
Lymphocytes in humoral immunity (antibodies)
B cells
172
Lymphocytes that defends the host from tumors and virally infected cells
Natural killer cells
173
Changes on this surface molecule is recognized by NK cells
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class 1
174
Can differentiate into macrophages and densritic cells to elicit an immune response
Monocytes - large, bilobulated U shaped nucleus
175
Fragments of megakaryocytes that are stored in the spleen. Releases serotonin causing vasoconstriction
Platelets/Thrombocytes - life span of 5 to 9 days
176
Predisposing factors in thrombus formation: Virchow's Triad
Stasis of blood flow, hypercoagulability, endothelial injury
177
Platelet abnormality in which they lack glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
Glanzmann's Thrombosthenia - normal PT, PTT and platelet count but prolonged bleeding time
178
Y shaped protein produced by B cells that recognizes a unique part of a foreign target or an antigen
Immunoglubulins - paratope on each tip of the Y that recognizes an epitope on an antigen (lock an key)
179
Secretory immunoglobulin in mucosal areas
IgA
180
Functions as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens
IgD - activates basophils and mast cells to produce antimocrobial factors
181
Binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils
IgE - also protects against parasitic worms
182
Only antibody capable of crossing the placenta and giving passive immunity to the fetus
IgG - provides majority of antibody based immunity against pathogens
183
Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell mediated (humoral) immunity before there is sufficient IgG
IgM
184
Middle vascular layer of eye
Uvea
185
First and most powerful structure of the eye
Cornea
186
Center of our central vision
Fovea - highest concentration of cone cells
187
Enable the lens to change its shape
Zonula
188
Film of the eye
Retina
189
Relay station of the visual cortex
Lateral geniculate body
190
Keeps images focused in the retina
Lens
191
Where aqueous humor is produced
Ciliary body
192
Structures that are blocked in glaucoma
Canal of schlemm
193
Oval shaped highly pigmented yellow spot near the center of the retina
Macula
194
Scotopic visions, sensitive to scattered light, low VA, slow response to light, confer achromatic vision
Rods - loss can cause night blindness
195
Photopic vision, sensitive to direct light, high VA, confer a central vision
Cones - loss can cause legal blindness
196
Lining of epithelium of the eye exposed to air
Stratified squamous non keratinized
197
Thickest layer of cornea
Stroma - collagen type 3 and 4
198
Lining of endothelium of eye exposed to aqueous humor
Simple squamous
199
Highly elastic basement membrane in the eye covered by a single layer of cuboidal cells
Capsule
200
Lining of external surface of tympanic membrane
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
201
Internal surface of tympanic membrane lining
Simple squamous epithelium
202
Kinetic labyrinth: angular deceleration and acceleration
Semicircular ducts - cells are covered by a gelatinous mass called cupula
203
Static labyrinth: linear acceleration and pull of gravity
Utricle and saccule - cells are covered by otoliths
