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HISTOLOGY > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the midface develop from?

A

1st brachial arch and frontal process

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2
Q

What does the frontal process develop?

A

forehead

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3
Q

Centers around the development of the primitive mouth or stomodeum occurs by the end of what week?

A

3rd week

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4
Q

What does the median nasal process develop?

A

Center and tip of nose, nasal septum, globular process

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5
Q

What does the lateral process form?

A

Sides of nose and infraorbital area

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6
Q

Cleft is due to the failure of what?

A

The failure of the median nasal process merging with the globular process

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7
Q

What does the palate develop from?

A

1ST brachial arch and the frontal process

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8
Q

When does soft tissue of the palate fuse?

A

between 8 and 12 weeks gestation

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9
Q

What is the anterior part of the tongue derived from?

A

1st brachial arch

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10
Q

What is the posterior part of the tongue derived from?

A

brachial arches 2-4

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11
Q

What 3 swellings form the anterior portion of tongue?

A

Two lateral lingual swellings and the tuberculum impar

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12
Q

What swelling forms the posterior portion of the tongue?

A

copula

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13
Q

What does the dentition develop from

A

1st brachial arch and frontal process

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14
Q

formation of the dentition is called what and when does is begin

A

called odontogenesis and begins at 6 weeks gestation

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15
Q

Where does formation of the dentition begin

A

anterior part of the mandible

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16
Q

when does calcification begin

A

approximately 4th month

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17
Q

3 layers of tooth germ

A

enamel organ, dental papilla, dental sac

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18
Q

What is taurodontism caused by?

A

incomplete invagination of Hertwig’s root sheath

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19
Q

How is taurodontism best noted? How does it look?

A

Best noted on radiograph, the bifurcation area is positioned more apically

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20
Q

Enamel developed from what organ ?

A

enamel organ

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21
Q

What specialized cell is enamel formed by?

A

ameloblasts

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22
Q

what is the hardest tissue in the human body?

A

enamel

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23
Q

Enamel organic/inorganic percentage?

A

96% inorganic, 4% organic

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24
Q

why can’t enamel repair itself?

A

ameloblasts are lost during tooth eruption

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25
Q

Dark and light bands,

A

Hunter-Schreger bands

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26
Q

Which way do Hunter-Schreger bands run?

A

perpendicular to the DEJ

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27
Q

What are Hunter-Schreger bands caused by?

A

change in the direction of the enamel rods

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28
Q

What are lines of retzius caused by and what do they look like

A

They are caused by the layering process of enamel formation and from mineralization and they are fine lines that run from the DEJ to cusp tips

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29
Q

Enamel pearl is often mistaken for what?

A

calculus

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30
Q

What is dentin formation called

A

odontogenesis

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31
Q

What is the first tissue to be mineralized during tooth development

A

dentin

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32
Q

what does dentin develop from

A

dental papilla

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33
Q

dentin is formed from what specialized cells

A

odontoblasts

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34
Q

Where does dentin first form? Then where does it progress too?

A

first forms at incisal edge/cusp tips and then progresses to the root

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35
Q

dentin organic/inorganic material

A

30%organic 70%inorganic

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36
Q

dentin is weaker than _____ but harder than _____

A

weaker than enamel but harder than cementum or bone

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37
Q

how are tubules orientated to the DEJ and DCJ

A

perpendicular

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38
Q

Sclerotic dentin Is more common in____ and can decrease the rate of _____ spread

A

more common in older teeth, can decrease the rate of caries spread

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39
Q

formation of cementum is called

A

cementogenesis

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40
Q

cementum developed from

A

dental sac

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41
Q

what cells of the PDL form cementum

A

cementoblasts

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42
Q

where is cellular cementum primarily located?

A

apical and furcation areas

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43
Q

where is acellular cementum primarily located?

A

more cervical portion of the root

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44
Q

cementum organic/inorganic material

A

50%organic/ 50% inorganic material

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45
Q

normal width of cementum

A

0.05 mm wide

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46
Q

where is cementum the widest

A

root apex and furcation areas

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47
Q

where is cementum the thinnest

A

cervical 3rd of tooth

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48
Q

hypercementosis may be an indicator of what ?

A

chronic inflammation or Paget’s disease

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49
Q

cementum does not meet enamel ___ of the time

A

cementum does not meet enamel 10% of the time

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50
Q

cementum meets enamel ___ of the time

A

cementum meets enamel 30% of the time

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51
Q

cementum overlaps enamel ___ of the time

A

cementum overlaps enamel 60% of the time

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52
Q

pulp is formed from

A

the dental papilla of the tooth germ

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53
Q

what is the only nonmineralized tissue of the tooth

A

pulp

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54
Q

3 histologic zones of pulp

A
  1. odontoblastic zone
  2. cell-free zone
  3. cell-rich zone
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55
Q

primary cell of pulp

A

fibroblast

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56
Q

what does pulp contain of odontoblasts

A

nuclei

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57
Q

what are cork-screw like fibers that lie between the odontoblasts does pulp contain

A

Koriff fibers

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58
Q

the pulp contains cells that are associated with which tissue/ system

A

nerve tissue and vascular system

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59
Q

calcifications exhibited by pulp

A

pulp stones, denticles

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60
Q

What is the periodontal ligament

A

a thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds the root of the tooth

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61
Q

what specialized cells does PDL contain

A

cementoblasts, cementoclasts, odontoblasts, odontoclasts

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62
Q

what are the remnants of Hert-wig root sheath that may have a later pathological significance (tumor formation) that may be in the pulp

A

epithelial rests of Malassez

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63
Q

layers of bone/alveolar process

A

outer dense layer of bone is called compact bone.
inner spongelike bone is called trabecular bone

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64
Q

tissue composition of bone/alveolar process

A

50%mineralized tissue/ 50% nonmineralized tissue

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65
Q

the oral mucous membrane is derived from what germ layer?

A

ectoderm

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66
Q

the oral mucous membrane is the lining of the oral cavity that opens to ?

A

outside of the body

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67
Q

what tissue is the outer layer of the oral mucous membrane is

A

epithelial tissue

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68
Q

underlying layer of the connective tissue oral mucous membrane

A

lamina proper

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69
Q

the oral mucous membrane contains an outer layer of what cells

A

stratified squamous epithelial cells

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70
Q

In areas of trauma, the oral mucous membrane may exhibit

A

outer protective layer of epithelial cells without nuclei called keratinized tissue

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71
Q

dorsum of tongue mucosa

A

specialized mucosa

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72
Q

masticatory mucosa is ____ and covers ____

A

masticatory mucosa is keratinized and covers the gingiva and hard palate

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73
Q

lining mucosa is ____ and covers ____

A

nonkeratinized and lines nonmasticatory areas

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74
Q

Where is the parotid gland located? Is it bilateral or lateral?

A

located slightly inferior and anterior to the ear and is a serous gland. it is bilateral

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75
Q

what childhood infection is the parotid gland associate with?

A

mumps

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76
Q

Where does the globular max cyst occur

A

anterior max palate

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77
Q

What holds the upper lip together?

A

philtrum

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78
Q

what are 3 components of the upper lip?

A

right lateral, philtrum, left lateral

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79
Q

What does the nasopalatine injection anesthesize?

A

ant palate

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80
Q

what process does philtrum come from?

A

globular process

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81
Q

what does the globular process give rise too

A

philtrum, premaxillary palate

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82
Q

what does the maxillary process give rise to?

A

lateral palatine processes upper parts of cheek, sides of upper lip

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83
Q

what does the mandibular process give rise too?

A

lower jaw, lower parts of face, lower lip, anterior 2/3 of tongue

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84
Q

palate develops what week

A

between weeks 6-12

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85
Q

when is upper lip complete?

A

6-8 weeks

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86
Q

Tastebuds are not associated with what papillae?

A

filiform papillae

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87
Q

Where is the submandibular gland located? Is it bilateral or unilateral? Is it a serous or mucous gland?

A

It is located on the medial posterior part of the mandible. It is bilateral and
a serous and mucous gland

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88
Q

Where is the sublingual gland located? Is it bilateral or unilateral? Is it a serous or mucous gland?

A

It is located on the floor of the mouth. It is bilateral and a serous and mucous gland

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89
Q

When does development of the face begin

A

about week 3

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90
Q

Submandibular gland produces what % of saliva

A

Submandibular gland produces 65% of saliva

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91
Q

sublingual gland produces what % of saliva

A

Sublingual gland produces 10% of saliva

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92
Q

upper lip is formed by the fusion of the

A

median nasal process and right and left maxillary process

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93
Q

palate develops between what weeks

A

weeks 6-12

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94
Q

palate develops from

A

fusion of the globular process with the left and right palatal processes

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95
Q

embryonic processes fuse

A

anteriorly to posterior

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96
Q

enamel comes from

A

ectoderm

97
Q

dentin and pulp comes from

A

mesoderm

98
Q

mesoderm and ectoderm are separated by what

A

basement membrane

99
Q

basement membrane gives rise to

A

DEJ- the junction between dentin and enamel

100
Q

stages of tooth development and weeks

A
  1. Intiation (Induction) week 6-7
  2. Bud Stage (Profileration) week 8
  3. Cap Stage week 9-10
  4. Bell stage week 11-12
101
Q

What week initiation occurs

A

week 6-7

102
Q

What week does Bud stage (proliferation) occur

A

8th week

103
Q

As ectoderm becomes thicker in bud stage it is called

A

dental lamina

104
Q

What week does Cap stage occur

A

week 9-10

105
Q

Enamel organ arises from what stage in tooth development?

A

CAP stage

106
Q

what does the dental papilla arise from

A

specialized connective tissue (ectomesenchyme) or mesoderm

107
Q

mesoderm is also called

A

ectomesenchyme

108
Q

mesoderm gives rise to what part of tooth germ

A

dental papilla

109
Q

dental sac gives rise to

A

PDL, alveolar bone, cementum

110
Q

What week does the bell stage occur

A

week 11-12

111
Q

The enamel organ develops 4 distinct layer?

A

1.Outer enamel epithelium
2.Stellate reticulum
3.Stratum intermedium
4.Inner enamel epithelium

112
Q

What does the outer enamel epithelium create?*

A

Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath

113
Q

inner enamel epithelium gives rise too

A

ameloblasts

114
Q

dentin is formed what shape

A

tubular

115
Q

enamel forms as what shape

A

rods

116
Q

At what stage is there a differentiation of enamel

A

Bell stage

117
Q

how is tooth structure produced

A

layer by layer (appositional growth)

118
Q

tooth matrix is initially ____ then ______

A

tooth matrix is initially soft then mineralized

119
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

crystalized calcium phosphate

120
Q

when does root formation begin and end*

A

begins after the crown is complete and ends 1-4 years after eruption

121
Q

the enamel organ layers condense to form the

A

reduced enamel epithelium

122
Q

the reduced enamel epithelium gives rise to *

A

junctional epithelium or gingival attachement

123
Q

Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath helps to

A

determine the outline of the root and dissolves

124
Q

if hertwig’s epithelial root sheat does not dissolve is leaves remnants called

A

rests of mallasez

125
Q

remnants of the dental lamina are known as ____ and can also develop cysts

A

rests of serres

126
Q

most numerous papillae

A

filiform

127
Q

elongation of filiform papillae cause what

A

hairy tongue

128
Q

papillae that appear larger but there is fewer of them

A

fungiform

129
Q

papillae that appear as red bump

A

fungiform

130
Q

papillae that are folds of tissue at the posterior lateral border of tongue

A

foilate papillae

131
Q

where are circumvallate papillae located

A

just anterior to the sulcus terminalis (junction of posterior 1/3 and anterior 2/3 of tongue

132
Q

which papillae are 8-12 in number*

A

circumvallate

133
Q

which papillae contain glands of von ebner

A

circumvallate

134
Q

where is the foramen caecum found*

A

foramen caecum is found at the center point at the sight of the embryonic origin of the thyroid (circumvallate papillae)

135
Q

submandibular gland is also known as

A

wharton’s duct

136
Q

sublingual gland is also known as

A

bartholin’s duct

137
Q

what gland lubricates lips and tongue

A

sublingual gland

138
Q

sublingual caruncle contains what openings *

A

wharton’s duct and bartholin’s duct openings

139
Q

parotid gland aka

A

Stenson’s duct

140
Q

enamel spindle are

A

ends of odontoblastic processes which cross the DEJ

141
Q

enamel spindles are

A

ends of odontoblastic processes which cross the DEJ

142
Q

what forms the greatest bulk of the tooth

A

dentin

143
Q

primary dentin is deposited when

A

before the completion of the root

144
Q

mantle dentin is where

A

1st layer of dentin and is immediately adjacent to the DEJ

145
Q

circumpulpal dentin is where

A

remaining dentin is adjacent to the pulp

146
Q

secondary dentin develops when

A

after the tooth is in occlusion

147
Q

odonntoblastic processes are found in

A

dentinal tubules

148
Q

cementum is nourished by

A

PDL

149
Q

cementum contains centrocytes in lacunae which are

A

trapped cementoblasts

150
Q

concrescence is

A

fusion of two teeth by cementum

151
Q

what does pulp contain (6)*

A

blood vessels, nerve fibers, fibroblasts, odontoblasts, histiocytes, pulp stones

152
Q

trigeminal nerve branches and which are sensory/motor

A

ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) nerves

153
Q

what does the VI ophthalmic nerve include? is it sensory or motor

A

includes tip of nose (nasociliary) eyes (lacrimal) and forehead (frontal)
it is sensory

154
Q

what does the V2 maxillary include? is it sensory or motor

A

upper teeth, nose, palate, mouth, cheek, temporal region
it is sensory

155
Q

what does the V3 mandibular include? where does it enter the mandible from? is it sensory or motor

A

includes muscles of mastication (motor) and lower teeth (sensory)
enters the mandible through mandibular foramen

156
Q

3 divisions of the trigeminal foramina*

A

1st division- superior orbital fissure ( V1 Opthalmic)
2nd division- foramen rotundum (V2 Maxillary)
3rd division- foramen ovale (V3 Mandibular)

157
Q

what does the motor portion of the (7) facial nerve have

A

muscles of facial expression

158
Q

what is the sensory portion of the (7) facial nerve for /have

A

taste through anterior 2/3 of tongue via chorda tympani
sublingual and submandibular salivary glands (parasympathetic system

159
Q

muscles of mastication innervation

A

mandibular (V3) division of the trigeminal

160
Q

muscles of mastication blood supply

A

maxillary artery

161
Q

muscles of mastication elevation

A

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid

162
Q

muscles of mastication depression

A

lateral pterygoid (with hyoid muscles)

163
Q

muscles of mastication protrusion

A

lateral pterygoid

164
Q

muscles of mastication retrusion

A

temporalis

165
Q

muscles of mastication lateral shift

A

lateral pterygoid

166
Q

4 primary muscles of mastication

A

temporalis
masseter
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid

167
Q

temporalis origin

A

temporal fossa (temple)

168
Q

temporalis insertion

A

coronoid process (and mandibular posterior area to the 3rd molars )

169
Q

temporalis function

A

to retract (retrude) and elevate the mandible

170
Q

masseter origin

A

zygomatic arch

171
Q

2 heads of the masseter muscle, how do they differ?

A

differ in-depth: superficial head and deep head

172
Q

masseter insertion

A

the outer surface of the mandible

173
Q

masseter function

A

elevate the mandible

174
Q

medial pterygoid origin

A

medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and maxillary tuberosity

175
Q

medial pterygoid insertion

A

Inner surface of mandible

176
Q

medial pterygoid function

A

elevate and protrude mandible

177
Q

lateral pterygoid muscle origin

A

lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and infratemporal space of the sphenoid bone

178
Q

lateral pterygoid muscle insertion

A

TMJ disc and neck of condyle

179
Q

lateral pterygoid muscle function

A

protrudes/depress mandible
allows side to side shift of mandible (think lateral=side to side)

180
Q

the lateral pterygoid muscle opens the mouth with use of ____***

A

hyoid muscles

181
Q

muscles of facial expression innervation/blood supply

A

facial nerve (7) / facial artery

182
Q

which muscles help us smile

A

zygomaticus, levator anguli oris, risorius

183
Q

if the muscle of facial expression inserts into the mouth but the origin is above the mouth it will contribute to a

A

smile

184
Q

if the muscle of facial expression inserts into the mouth but the origin is BELOW the mouth it will contribute to a

A

frown

185
Q

levator

A

lifts

186
Q

depressor

A

pulls down

187
Q

anguli

A

angle

188
Q

orbicularis

A

circular

189
Q

oculi

A

eye

190
Q

oris

A

mouth

191
Q

nasii

A

nose

192
Q

labii

A

lip

193
Q

superioris

A

upper

194
Q

inferioris

A

lower

195
Q

aleque

A

side

196
Q

buccinator muscle is a _____ _______ muscle of facial expression

A

buccinator muscle is a _thin____ __quadrilateral_____ muscle of facial expression

197
Q

what does the buccinator muscle form

A

anterior part of the cheek or lateral wall within the buccal region of the oral cavity

198
Q

3 origins of the buccinator muscle

A
  1. alveolar process of maxilla + mandible
  2. fibrous structure
  3. pterygomandibular raphe*
199
Q

mentalis muscle origin

A

mandible near midline (chin)

200
Q

mentalis muscle insertion

A

in the skin of the chin

201
Q

hyoid muscles are important for

A

chewing, speaking , swallowing

202
Q

where do hyoid muscles originate from

A

hyoid bone

203
Q

hyoid muscles innervation

A

trigeminal (5) and facial (7) nerve

204
Q

suprahyoid muscles are where and what is the function

A

above the hyoid bone and they open the mouth (depress mandible)

205
Q

mylohyoid muscles make up

A

make up the floor of the mouth

206
Q

what are the suprahyoid muscles (4)

A

diagastric
mylohyoid
stylohyoid
geniohyoid

207
Q

where are the infrahyoid muscles

A

below the hyoid bone, junction at the thyroid area

208
Q

what are the infrahyoid muscles

A

omohyoid
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrothyoid

209
Q

**what is the SA (SinoAtrial Node)

A

pacemaker of the heart, location is the right atrial wall

210
Q

what supplys the heart with blood

A

coronary arteries

211
Q

*veins carry blood ____ the heart, arteries carry blood ____ from the heart

A

veins carry blood __towards__ the heart, arteries carry blood __away__ from the heart
(think Artery = Away )

212
Q

to measure BP u are looking for

A

looking for a large artery (brachial)

213
Q

to measure emergency pulse for adult

A

carotid

214
Q

to measure emergency pulse for child

A

brachial

215
Q

to measure non-emergency pulse for adult

A

radial

216
Q

to measure non-emergency pulse for child

A

brachial

217
Q

**where is the mitral valve located

A

between the left atrium and left ventricle

218
Q

what regions does the facial artery supply (6)

A

oral, buccal, zygomatic, nasal, orbital, infraorbital regions

219
Q

how is the facial artery separated by the facial vein in the neck

A

by the posterior belly of the diagastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle and the submandibular gland

220
Q

the pterygoid plexus drains to form ___

A

maxillary vein

221
Q

what does the jugular vein run with?

A

carotid artery

222
Q

if you have improper angulation during PSA block you can pierce the plexus and cause what

A

hematoma

223
Q

what is orthostatic hypotension

A

drop in BP due to sudden change in posture

224
Q

what can cause orthostatic hypotension

A

fetal pressure on the inferior vena cava

225
Q

if orthostatic hypotension occurs what do u do

A

put cushion under RIGHT hip and roll pt onto LEFT side

226
Q

lymphatic system is a network of

A

tiny channels and nodes

227
Q

lymphocytes are derived from

A

stem cells in the bone marrow

228
Q

the lymphatic system helps

A

helps venous circulation return interstitial fluid to the bloodstream from tissues in the body (key role in immune system)

229
Q

where do T cells mature ***

A

T cells mature in the thymus

230
Q

lymphocytes respond to

A

lymphocytes respond to foreign antigens in the tissue fluids

231
Q

tender/englarged lymph notes can indicate

A

infection/malignancy

232
Q

submental nodes drain fluid from** (5)

A

mandibular incisors, chin, tip of tongue, midline of lip, floor of mouth

233
Q

submandibular nodes drain ***

A

drains the submental node and remaining teeth
may/ may not include 3rd molars

234
Q

deep cervical nodes drain *

A

submandibular nodes, 3rd molars, wall of the throat

235
Q

oropharynx drained by*

A

superior deep cervical nodes

236
Q

superior deep cervical nodes are drained by *

A

inferior deep cervical nodes

237
Q

tongue develops week

A

weeks 4-8

238
Q

cleft lip is a result of

A

median nasal process and maxillary process fail to fuse

239
Q

cleft palate is a result of? when does it occur

A

palatal shelves fail together or duse with the posterior portion of the primary palate
occurs 8-12 weeks

HISTOLOGY (9 decks)

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