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1. Anatomy > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Inflamation

A

Response to tissue injury.

The purpose is to destroy or contain the damaging
agent, and to initiate repair processes, healing and
regeneration

Divided into acute and chronic inflammation - the two often form a continuum, overlapping in time

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2
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

1) Vascular dilatation - relaxation of vascular smooth muscle leads to engorgement of tissue with blood (hyperemia)
2) Endothelial activation - increased endothelial permeability allows plasma proteins to “leak” into tissues; expression of adhesion molecules on the endothelial surface causes neutrophil adherence; production of factors that cause vascular dilatation
3) Neutrophil activation and migration - expression of complementary adhesion molecules; increased motility -emigration from vessels into tissues; increased capacity for bacterial killing

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3
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

predominant cells in chronic inflammatory infiltrates are lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells.

1) Non-specific: Tissue damage, acute inflammation, granulation tissue, tissue repair and chronic inflammation coexist
2) Specific (primary) -response to certain specific types of injurious agents
a. Non-immune mechanism –either granulomatousor non-granulomatous
b. Immune mechanism –either granulomatousor non-granulomatous

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4
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

production of red blood cells that are sphere shaped than donut shaped. resulting in hemolysis.

caused by variety of molecular defects in the genes that code for spectrin, ankyrin, band 3 and band 4 proteins on cell membrane

Treatment:
•Blood transfusion
•Splenectomy
•Gene therapy

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5
Q

Zonula Occludens

A

Tight junctions around the apical perimeter

first component of junctional complex

Prevents entrance or exit, of substances into the intercellular space from the lumen

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6
Q

Zonula Adherens

A

Second component of junctional complex

Opposing plasma membrane are reinforced on their cytoplasmic surfaces by a mat of actin filaments, which extend into the terminal web

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7
Q

Macula Adherens

A

Desmosomes

A focal, diskshaped adhesive junction between adjacent epithelial cells

Intermediate keratin filaments (tonofilaments) from the cytoplasm loop into and out of the dense plaques

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8
Q

Ubiquitin

A

Tag for protein degradation by Proteasomes

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9
Q

Peroxisome

A

specialized organelle in detoxifying ROS

Contains catalase

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10
Q

Macrophages

A

Derived from monocytes

In connective tissues –macrophages
liver -Kupffer cellsb.
brain -microglia
bone -osteoclasts

Irregular cell membrane / cytoplasmic extensions (pseudopodia

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11
Q

Mast Cells

A

Mediate inflammatory responses such as hypersensitivity and allergic reactions.

Can have similar appearance to basophills with the exception of a distinct nucleus, or the granules may be more eisonophilic

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12
Q

Plasma Cells

A

From differentiated B lymphocytes

  • “clockface” nucleus-peculiar distribution of chromatin
  • negative Golgi –slightly acidophilic area close the nucleus
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13
Q

Eosinophils

A

condensed bi-lobed nucleus

Functions:
•Phagocytose antibody –antigen complexes
•Kill parasitic worms

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14
Q

Reticular fibers

A

short, thin, branching

Collagen Type III

Found in organs
•where loose cells need support (spleen, lymph node etc)
•that may need to expand (wall of tubular GI & arteries, testes etc)

First type of collagen synthesized during wound healing

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15
Q

Collagen Types and locations

A

Type I: Skin, bone, tendon, etc. Most abundant

Type II: Hyaline, elastic cartilidge

Type III: reticular fibers

Type IV: basal lamina

Type V: Amnion and chorion in the fetus

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16
Q

Classifications of connective tissue

A

Embryonic: Mesenchye, mucous CT

Connective tissue proper: Loose and dense CT

Specialized: adipose, blood, cartilage, bone

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17
Q

Mesenchyme

A

embryonic connective tissue

small stellate fibroblasts, very little fibers

Wharton’s Jelly

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18
Q

Lamina propria

A

area of loose connective tissue beneath the basement membrane

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19
Q

Components of blood plasma

A

Albumin - osmotic pressure, transport
Alpha and Beta Globulins - transport, coag. lipoprot.
Fibrinogen - clot formation
Gamma globulins - antibodies

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20
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Relesed from bone marrow into blood and mature to RBCs over a few days in circulation. represennt ~1% of total RBCs in the blood.

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21
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBCs: life span of ~120 days, removed from circulation by the spleen or liver by macrophages

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22
Q

Glycophorins

A

Integral RBC membrane protein that are glycosylated to form the bases of blood typing

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23
Q

Neutrophils

A

50-60%

increase in bacterial and acute infection

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24
Q

Lymphocytes

A

20-40%

increase in viral and chronic infections

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25
Q

Monocytes

A

3-8%

Increase in Fungal and viral infections (some bacterial)

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26
Q

Eosinophils

A

2-4%

Increase in parasitic infections and allergic reaction

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27
Q

Basophils

A

<1%

Increase in allergic or inflammatory reaction

28
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets: specialized cell framgents from magakaryocytes in bone marrow.

29
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Type II Collagen
GAGs, glycoproteins

Appositional and interstitial growth

Can calcify with age

30
Q

Perichondrium

A

connective tissue covering

Outer Layer: fibrous (fibrooblasts Type I collagen)
Inner layer: chondrogenic (chondroblasts)

31
Q

Appositional growth

A

growth occurs from chondrogenic cells in the
perichondrium differentiating into chondroblasts, forming a new layer of cartilage around the periphery of the existing cartilage.

This process increases the
width or thickness of cartilage

32
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Growth within isogenous groups

Occurs only in young cartilage from cell divisions within the cartilage.

This process increases the
length of the cartilage

33
Q

Regions of articular cartilage

A
  1. Tangental Layer: flat small elongated chondrocytes at the articular surface
  2. Transitional Layer: Become more round and separated.
  3. Radial Layer: Chondrocytes integrate into small groups or stacks
  4. Calcified cartilage: tide mark
34
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Type II Collagen with elastic fibers

appositional and interstitial growth

35
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

combination hylan cartilage and connective tissue

Type I with some Type II collagen

No perichondrium

Interstitial growth only

Linear isogenous groups

36
Q

Bone

A

Type I collagen

Formation from Osteoblasts
Maintenance from osteocytes trapped in lacuna
Resorption from osteoclasts

Appositional growth from periosteum

37
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Derived from monoblasts,bone resorption.

Form howship’s lacuna:
1. ruffled boarder - evaginations into bone for resorption

  1. Vesicular region - space between bone and eeginations
  2. clear zone - region around ruffled boarder isolating osteoclast activity
  3. Basal region - remainder of cell
38
Q

Epiphesial plate

A

Zone of reserve cartilage

Zone of proliferation: stacks of coins

Zone of maturation/hypertrophy

Zone of calcified cartilage

zone of resorption

39
Q

Muscle impulse

A
  1. Nerve impulse
  2. Ach release
  3. Na+ enters cell
  4. Depolarization spreads to T tubules
  5. Voltage sensor proteins change
  6. Ca2+ release channels activated
  7. Ca2+ released into sarcoplasm
  8. Ca2+ binds to TnC
  9. Contraction initiated, and Ca2+ returned to terminal cisternae
40
Q

Retinoblastoma Protein

A

when hyperphosphorylated it disassociates from E2F and cell moves out of G1 to S phase

41
Q

p53

A

G1 checkpoint for DNA damage

Regulates gene transcription

Stimulates cdk inhibitory protein

Initiation of apoptosis

50% of cancer has some kind of faulty or lacking p53

42
Q

Nissl Bodies

A

stacks of RER in soma (nerve cell bodies)

43
Q

Golgi type 1 neurons

A

alpha motor neurons, long axons

44
Q

Golgi type 2 neurons

A

short axons, cells in cerebellum, interneurons

45
Q

Schwann cells

A

Myelin sheaths in peripheral nerves

increased signal transduction

nutrition and insulation to nerves

From neural crest cells

46
Q

Satellite cells

A

surround ganglionic cell bodies

provide insulation and nutrition to cell bodies

from neural crest cells

47
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Produce myelin for nerve of the CNS.

one cell can myelinate multiple nerve fibers (3-50)

From neural tube

48
Q

Astrocytes

A

Provide physical and metabolic support to CNS

extend between vessels and neurons

From neural tube

49
Q

Microglia

A

phagocytic cells of CNS

from monocyte precursor

50
Q

Ependymal cells

A

lines ventricles and spinal canal of CNS

from simple cuboidal to simple columnar both having microvilli

have fluid transporting characteristics

51
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

invaginated folds of pia mater containing fenestrated capillaries, covered by cuboidal ependymal cells

Ependymal cells modified to produce CSF.

Found in ventricles of the brain.

52
Q

Acervuli

A

Calcified granules sometimes found in the choroid plexus

53
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

Found in layers III and V of the cerebrum

54
Q

Layers of the cerebellum

A
  1. molecular layer
  2. Purkinje cell layer
  3. Granular layer
55
Q

Wallerian Degeneration

A

Degeneration of axon distal to site of injury

56
Q

Chromatolysis

A

Loss of nissl substance from nerve cell body

57
Q

Anisocytosis

A

RBCs of unequal size. can signify anemia and thalassemia

58
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

RBCs of distorted shape in greater than 10% of the RBC population

59
Q

Types of anemia

A

–Iron-deficiency =lack of absorption or loss of iron

–Pernicious = lack of intrinsic factor for B12 absorption (gastric atrophy)

–Hemorrhagic = loss of RBCs due to bleeding (ulcer)

–Hemolytic = defects in cell membranes cause rupture

–Thalassemia = hereditary deficiency of hemoglobin

–Aplastic = destruction of bone marrow (radiation/toxins)

60
Q

Hemophillia

A

Inherited deficiency in clotting factors

Type A - Factor VIII in men only, most common
TypeB - Factor IX in men only
Type C - Factor XI in both men an women (less severe due to other clotting pathways

61
Q

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

A

ITP - Decreased platelets resulting in purplish spots in mucus membranes and lower limbs

62
Q

Leukemia

A

Acute
–uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes
–crowding out of normal red bone marrow cells by production of immature WBC
–prevents production of RBC & platelets

Chronic
–accumulation of mature WBC in bloodstream because they do not die

63
Q

Paneth Cells

A

Cells at the base of Crypts of Lieberkühn in the small intestine that secrete antimicrobial substances

Regulate normal bacterial flora of the small intestine

acidophilic grannuals visible under light microscopy

64
Q

Stansen’s Duct

A

Main duct of the parotid gland. lined by simple columnar or pseudostratified epithelium

65
Q

Glisson’s Capsule

A

thin connective tissue that divides the liver into lobes and lobules

66
Q

Space of Disse

A

space between the sinusoids and liver cells. functions in material exchange between blood and hepatocytes.

Contains:
nonmyelinated nerve fibers
microvilli
reticular fibers
stellate-shapped fat storing cells
67
Q

Bile from hepatocytes to common hepatic duct

A

bile canaliculi, cholangioles, canals of Herring, hepatic ducts (right and left), common hepatic duct

1. Anatomy (7 decks)

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