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1. Anatomy > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Inflamation

A

Response to tissue injury.

The purpose is to destroy or contain the damaging
agent, and to initiate repair processes, healing and
regeneration

Divided into acute and chronic inflammation - the two often form a continuum, overlapping in time

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2
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

1) Vascular dilatation - relaxation of vascular smooth muscle leads to engorgement of tissue with blood (hyperemia)
2) Endothelial activation - increased endothelial permeability allows plasma proteins to “leak” into tissues; expression of adhesion molecules on the endothelial surface causes neutrophil adherence; production of factors that cause vascular dilatation
3) Neutrophil activation and migration - expression of complementary adhesion molecules; increased motility -emigration from vessels into tissues; increased capacity for bacterial killing

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3
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

predominant cells in chronic inflammatory infiltrates are lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells.

1) Non-specific: Tissue damage, acute inflammation, granulation tissue, tissue repair and chronic inflammation coexist
2) Specific (primary) -response to certain specific types of injurious agents
a. Non-immune mechanism –either granulomatousor non-granulomatous
b. Immune mechanism –either granulomatousor non-granulomatous

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4
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

production of red blood cells that are sphere shaped than donut shaped. resulting in hemolysis.

caused by variety of molecular defects in the genes that code for spectrin, ankyrin, band 3 and band 4 proteins on cell membrane

Treatment:
•Blood transfusion
•Splenectomy
•Gene therapy

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5
Q

Zonula Occludens

A

Tight junctions around the apical perimeter

first component of junctional complex

Prevents entrance or exit, of substances into the intercellular space from the lumen

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6
Q

Zonula Adherens

A

Second component of junctional complex

Opposing plasma membrane are reinforced on their cytoplasmic surfaces by a mat of actin filaments, which extend into the terminal web

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7
Q

Macula Adherens

A

Desmosomes

A focal, diskshaped adhesive junction between adjacent epithelial cells

Intermediate keratin filaments (tonofilaments) from the cytoplasm loop into and out of the dense plaques

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8
Q

Ubiquitin

A

Tag for protein degradation by Proteasomes

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9
Q

Peroxisome

A

specialized organelle in detoxifying ROS

Contains catalase

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10
Q

Macrophages

A

Derived from monocytes

In connective tissues –macrophages
liver -Kupffer cellsb.
brain -microglia
bone -osteoclasts

Irregular cell membrane / cytoplasmic extensions (pseudopodia

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11
Q

Mast Cells

A

Mediate inflammatory responses such as hypersensitivity and allergic reactions.

Can have similar appearance to basophills with the exception of a distinct nucleus, or the granules may be more eisonophilic

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12
Q

Plasma Cells

A

From differentiated B lymphocytes

  • “clockface” nucleus-peculiar distribution of chromatin
  • negative Golgi –slightly acidophilic area close the nucleus
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13
Q

Eosinophils

A

condensed bi-lobed nucleus

Functions:
•Phagocytose antibody –antigen complexes
•Kill parasitic worms

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14
Q

Reticular fibers

A

short, thin, branching

Collagen Type III

Found in organs
•where loose cells need support (spleen, lymph node etc)
•that may need to expand (wall of tubular GI & arteries, testes etc)

First type of collagen synthesized during wound healing

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15
Q

Collagen Types and locations

A

Type I: Skin, bone, tendon, etc. Most abundant

Type II: Hyaline, elastic cartilidge

Type III: reticular fibers

Type IV: basal lamina

Type V: Amnion and chorion in the fetus

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16
Q

Classifications of connective tissue

A

Embryonic: Mesenchye, mucous CT

Connective tissue proper: Loose and dense CT

Specialized: adipose, blood, cartilage, bone

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17
Q

Mesenchyme

A

embryonic connective tissue

small stellate fibroblasts, very little fibers

Wharton’s Jelly

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18
Q

Lamina propria

A

area of loose connective tissue beneath the basement membrane

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19
Q

Components of blood plasma

A

Albumin - osmotic pressure, transport
Alpha and Beta Globulins - transport, coag. lipoprot.
Fibrinogen - clot formation
Gamma globulins - antibodies

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20
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Relesed from bone marrow into blood and mature to RBCs over a few days in circulation. represennt ~1% of total RBCs in the blood.

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21
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBCs: life span of ~120 days, removed from circulation by the spleen or liver by macrophages

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22
Q

Glycophorins

A

Integral RBC membrane protein that are glycosylated to form the bases of blood typing

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23
Q

Neutrophils

A

50-60%

increase in bacterial and acute infection

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24
Q

Lymphocytes

A

20-40%

increase in viral and chronic infections

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25
Monocytes
3-8% | Increase in Fungal and viral infections (some bacterial)
26
Eosinophils
2-4% | Increase in parasitic infections and allergic reaction
27
Basophils
<1% | Increase in allergic or inflammatory reaction
28
Thrombocytes
Platelets: specialized cell framgents from magakaryocytes in bone marrow.
29
Hyaline Cartilage
Type II Collagen GAGs, glycoproteins Appositional and interstitial growth Can calcify with age
30
Perichondrium
connective tissue covering Outer Layer: fibrous (fibrooblasts Type I collagen) Inner layer: chondrogenic (chondroblasts)
31
Appositional growth
growth occurs from chondrogenic cells in the perichondrium differentiating into chondroblasts, forming a new layer of cartilage around the periphery of the existing cartilage. This process increases the width or thickness of cartilage
32
Interstitial growth
Growth within isogenous groups Occurs only in young cartilage from cell divisions within the cartilage. This process increases the length of the cartilage
33
Regions of articular cartilage
1. Tangental Layer: flat small elongated chondrocytes at the articular surface 2. Transitional Layer: Become more round and separated. 3. Radial Layer: Chondrocytes integrate into small groups or stacks 4. Calcified cartilage: tide mark
34
Elastic Cartilage
Type II Collagen with elastic fibers appositional and interstitial growth
35
Fibrocartilage
combination hylan cartilage and connective tissue Type I with some Type II collagen No perichondrium Interstitial growth only Linear isogenous groups
36
Bone
Type I collagen Formation from Osteoblasts Maintenance from osteocytes trapped in lacuna Resorption from osteoclasts Appositional growth from periosteum
37
Osteoclasts
Derived from monoblasts,bone resorption. Form howship's lacuna: 1. ruffled boarder - evaginations into bone for resorption 2. Vesicular region - space between bone and eeginations 3. clear zone - region around ruffled boarder isolating osteoclast activity 5. Basal region - remainder of cell
38
Epiphesial plate
Zone of reserve cartilage Zone of proliferation: stacks of coins Zone of maturation/hypertrophy Zone of calcified cartilage zone of resorption
39
Muscle impulse
1. Nerve impulse 2. Ach release 3. Na+ enters cell 4. Depolarization spreads to T tubules 5. Voltage sensor proteins change 6. Ca2+ release channels activated 7. Ca2+ released into sarcoplasm 8. Ca2+ binds to TnC 9. Contraction initiated, and Ca2+ returned to terminal cisternae
40
Retinoblastoma Protein
when hyperphosphorylated it disassociates from E2F and cell moves out of G1 to S phase
41
p53
G1 checkpoint for DNA damage Regulates gene transcription Stimulates cdk inhibitory protein Initiation of apoptosis 50% of cancer has some kind of faulty or lacking p53
42
Nissl Bodies
stacks of RER in soma (nerve cell bodies)
43
Golgi type 1 neurons
alpha motor neurons, long axons
44
Golgi type 2 neurons
short axons, cells in cerebellum, interneurons
45
Schwann cells
Myelin sheaths in peripheral nerves increased signal transduction nutrition and insulation to nerves From neural crest cells
46
Satellite cells
surround ganglionic cell bodies provide insulation and nutrition to cell bodies from neural crest cells
47
Oligodendrocytes
Produce myelin for nerve of the CNS. one cell can myelinate multiple nerve fibers (3-50) From neural tube
48
Astrocytes
Provide physical and metabolic support to CNS extend between vessels and neurons From neural tube
49
Microglia
phagocytic cells of CNS from monocyte precursor
50
Ependymal cells
lines ventricles and spinal canal of CNS from simple cuboidal to simple columnar both having microvilli have fluid transporting characteristics
51
Choroid Plexus
invaginated folds of pia mater containing fenestrated capillaries, covered by cuboidal ependymal cells Ependymal cells modified to produce CSF. Found in ventricles of the brain.
52
Acervuli
Calcified granules sometimes found in the choroid plexus
53
Pyramidal cells
Found in layers III and V of the cerebrum
54
Layers of the cerebellum
1. molecular layer 2. Purkinje cell layer 3. Granular layer
55
Wallerian Degeneration
Degeneration of axon distal to site of injury
56
Chromatolysis
Loss of nissl substance from nerve cell body
57
Anisocytosis
RBCs of unequal size. can signify anemia and thalassemia
58
Poikilocytosis
RBCs of distorted shape in greater than 10% of the RBC population
59
Types of anemia
–Iron-deficiency =lack of absorption or loss of iron –Pernicious = lack of intrinsic factor for B12 absorption (gastric atrophy) –Hemorrhagic = loss of RBCs due to bleeding (ulcer) –Hemolytic = defects in cell membranes cause rupture –Thalassemia = hereditary deficiency of hemoglobin –Aplastic = destruction of bone marrow (radiation/toxins)
60
Hemophillia
Inherited deficiency in clotting factors Type A - Factor VIII in men only, most common TypeB - Factor IX in men only Type C - Factor XI in both men an women (less severe due to other clotting pathways
61
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
ITP - Decreased platelets resulting in purplish spots in mucus membranes and lower limbs
62
Leukemia
Acute –uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes –crowding out of normal red bone marrow cells by production of immature WBC –prevents production of RBC & platelets Chronic –accumulation of mature WBC in bloodstream because they do not die
63
Paneth Cells
Cells at the base of Crypts of Lieberkühn in the small intestine that secrete antimicrobial substances Regulate normal bacterial flora of the small intestine acidophilic grannuals visible under light microscopy
64
Stansen's Duct
Main duct of the parotid gland. lined by simple columnar or pseudostratified epithelium
65
Glisson's Capsule
thin connective tissue that divides the liver into lobes and lobules
66
Space of Disse
space between the sinusoids and liver cells. functions in material exchange between blood and hepatocytes. ``` Contains: nonmyelinated nerve fibers microvilli reticular fibers stellate-shapped fat storing cells ```
67
Bile from hepatocytes to common hepatic duct
bile canaliculi, cholangioles, canals of Herring, hepatic ducts (right and left), common hepatic duct

1. Anatomy (7 decks)

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