Abdomen Flashcards
Layers of the anterior abdominal wall
Skin, Superficial fascia (Camper’s fascia, Scarpa’s fascia) Deep investing fascia, Muscles & apponeuroses, Endoabdominal (transversalis), Extraparitoneal fat, parietal peritoneum
Muscles of the abdomen
rectus abdominis
Pyramidalis
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominis
Inguinal Canal
Tunnel for passage of structures thru abdominal wall
–Males –spermatic cord
–Females –Round ligament of uterus
–Ilioinguinal N. in both sexes
Muscles of the abdomen
rectus abdominis
Pyramidalis
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominis
Arcuate Line
Demarcates the lower limit of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath. It is also where the inferior epigastric vessels perforate the rectus abdominis.
Scrotal layers
From deep to superficial:
Tunica vaginalis (visceral layer)/epiorchium
Tunica vaginalis (parietal layer)/periorcium (from peritoneum)
Internal spermatic fascia (from transversus abdominis muscle)
Cremaster muscle and its fascia (from internal oblique muscle)
External spermatic fascia (from external oblique muscle)
Skin with dartos fascia (continuation of Sarpa’s)
Inguinal Triangle
Boundaries:
Medial border: Lateral margin of the rectus sheath, (linea semilunaris)
Superolateral border: Inferior epigastric vessels
Inferior border: Inguinal ligament
The inguinal triangle contains a depression referred to as the medial inguinal fossa, through which direct inguinal hernias protrude through the abdominal wall.
Inguinal Hernia
Protrusion of abdominal-cavity contents through the inguinal canal
Spermatic Cord
- ductus deferens
- testicular artery
- artery of the ductus deferens
- cremasteric artery
- pampiniform venous plexus
- sympathetic nerve fibres
- genital br.of genitofemoral nerve
- lymphatic vessels
- remnants of the processus vaginalis
Varicocele
Abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus in the scrotum.
Canal of Nuck
an abnormal patent (open) pouch of peritoneum extending into the labia majora of women.
Bicornuate Uterus
Formed during embryogenesis. The fusion process of the upper part of the Müllerian ducts (Paramesonephric ducts) is altered. As a result the caudal part of the uterus is normal while the cephalo part is bifurcated.
Cryptorchidism
Absence of one or both testes from the scrotum
A testis absent from the normal scrotal position can be:
- found anywhere along the “path of descent”
- ectopic, that is, found to have “wandered” from that path,
- found to be undeveloped (hypoplastic) or severely abnormal (dysgenetic);
- found to have vanished
Horseshoe Kidney
Fusion of the caudal portions of the kidneys during embryonic development.
Renal Agenesis
A medical condition in which one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) fetal kidneys fail to develop
Hypospadias
Congenital defect in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis.
Annular Pancreas
second part of the duodenum is surrounded by a ring of pancreatic tissue continuous with the head of the pancreas.
Epispadias
The urethra does not develop into a full tube and the urine exits the body from an abnormal location.
Chordee
Condition in which the head of the penis curves downward or upward, at the junction of the head and shaft of the penis.
VACTERL association
Vertebral anomalies, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Transesophageal fistula, Esophageal atresia, Renal anomalies, Limb defects
Posterior abdominal wall muscles
psoas, quadratus lumborum, iliacus, transverse abdominal and oblique muscles
Hiatus for IVC, Espophgus, Aorta
T8
T10
T12
Nerves related to Psoas
Lateral: Femoral
Anterior (piercing): Genitofemoral
Medial: Obturator
Fascia layers around the kidney
Transversallis fascia, Pararenal fat (posterior, lateral), Renal fascias, Perirenal fat (of Gerota) Fibrous Capsule
Nephroptosis
condition in which the kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patient stands up
Intrarenal arteries
Segmental, Interlobar, Arcuate, Cortical
Branches of the abdominal aorta
Celiac Trunk, Inferior phrenic, Middle suprarenal, Renal (left and right) Supirior and inferior mesenteric, Gonadal, Lumbar, Common Illiacs, Median sacral
Branches of the left renal vein
Left suprarenal vein, Left gonadal vein, left inferior phrenic vein
constrictions of the ureters
Ureteropelvic junction
At the point that the ureters cross the brim of the pelvic outlet
ureterovesical junction
Cloaca
Endodermal cavity, constituting:
•the expanded lower part of the hindgut
•It receives the allantois & its yolk sac diverticulum
•in contact with the ectoderm at the cloacal membrane:
allantois
A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal in the embryo. It is important in the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals
Urorectal septum
mesenchymal tissue
Divides tissue into :
•Ventral primitive urogenital sinus
•Dorsal primitive rectum
•Cranial part of the anal canal
PRONEPHROS
Early week 4
Site: cervical region,
-transitory & nonfunctional,
-degenerates [except pronephric duct]
Mesonephros
Late week 4
Site: Thoracolumbar region,
- functional for about 4 weeks.
- Consists of mesonephric tubules & opens into the mesonephric (pronephric) ducts
METANEPHROS
Early week 5
- Site: in the sacral region
- primordium of permanent kidney
- 9th week urine formation begins
Buds off caudal end of mesonephric duct, surrounded by metanephric mass of intermediate mesoderm to form future cortex.
Foregut
Derivatives:
Pharynx and its derivatives,Lower respiratory tract,Esophagus, Stomach Duodenum up to the major duodenal papilla, Liver, Biliary apparatus and Pancreas
Artery: Celiac
Nerve supply:
Sympmathetic - Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves
Parasympathetic - Vagus
Midgut
Derivatives:
Duodenum distal to the major duodenal papilla,Jejunum & Ileum; Cecum & Appendix,Ascending colon & right 2/3 of transverse colon
Artery: Superior Mesenteric
Nerve Supply:
Sympmathetic - Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves
Parasympathetic - Vagus
Hindgut
Derivatives: Left 1/3 of Transverse colon, Descending colon, Sigmoid colon & rectum Anal canal up to the pectinate line Urinary bladder & most of Urethra
Artery: Inferior Mesenteric
Nerve Supply:
Sympathetic - Lumbar & Sacral splanchnic nerves
Parasympathetic - Pelvic splanchnic nerves
Blood supply of abdominal primitive gut
Celiac artery: Foregut
Superior Mesenteric Artery: Midgut
Inferior Mesenteric Artery: Hindgut
Midgut rotation
total 270 degree rotation anticlockwise
Gubernaculum
From mesynchyme
Aids in the descent of the gonads (both testes and ovaries)
in males forms the scrotal ligament
Mesonephric duct
Wolffian Duct
Forms the epididymis, the vas deferens, and the seminal vesicle in males
Digresses in females
Paramesonephric Duct
Mullerian Duct
Develop to form the Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and the upper two-thirds of the vagina
Digresses in males
Processus vaginalis
Outpouching of the peritoneum
In males, it precedes the testis in their descent down within the gubernaculum, and closes.
The testis passes posterior to the processus vaginalis -not through it.
Conjoint tendon
Common tendon of the internal abdominal oblique and external abdominal oblique as they insert into the crest of the pubis
Umbilical folds and derivatives
Lateral folds - Inferior epigastric vessels
Medial folds - obliterated umbilical veins
Median fold - obliterated urachas (Allantois)
ligament of Treitz
Anchors the 4th portion of the duodenum to the diaphragm
Diverticulitis
Small, bulging sacs or pouches of the inner lining of the intestine (diverticulosis) that become inflamed or infected. Most often, these pouches are in the large intestine
Diverticulosis
Nutcracker Syndrome
Renal vein entrapment syndrome
compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. resulting in increased pressure to the testicular vein resulting in pain in the testicles and left flank
Kerh Sign
indication of a ruptured spleen.
Characterized by intense radiating pain to the top of the left shoulder
Rovsing sign
indicator of gallbladder inflammation
pain referred to the right shoulder
Spigelian hernia
hernia occurring along the semilunar line below the umbilical region
Richter Hernia
hernia that presents as a strangulated segment of part of the wall of an intestinal loop through any hernial opening
