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1. Anatomy > Abdomen > Flashcards

Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the anterior abdominal wall

A

Skin, Superficial fascia (Camper’s fascia, Scarpa’s fascia) Deep investing fascia, Muscles & apponeuroses, Endoabdominal (transversalis), Extraparitoneal fat, parietal peritoneum

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2
Q

Muscles of the abdomen

A

rectus abdominis

Pyramidalis

External oblique

Internal oblique

Transverse abdominis

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3
Q

Inguinal Canal

A

Tunnel for passage of structures thru abdominal wall
–Males –spermatic cord
–Females –Round ligament of uterus
–Ilioinguinal N. in both sexes

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4
Q

Muscles of the abdomen

A

rectus abdominis

Pyramidalis

External oblique

Internal oblique

Transverse abdominis

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5
Q

Arcuate Line

A

Demarcates the lower limit of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath. It is also where the inferior epigastric vessels perforate the rectus abdominis.

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6
Q

Scrotal layers

A

From deep to superficial:
Tunica vaginalis (visceral layer)/epiorchium
Tunica vaginalis (parietal layer)/periorcium (from peritoneum)
Internal spermatic fascia (from transversus abdominis muscle)
Cremaster muscle and its fascia (from internal oblique muscle)
External spermatic fascia (from external oblique muscle)
Skin with dartos fascia (continuation of Sarpa’s)

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7
Q

Inguinal Triangle

A

Boundaries:
Medial border: Lateral margin of the rectus sheath, (linea semilunaris)

Superolateral border: Inferior epigastric vessels

Inferior border: Inguinal ligament

The inguinal triangle contains a depression referred to as the medial inguinal fossa, through which direct inguinal hernias protrude through the abdominal wall.

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8
Q

Inguinal Hernia

A

Protrusion of abdominal-cavity contents through the inguinal canal

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9
Q

Spermatic Cord

A
  • ductus deferens
  • testicular artery
  • artery of the ductus deferens
  • cremasteric artery
  • pampiniform venous plexus
  • sympathetic nerve fibres
  • genital br.of genitofemoral nerve
  • lymphatic vessels
  • remnants of the processus vaginalis
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10
Q

Varicocele

A

Abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus in the scrotum.

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11
Q

Canal of Nuck

A

an abnormal patent (open) pouch of peritoneum extending into the labia majora of women.

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12
Q

Bicornuate Uterus

A

Formed during embryogenesis. The fusion process of the upper part of the Müllerian ducts (Paramesonephric ducts) is altered. As a result the caudal part of the uterus is normal while the cephalo part is bifurcated.

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13
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Absence of one or both testes from the scrotum

A testis absent from the normal scrotal position can be:

  1. found anywhere along the “path of descent”
  2. ectopic, that is, found to have “wandered” from that path,
  3. found to be undeveloped (hypoplastic) or severely abnormal (dysgenetic);
  4. found to have vanished
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14
Q

Horseshoe Kidney

A

Fusion of the caudal portions of the kidneys during embryonic development.

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15
Q

Renal Agenesis

A

A medical condition in which one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) fetal kidneys fail to develop

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16
Q

Hypospadias

A

Congenital defect in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis.

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17
Q

Annular Pancreas

A

second part of the duodenum is surrounded by a ring of pancreatic tissue continuous with the head of the pancreas.

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18
Q

Epispadias

A

The urethra does not develop into a full tube and the urine exits the body from an abnormal location.

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19
Q

Chordee

A

Condition in which the head of the penis curves downward or upward, at the junction of the head and shaft of the penis.

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20
Q

VACTERL association

A

Vertebral anomalies, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Transesophageal fistula, Esophageal atresia, Renal anomalies, Limb defects

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21
Q

Posterior abdominal wall muscles

A

psoas, quadratus lumborum, iliacus, transverse abdominal and oblique muscles

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22
Q

Hiatus for IVC, Espophgus, Aorta

A

T8
T10
T12

23
Q

Nerves related to Psoas

A

Lateral: Femoral
Anterior (piercing): Genitofemoral
Medial: Obturator

24
Q

Fascia layers around the kidney

A

Transversallis fascia, Pararenal fat (posterior, lateral), Renal fascias, Perirenal fat (of Gerota) Fibrous Capsule

25
Q

Nephroptosis

A

condition in which the kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patient stands up

26
Q

Intrarenal arteries

A

Segmental, Interlobar, Arcuate, Cortical

27
Q

Branches of the abdominal aorta

A

Celiac Trunk, Inferior phrenic, Middle suprarenal, Renal (left and right) Supirior and inferior mesenteric, Gonadal, Lumbar, Common Illiacs, Median sacral

28
Q

Branches of the left renal vein

A

Left suprarenal vein, Left gonadal vein, left inferior phrenic vein

29
Q

constrictions of the ureters

A

Ureteropelvic junction

At the point that the ureters cross the brim of the pelvic outlet

ureterovesical junction

30
Q

Cloaca

A

Endodermal cavity, constituting:
•the expanded lower part of the hindgut
•It receives the allantois & its yolk sac diverticulum
•in contact with the ectoderm at the cloacal membrane:

31
Q

allantois

A

A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal in the embryo. It is important in the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals

32
Q

Urorectal septum

A

mesenchymal tissue

Divides tissue into :
•Ventral primitive urogenital sinus
•Dorsal primitive rectum
•Cranial part of the anal canal

33
Q

PRONEPHROS

A

Early week 4
Site: cervical region,
-transitory & nonfunctional,
-degenerates [except pronephric duct]

34
Q

Mesonephros

A

Late week 4

Site: Thoracolumbar region,

  • functional for about 4 weeks.
  • Consists of mesonephric tubules & opens into the mesonephric (pronephric) ducts
35
Q

METANEPHROS

A

Early week 5

  • Site: in the sacral region
  • primordium of permanent kidney
  • 9th week urine formation begins

Buds off caudal end of mesonephric duct, surrounded by metanephric mass of intermediate mesoderm to form future cortex.

36
Q

Foregut

A

Derivatives:
Pharynx and its derivatives,Lower respiratory tract,Esophagus, Stomach Duodenum up to the major duodenal papilla, Liver, Biliary apparatus and Pancreas

Artery: Celiac

Nerve supply:
Sympmathetic - Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves
Parasympathetic - Vagus

37
Q

Midgut

A

Derivatives:
Duodenum distal to the major duodenal papilla,Jejunum & Ileum; Cecum & Appendix,Ascending colon & right 2/3 of transverse colon

Artery: Superior Mesenteric

Nerve Supply:
Sympmathetic - Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves
Parasympathetic - Vagus

38
Q

Hindgut

A 
Derivatives:
Left 1/3 of Transverse colon,
Descending colon, Sigmoid colon & rectum
Anal canal up to the pectinate line
Urinary bladder & most of Urethra

Artery: Inferior Mesenteric

Nerve Supply:
Sympathetic - Lumbar & Sacral splanchnic nerves
Parasympathetic - Pelvic splanchnic nerves

39
Q

Blood supply of abdominal primitive gut

A

Celiac artery: Foregut
Superior Mesenteric Artery: Midgut
Inferior Mesenteric Artery: Hindgut

40
Q

Midgut rotation

A

total 270 degree rotation anticlockwise

41
Q

Gubernaculum

A

From mesynchyme

Aids in the descent of the gonads (both testes and ovaries)

in males forms the scrotal ligament

42
Q

Mesonephric duct

A

Wolffian Duct

Forms the epididymis, the vas deferens, and the seminal vesicle in males

Digresses in females

43
Q

Paramesonephric Duct

A

Mullerian Duct

Develop to form the Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and the upper two-thirds of the vagina

Digresses in males

44
Q

Processus vaginalis

A

Outpouching of the peritoneum

In males, it precedes the testis in their descent down within the gubernaculum, and closes.

The testis passes posterior to the processus vaginalis -not through it.

45
Q

Conjoint tendon

A

Common tendon of the internal abdominal oblique and external abdominal oblique as they insert into the crest of the pubis

46
Q

Umbilical folds and derivatives

A

Lateral folds - Inferior epigastric vessels
Medial folds - obliterated umbilical veins
Median fold - obliterated urachas (Allantois)

47
Q

ligament of Treitz

A

Anchors the 4th portion of the duodenum to the diaphragm

48
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Small, bulging sacs or pouches of the inner lining of the intestine (diverticulosis) that become inflamed or infected. Most often, these pouches are in the large intestine

Diverticulosis

49
Q

Nutcracker Syndrome

A

Renal vein entrapment syndrome

compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. resulting in increased pressure to the testicular vein resulting in pain in the testicles and left flank

50
Q

Kerh Sign

A

indication of a ruptured spleen.

Characterized by intense radiating pain to the top of the left shoulder

51
Q

Rovsing sign

A

indicator of gallbladder inflammation

pain referred to the right shoulder

52
Q

Spigelian hernia

A

hernia occurring along the semilunar line below the umbilical region

53
Q

Richter Hernia

A

hernia that presents as a strangulated segment of part of the wall of an intestinal loop through any hernial opening

1. Anatomy (7 decks)

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