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Block 3 Week 7 > Histo Female Reproductive > Flashcards

Histo Female Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What does FSH do?

A

stimulates growth of secondary follicles
stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to estrogen
stimulates the synthesis of LH receptors on granulosa cells

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2
Q

FSH stimulates growth and development of (blank) follicles

A

secondary

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3
Q

FSH stimulates (blank) to convert androgens into estrogen

A

granulosa cells

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4
Q

FSH stimulates the synthesis of (blank) on granulosa cells

A

LH receptors

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5
Q

What does LH do?

A

triggers primary oocyte to complete meiosis I and enter meiosis II
Initiates ovulation
effects transformation of remaining glanulosa and theca internal cells to luteal cells

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6
Q

LH triggers primary oocytes to complete what?

A

meiosis I and enter meiosis II

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7
Q

LH initiates (blank)

A

ovulation

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8
Q

What does LH do to granulose and theca internal cells?

A

turn them into luteal cells

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9
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

maintains female reproductive tract
responsible for secondary sexual characteristics of the female
responsible for rebuilding of the uterus (proliferative phase) after menses
estrogen inhibits FSH
induces a surge in LH levels

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10
Q

Estrogen is responsible for rebuilding the uterus (proliferative phase) after (blank)

A

menses

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11
Q

What does estrogen induce? what does estrogen inhibit?

A

LH surge

FSH

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12
Q

granulosa cells secrete inhibin, follistatin and activin which regulate (blank)

A

FSH secretion

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13
Q

What all do granulosa cells secrete?

A

inhibin, follistatin and activin

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14
Q

(blank) initiates the conversion from a proliferative uterus to a secretory uterus for implantation.

A

progesterone

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15
Q

(blank) maintains the uterus in a secretory phase in pregnancy

A

progesterone

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16
Q

(blank) inhibits LH production

A

progesterone

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17
Q

What all does progesterone do?

A

inhibits LH production
maintains the uterus in the secretory phase
converts the uterus from a proliferative phase to a secretory phase

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18
Q

What are the main components of the ovary?

A

germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, cortical region, medullary region

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19
Q

What is the ovary covered in and what is this derived from?

A

the germinal epithelium which is derived from peritoneum

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20
Q

Where can you find the tunica albuginea?

A

testes and ovaries

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21
Q

What is the cortex of the ovary filled with?

A

lots of follicles

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22
Q

Does the cortex of the ovary only have exocrine or endocrine portions?

A

they have both
the exocrine portion makes ovum
the endocrine portion makes estrogen and progesterone

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23
Q

The medulla portion of the ovary consists of large (blank) where the endocrine hormones can enter.

A

blood vessels

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24
Q

Describe a primordial follicle

A

primary oocyte frozen in meiosis 1, with squamos follicular cells surrounded by a basal lamina

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25
Q

Describe a primary follicle (unilayered)?

A

Primary oocyte with a zona pellucida and cuboidal follicular cells with a surrounding basal lamina.

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26
Q

Where does the primary oocyte come from?

A

the secondary yolk sac

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27
Q

Where do follicular cells come from?

A

the ovary

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28
Q

How does the primary follicle (unilayered) become the primary follicle (multilayered)?

A

under FSH

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29
Q

Describe a primary follicle (multilayered)?

A

primary oocyte with well-defined zona pellucida and multiple layers of granulosa cells with a basal lamina surrounding and theca interna cells on the outside of the basal lamina.

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30
Q

In the stroma of the ovary (outside of the primary follicle) are 2 layers of cells which are what?

A

theca interna and theca externa

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31
Q

What makes up the theca externa?

A

connective tissue

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32
Q

The follicular cells become granulosa cells when they start producing (blank)

A

hormones

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33
Q

The zona pellucida consists of three glycoproteins, what are they?

A

ZP1, ZP2, ZP3

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34
Q

What makes up the corona radiata?

A

specialized follicular cells

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35
Q

(blank) enable communication between adjacent follicular cells of the corona radiata.

A

gap junctions

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36
Q

(blank) also exist between the cytoplasmic processes of the corona radiata follicular cells and the oocyte

A

gap junctions

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37
Q

(blank) contain proteases released at fertilization after calcium mobilization.

A

cortical granules

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38
Q

(blank) induce a change in the conformation of ZP2 and remove carbohydrates from ZP3. These changes prevent penetration of the zona pellucida by additional sperm.

A

Proteases

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39
Q

Zona Pellucida glycoproteins are synthesized by the (blank)

A

oocyte

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40
Q

(blank) is a follicular cell protein with a small molecular mass which reaches the oocyte through a gap junction. This prevents the oocyte from undergoing spontaneous meiotic maturation.

A

OMI (oocyte maturation inhibitor)

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41
Q

(blank) induces the breakdown of the nuclear envelope before metaphase 1. This makes the first polar body.

A

MPF (maturation promoting factor) AKA Cdc2-cyclin B

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42
Q

When the follicle matures, there are mechanisms that prevent the primary oocytes from furthering their meiosis during inappropriate times. What are these mechanisms?

A

oocyte maturation inhibitor from follicular cells use gap junctions to get to the oocyte
Maturation promoting factor to trigger the completion of meiosis when appropriate

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43
Q

The gap between the follicular cells and the primary oocyte is called the (blank)

A

previtelline space

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44
Q

Why is the previtelline space important?

A

when fertilization occurs there is a release of cortical granules into this space to solidify the zona pellucida so that polyspermia cant happen

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45
Q

Secondary follicles have holes in the granulosa layer filled with (blank) and are called (blank)

A

follicular fluid

Call-Exner bodies

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46
Q

Tell me the order of growth of a follicle.

A

primordial follicle-> primary follicle (unilayered)-> primary follicle (multilayered)-> secondary follicle
->graafian follicle (mature follicle)-> corpus luteum

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47
Q

Describe a secondary follicle

A

theca externa->endocrine cells of theca interna with blood vessels-> basal lamina-> follicular cells-> call exner bodies-> zona pellucida-> oocyte

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48
Q

The fluid of the antrum (liquor folliculi) is filled with what 4 things?

A

hyaluronate, steroids, growth factors, gonadotropins

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49
Q

The holes in the granulosa layers are called call-exner bodies and as they enlarge they push the primary oocyte to one side. This is important because it aids (blank). The holes will combine and create an (blank).

A

fertilization

antrum

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50
Q

The theca interna secretes (blank)

A

androgens

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51
Q

Describe a graafian follicle (mature follicle).

A

primary oocyte covered in zona pellucida, outside this is a single layer of cells called the corona radiata. The antrum is filled with folliular fluid. Outside there is a nice basal lamina and a theca interna. The theca interna has a lot of blood vessels. Outside of this is a thick connective tissue called the theca externa

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52
Q

The primary oocyte is suspended in the (blank) which is like a stalk

A

cumulus olaphoris

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53
Q

Theca interna make androgens and cross the basal lamina where they are taken up by (blank) which take these androgens and convert them to estrogen.

A

granulosa cells

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54
Q

In the primary and secondary follicle, follicular cells have (blank)

A

FSH receptors

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55
Q

In the graafian follicle, (blank) appear and coexist with FSH receptors.

A

LH

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56
Q

In the graafian follicle, the acquisition of (blank) is essential for the luteinization of the ruptured follicle following ovulation.

A

LH receptors

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57
Q

What is the major steroid produced by FSH?

A

estradiol

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58
Q

What do follicular cells need to produce estradiol?

A

androstenedione by theca interna cells (regulated by LH)

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59
Q

On day 14 we will have ovulation, this means that we are now unfrozen in meiosis and can move through as a (blank).

A

secondary oocyte

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60
Q

Once the secondary oocyte leaves the follicle what is left within the follicle?

A

theca interna, lining granulosa cells and theca externa

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61
Q

What are the 2 most important things for ovulation?

A

follicle has to be near surface of the ovary and orient the follicle so that the ovum can get out of the connective tissue and surface epithelium of ovary itself

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62
Q

At the stigma (the thin membrane that ruptures uon LH surge), (blank) from the fibrooblasts, induced by the surge of LH, degrade collagen fibers of the tunica albuiginea and theca externa.

A

proteases

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63
Q

What will happen to the follicular cell layer soon after ovulation?

A

folding

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64
Q

What do the blood vessels do to the follicle after ovulation?

A

BM breaks down and blood vessels from theca interna invade the follicular cell layer and antral cavity gets filled with blood

65
Q

WHen FSH is around, what do follicular cells do?

A

they proliferate and secrete estrogen as a primary follicle

66
Q

The follicular cells of the graafian follicle acquire (blank) as the initial step toward luteinization.

A

LH receptors

67
Q

There is a surge in LH and then ovulation, then there is persistant LH stimulation that induces the residual follicular cells and theca interna cells to do what?

A

undergo lutenization and folding which makes them fill in the space within the broken follicle

68
Q

In the absence of fertilization what happens?

A

FSH and LH secretion declines and you get the break down of the corpus luteum

69
Q

About how many primordial follicles begin follicular development?

A

around 4, but only 1 makes it to the mature follicular stage

70
Q

What makes up the follicular phase?

A

all the follicles until they become the corpus luteum

71
Q

Going from the primoridal follicle to the primary follicle is under FSH control. T or F

A

F

72
Q

Going from secondary follicle to (graffian) follicle is under FSH control. T or F

A

T

73
Q

When the surge of LH occurs the secondary oocyte completes meiosis 1 and gets stuck in meiosis 2 and travels down to the ampulla to await (blank)

A

fertilization

74
Q

When are estrogen levels the highest?

When are progesterone levels the highest?

A

in the graafian follicle (follicular phase)

During the luteal phase

75
Q

What 2 things stimulate the synthesis of LH receptors? WHat does this allow for?

A

FSH and estrogen

It allows for LH to stimulate the production of progesterone from follicular cells

76
Q

Explain the transformation of the follicle into the corpus luteum

A

Follicular antrum is filled with fibrin then BVs and CT, theca interna cells and follicular cells undergo lutinization, folding, and lipid accumulation, these cells are now called theca lutein cells and granulosa lutein cells
Theca lutein cells are between folds of follicular cells

77
Q

What all is inside of the corpus luteum?

A 
fibroblasts
follicular/granulosa lutein cells
BVs
lipid
theca lutein cells
CT
78
Q

What do theca lutein cells produce? What does it use? What are they stimulated by?

A

progesterone and androstendedione
cholesterol and LDL
LH

79
Q

What does granulosa lutein cells produce?

What do they use? What are they stimulated by?

A

estrogen and progesterone
cholesterol
FSH and LH

80
Q

(blank) stimulates the production of progesterone and estradiol by follicular lutein cells

A

FSH

81
Q

(blank) stimulates the production of progesterone and androstenedione by theca lutein cells.

A

LH

82
Q

During pregnancy, what 2 things upregulate the effects of estrogen by enhancing production of estrogen receptors?

A

prolactin and placental lactogens.

83
Q

What does estrogen stimulate the follicular cells to do? what can potentiate this?

A

stimuluates them to take up cholesterol and transport it to mitochondria for progesterone synthesis
Prolactin

84
Q

What do we call a broken down corpus luteum?

A

corpus albucan

85
Q

Why is it important to have the follicular cells take up cholesterol?

A

so that they can make progesterone

86
Q

Describe how luteolysis occurs

A

You get a reduction in blood flow causing hypoxia and the release of T cells which produce interferon -Y and will call macrophages over. These macrophages will then produce tumor necrosis factor alpha and the apoptotic cascade starts

87
Q

What is the interstitial gland?

What does it produce, and why is this significant?

A

formed from the theca interna cells of degenerating (atretic) follicles (you have 20 mature each time of ovulation but only one is picked and the rest degrade)
secretes estrogen and when you increase estrogen levels up to a certain point you will have the onset of puberty

88
Q

What is the thick muscular part of the ovarian tube that is capable of contraction to aid sperm to enter the uterine tube?

A

isthmus

89
Q

What does estrogen stimulate the follicular cells to do? what can potentiate this?

A

stimuluates them to take up cholesterol and transport it to mitochondria for progesterone synthesis
Prolactin

90
Q

What do we call a broken down corpus luteum?

A

corpus albucan

91
Q

Why is it important to have the follicular cells take up cholesterol?

A

so that they can make progesterone

92
Q

Describe how luteolysis occurs

A

You get a reduction in blood flow causing hypoxia and the release of T cells which produce interferon -Y and will call macrophages over. These macrophages will then produce tumor necrosis factor alpha and the apoptotic cascade starts

93
Q

What is the interstitial gland?

What does it produce, and why is this significant?

A

formed from the theca interna cells of degenerating (atretic) follicles (you have 20 mature each time of ovulation but only one is picked and the rest degrade)
secretes estrogen and when you increase estrogen levels up to a certain point you will have the onset of puberty

94
Q

What is the thick muscular part of the ovarian tube that is capable of contraction to aid sperm to enter the uterus

A

isthmus

95
Q

Folds or fimbriae are finger-like processes of the infundibulum that project toward the ovary. Close to ovulation something magical happens, what is this?

A

the fill with blood and expand so that they can catch the egg with their cilia

96
Q

What does the ampulla of the uterine tube have special that allows it to trap the egg and sperm ?

A

mucosal folds and convoluted channels

97
Q

What happens if a fertilized egg implants in the mucosa of the oviduct?

A

ectopic pregnancy

98
Q

What does progesterone do to peg cells?

A

makes them shorter

99
Q

What is the histological structure of the uterine tube?

A

mucosa w/ ciliated cells and peg cells

with a muscularis layer filled with ICOL and a SEROSA

100
Q

Does the peg cells of the uterine tube stay in the same place throughout the female cycle?

A

nope it moves

101
Q

Explain how cilia beats in the uterine tube?

A

if it is close to the uterus it beats towards the ovary if it is close to the ovary it beats toward the uterus

102
Q

When do ciliated cells increase in height and when do they stop?

A

during the estrogenic phase of the menstrual cycle reaching a max height at ovulation, decreases its height when progesterone is elevated
I.e estrogen increases height and progesterone decreases height

103
Q

Peg cells are apical cells and are considered nosecretory cells and are less numerous than their ciliated counter parts. What do they do?

A

provide nutrients to the egg during its migration AND allows for capacitation.

104
Q

What does progesterone do to peg cells?

A

makes them shorter

105
Q

Which are more numerous, peg cells or ciliated cells?

A

ciliated cells

106
Q

What is the stratum functionalis? What happens during the menstrual cycle? During menstruation?

A

it is the inner most layer of the endometrium. Increases in depth during cycle (in preparation for fertilization) and then during menstruation it sloughs off.

107
Q

What is the endometrium composed of?

A

stratum functionalis

stratum basale

108
Q

What does the stratam basale do?

A

regenerates the stratum functionale after menstruation

109
Q

What happens to the stratam functionalis during pregnancy and what regulates the growth of this?

A

it becomes part of the placenta. Estrogen and progesterone control this.

110
Q

What does the myometrium contain and what hormone does the myometrium respond to and makes it cause contraction?

A

blood vessels and filled with muscles that contract in presence of oxytocin

111
Q

The perimetrium of the uterus has both serosa and adventitia, where does it have adventitia?

A

it has serosa on posterior and anterior surface but has adventitia near cervix

112
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

113
Q

Explain the changes in uterine glands during the female cycle. (uterine glands are found in endometrium)

A

During the proliferative stage (1-14) the uterine glands are straight and tubule and there is no secretory activity
During the initial secretory phase (15-21) glands start gaining glycogen and are slightly coiled
During late secretory phase the glands gain a lot of glycogen and become hihgly coiled

114
Q

Explain the growth of glands of the endometrium in JUST the proliferation stages

A

During early proliferative -> short straight glands
midproliferative-> elongate, straight, mitotically active
late proliferative-> grow rapidly and begin to become tortuous and LP becomes edematous

115
Q

Explain the growth of glands of the endometrium in JUST the secretory phase.

A

glycogen accumulates in basal portion-> glands have saw tooth appearance, cells of stroma enlarge and become decidual-like-> glycogen shifts to apical portion-> glands secrete substances into lumen-> surrounding cells become mitotically active

116
Q

What allows for the tortuous nature of the endometrial glands?

A

progesterone

117
Q

The ovarian cycle produces both an exocrine product and an endocrine product. What are these products?

A

exocrine->ovum

endocrine-> estrogen and progesterone

118
Q

What is the proliferative phase also know as?

A

estrogenic phase

119
Q

If we do not get fertilization to happen then the corpus luteum will stop making progesterone and then the progesterone will cause the glands to do what?

A

to become ischemic and break down inducing menstruation days 1-5

120
Q

What is the functional layer of the endometrium most affected by?

A

estrogen and progesterone
blood supply from spiral arteries (remember this disintegrates right before menstruation)
(this layer is lost after menstruation remember this gets sloughed off)

121
Q

What is the basal layer of the endometrium most affected by?

A

Nothing really, it is not affected by estrogen or progesterone. It gets its blood supply from the basal arteries that dont get disintegrated

122
Q

Which layer consists of endometrial glands and extend down?

A

the functional layer, these glands extend down into the basal layer

123
Q

What is the blood supply to the endometrium from?

A

The spiral arteries and the basal arteries, the spiral arteries only enter the functional layer

124
Q

During the premenstrual or ischemic stage, what happens to the functional layers?

A

progesterone is reduced during this time which will cause contractions of the spiral artery and thus deprive the supply of oxygen to the functional layer

125
Q

The breakdown of the corpus luteum means that no more (blank) is being secreted, so no more progesterone is going to be meeting with the spiral arteries which will break them down. They will breakdown around day 27 and then completely are dead day 1-3 that is what is (blank) during menses of uterine cycle. The straight arteries, since not sensitive to progesterone, are still able to maintain basal layer of endometrium.

A

progesterone

sloughed off

126
Q

What hormones rebuilds the functional layer of the uterus?

A

estrogen along with the basal arteries

127
Q

What hormones allows for secretion?

A

progesterone

128
Q

The (blank) will make progesterone and some small amounts of estrogen, this will stay functional in pregnancy until the placenta can take over.

A

corpus luteum

129
Q

Does the cervix undergo menstruation?

A

no, although it has a functional and basal layer, it doesn’t have spiral arteries that respond to progesterone

130
Q

Does the cervix have a basal and functional layer?

A

yes

131
Q

Explain the development of the cervix

A

As the female grows, the endocervix folds out into the vaginal environment, we get metaplasia that converts glandular epithelium into stratified squamous epithelium. This walls off the cervical glands which means that the cervical glands cannot drain. These covered glands become nabothian cysts/follicles. The cysts undergo the changes of the uterus and create a transitional zone.

132
Q

THe cervix consists of 2 parts, what are they?

A

endocervical canal

ectocervix

133
Q

The (blank) is lined by a mucus-secreting columnar epithelium extending into the LP in the form of glandular crypts.

A

endocervical canal

134
Q

The ectocervix is lined by a (blank) continuous with the vaginal epithelial lining.

A

parakertinized stratified squamos

135
Q

During the time before puberty , the endocervical epithelium extends over the convexity of the ectocervix and becomes exposed to the vaginal environment. The area between the ‘old’ and ‘new’ squamous columnar epithelial junction is called the (blank).

A

transformation zone

136
Q

About 95% of cervical intraepithelial neoplasias originate within the (blank).

A

transformation zone

137
Q

What kind of epithelium makes up the endocervix?

the ectocervix?

A

columnar

stratified squamous epithelium

138
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the vagina and what does it contain?

A

parakeritinized stratified squamous epithelium

glycogen

139
Q

What kind of bacteria does the vagina have and what does it do?

A

Lactobacillus acidophilus which produces lactic acid by the breakdown of glycogen

140
Q

What does lactic acid on the vaginal surface do?

A

creates an acidic coat to destroy bacteria, sadly it doesn’t destroy STDs

141
Q

WHy can antibiotics cause yeast infections and stuff?

A

antibiotics can destroy the vaginal flora, and candida albicans (a natural fungus) can end up on the mucosal surface of the vagina

142
Q

What makes up the vaginal mucosa?

A

parakeratinized epithelium

vascularized lamina propria (works as erectile tissue in females)

143
Q

What makes up the muscularis of the vagina?

A

ICOL and bulbospongiosus muscle at opening

144
Q

What makes up the adventitia of the vagina?

A

inner elastic layer and outer vascular layer

145
Q

During the entire life of a woman, the structure and functions of the vaginal epithelium and of the endometrium depend on (blank).

A

ovarian hormones.

146
Q

nonpregnant women have what kind of ducts?
pregnant women?
lactating women?

A

inactive
proliferating alveoli at the ends of ducts
milk secretion and milk accumulation in alveolar lumen

147
Q

In the (blank) you have an elaborate duct system and enlarged secretory lobules.

A

lactating breast

148
Q

(blank) stimulates the development of the ducts in the breast. Alveolar buds develop under the influence of (blank). Old bud regress and disappear.

A

estrogens

progesterone

149
Q

During pregnancy, lobular alveolar tissue develops at the ends of the branching lactiferous ducts under stimulation of (blank) and (blank), (blank) and (blank).

A

prolactin
placental lactogen
estrogen
progesterone

150
Q

Where do most breast cancers occur?

A

90% occur in superior lateral quadrant of ductal epithelium

151
Q

In the mammary alveolar cell, (blank) is produced in the Golgi apparatus and released into the lumen of the alveolus.

A

lactose

152
Q

How are proteins (casein, alpha lactalbumin, PTH related proteins) secreted from the mammary alveolar cell?

A

in a merocrine fashion

153
Q

(blank) stimulates milk production.

A

prolactin

154
Q

(blank) stimulates milk release by inducing contraction of myoepithelial cells.

A

oxytocin

155
Q

How is fat (TAGs and cholesterol) released from the mammary alveolar cell?

A

released surrounded by a rim of cytoplasm via an apocrine secretion

156
Q

(blank) is produced by plasma cells in the mammary alveolar cell, is transported into the lumen by transcytosis and released into the milk to provide passive immunity to the nursing baby.

A

Dimeric IgA

157
Q

What all does the mammary alveolar cell secrete?

A

Fat, IgA, Proteins, Prolactin, Oxytocin

158
Q

If you have a complete antrum in a follicle then what do you have?

A

you have a graffian follicle

Block 3 Week 7 (8 decks)

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