Histo Female Reproductive Flashcards
1
Q
What does FSH do?
A
stimulates growth of secondary follicles
stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to estrogen
stimulates the synthesis of LH receptors on granulosa cells
2
Q
FSH stimulates growth and development of (blank) follicles
A
secondary
3
Q
FSH stimulates (blank) to convert androgens into estrogen
A
granulosa cells
4
Q
FSH stimulates the synthesis of (blank) on granulosa cells
A
LH receptors
5
Q
What does LH do?
A
triggers primary oocyte to complete meiosis I and enter meiosis II
Initiates ovulation
effects transformation of remaining glanulosa and theca internal cells to luteal cells
6
Q
LH triggers primary oocytes to complete what?
A
meiosis I and enter meiosis II
7
Q
LH initiates (blank)
A
ovulation
8
Q
What does LH do to granulose and theca internal cells?
A
turn them into luteal cells
9
Q
What does estrogen do?
A
maintains female reproductive tract
responsible for secondary sexual characteristics of the female
responsible for rebuilding of the uterus (proliferative phase) after menses
estrogen inhibits FSH
induces a surge in LH levels
10
Q
Estrogen is responsible for rebuilding the uterus (proliferative phase) after (blank)
A
menses
11
Q
What does estrogen induce? what does estrogen inhibit?
A
LH surge
FSH
12
Q
granulosa cells secrete inhibin, follistatin and activin which regulate (blank)
A
FSH secretion
13
Q
What all do granulosa cells secrete?
A
inhibin, follistatin and activin
14
Q
(blank) initiates the conversion from a proliferative uterus to a secretory uterus for implantation.
A
progesterone
15
Q
(blank) maintains the uterus in a secretory phase in pregnancy
A
progesterone
16
Q
(blank) inhibits LH production
A
progesterone
17
Q
What all does progesterone do?
A
inhibits LH production
maintains the uterus in the secretory phase
converts the uterus from a proliferative phase to a secretory phase
18
Q
What are the main components of the ovary?
A
germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, cortical region, medullary region
19
Q
What is the ovary covered in and what is this derived from?
A
the germinal epithelium which is derived from peritoneum
20
Q
Where can you find the tunica albuginea?
A
testes and ovaries
21
Q
What is the cortex of the ovary filled with?
A
lots of follicles
22
Q
Does the cortex of the ovary only have exocrine or endocrine portions?
A
they have both
the exocrine portion makes ovum
the endocrine portion makes estrogen and progesterone
23
Q
The medulla portion of the ovary consists of large (blank) where the endocrine hormones can enter.
A
blood vessels
24
Q
Describe a primordial follicle
A
primary oocyte frozen in meiosis 1, with squamos follicular cells surrounded by a basal lamina
25
Describe a primary follicle (unilayered)?
Primary oocyte with a zona pellucida and cuboidal follicular cells with a surrounding basal lamina.
26
Where does the primary oocyte come from?
the secondary yolk sac
27
Where do follicular cells come from?
the ovary
28
How does the primary follicle (unilayered) become the primary follicle (multilayered)?
under FSH
29
Describe a primary follicle (multilayered)?
primary oocyte with well-defined zona pellucida and multiple layers of granulosa cells with a basal lamina surrounding and theca interna cells on the outside of the basal lamina.
30
In the stroma of the ovary (outside of the primary follicle) are 2 layers of cells which are what?
theca interna and theca externa
31
What makes up the theca externa?
connective tissue
32
The follicular cells become granulosa cells when they start producing (blank)
hormones
33
The zona pellucida consists of three glycoproteins, what are they?
ZP1, ZP2, ZP3
34
What makes up the corona radiata?
specialized follicular cells
35
(blank) enable communication between adjacent follicular cells of the corona radiata.
gap junctions
36
(blank) also exist between the cytoplasmic processes of the corona radiata follicular cells and the oocyte
gap junctions
37
(blank) contain proteases released at fertilization after calcium mobilization.
cortical granules
38
(blank) induce a change in the conformation of ZP2 and remove carbohydrates from ZP3. These changes prevent penetration of the zona pellucida by additional sperm.
Proteases
39
Zona Pellucida glycoproteins are synthesized by the (blank)
oocyte
40
(blank) is a follicular cell protein with a small molecular mass which reaches the oocyte through a gap junction. This prevents the oocyte from undergoing spontaneous meiotic maturation.
OMI (oocyte maturation inhibitor)
41
(blank) induces the breakdown of the nuclear envelope before metaphase 1. This makes the first polar body.
MPF (maturation promoting factor) AKA Cdc2-cyclin B
42
When the follicle matures, there are mechanisms that prevent the primary oocytes from furthering their meiosis during inappropriate times. What are these mechanisms?
oocyte maturation inhibitor from follicular cells use gap junctions to get to the oocyte
Maturation promoting factor to trigger the completion of meiosis when appropriate
43
The gap between the follicular cells and the primary oocyte is called the (blank)
previtelline space
44
Why is the previtelline space important?
when fertilization occurs there is a release of cortical granules into this space to solidify the zona pellucida so that polyspermia cant happen
45
Secondary follicles have holes in the granulosa layer filled with (blank) and are called (blank)
follicular fluid
| Call-Exner bodies
46
Tell me the order of growth of a follicle.
primordial follicle-> primary follicle (unilayered)-> primary follicle (multilayered)-> secondary follicle
->graafian follicle (mature follicle)-> corpus luteum
47
Describe a secondary follicle
theca externa->endocrine cells of theca interna with blood vessels-> basal lamina-> follicular cells-> call exner bodies-> zona pellucida-> oocyte
48
The fluid of the antrum (liquor folliculi) is filled with what 4 things?
hyaluronate, steroids, growth factors, gonadotropins
49
The holes in the granulosa layers are called call-exner bodies and as they enlarge they push the primary oocyte to one side. This is important because it aids (blank). The holes will combine and create an (blank).
fertilization
| antrum
50
The theca interna secretes (blank)
androgens
51
Describe a graafian follicle (mature follicle).
primary oocyte covered in zona pellucida, outside this is a single layer of cells called the corona radiata. The antrum is filled with folliular fluid. Outside there is a nice basal lamina and a theca interna. The theca interna has a lot of blood vessels. Outside of this is a thick connective tissue called the theca externa
52
The primary oocyte is suspended in the (blank) which is like a stalk
cumulus olaphoris
53
Theca interna make androgens and cross the basal lamina where they are taken up by (blank) which take these androgens and convert them to estrogen.
granulosa cells
54
In the primary and secondary follicle, follicular cells have (blank)
FSH receptors
55
In the graafian follicle, (blank) appear and coexist with FSH receptors.
LH
56
In the graafian follicle, the acquisition of (blank) is essential for the luteinization of the ruptured follicle following ovulation.
LH receptors
57
What is the major steroid produced by FSH?
estradiol
58
What do follicular cells need to produce estradiol?
androstenedione by theca interna cells (regulated by LH)
59
On day 14 we will have ovulation, this means that we are now unfrozen in meiosis and can move through as a (blank).
secondary oocyte
60
Once the secondary oocyte leaves the follicle what is left within the follicle?
theca interna, lining granulosa cells and theca externa
61
What are the 2 most important things for ovulation?
follicle has to be near surface of the ovary and orient the follicle so that the ovum can get out of the connective tissue and surface epithelium of ovary itself
62
At the stigma (the thin membrane that ruptures uon LH surge), (blank) from the fibrooblasts, induced by the surge of LH, degrade collagen fibers of the tunica albuiginea and theca externa.
proteases
63
What will happen to the follicular cell layer soon after ovulation?
folding
64
What do the blood vessels do to the follicle after ovulation?
BM breaks down and blood vessels from theca interna invade the follicular cell layer and antral cavity gets filled with blood
65
WHen FSH is around, what do follicular cells do?
they proliferate and secrete estrogen as a primary follicle
66
The follicular cells of the graafian follicle acquire (blank) as the initial step toward luteinization.
LH receptors
67
There is a surge in LH and then ovulation, then there is persistant LH stimulation that induces the residual follicular cells and theca interna cells to do what?
undergo lutenization and folding which makes them fill in the space within the broken follicle
68
In the absence of fertilization what happens?
FSH and LH secretion declines and you get the break down of the corpus luteum
69
About how many primordial follicles begin follicular development?
around 4, but only 1 makes it to the mature follicular stage
70
What makes up the follicular phase?
all the follicles until they become the corpus luteum
71
Going from the primoridal follicle to the primary follicle is under FSH control. T or F
F
72
Going from secondary follicle to (graffian) follicle is under FSH control. T or F
T
73
When the surge of LH occurs the secondary oocyte completes meiosis 1 and gets stuck in meiosis 2 and travels down to the ampulla to await (blank)
fertilization
74
When are estrogen levels the highest?
| When are progesterone levels the highest?
in the graafian follicle (follicular phase)
| During the luteal phase
75
What 2 things stimulate the synthesis of LH receptors? WHat does this allow for?
FSH and estrogen
| It allows for LH to stimulate the production of progesterone from follicular cells
76
Explain the transformation of the follicle into the corpus luteum
Follicular antrum is filled with fibrin then BVs and CT, theca interna cells and follicular cells undergo lutinization, folding, and lipid accumulation, these cells are now called theca lutein cells and granulosa lutein cells
Theca lutein cells are between folds of follicular cells
77
What all is inside of the corpus luteum?
```
fibroblasts
follicular/granulosa lutein cells
BVs
lipid
theca lutein cells
CT
```
78
What do theca lutein cells produce? What does it use? What are they stimulated by?
progesterone and androstendedione
cholesterol and LDL
LH
79
What does granulosa lutein cells produce?
| What do they use? What are they stimulated by?
estrogen and progesterone
cholesterol
FSH and LH
80
(blank) stimulates the production of progesterone and estradiol by follicular lutein cells
FSH
81
(blank) stimulates the production of progesterone and androstenedione by theca lutein cells.
LH
82
During pregnancy, what 2 things upregulate the effects of estrogen by enhancing production of estrogen receptors?
prolactin and placental lactogens.
83
What does estrogen stimulate the follicular cells to do? what can potentiate this?
stimuluates them to take up cholesterol and transport it to mitochondria for progesterone synthesis
Prolactin
84
What do we call a broken down corpus luteum?
corpus albucan
85
Why is it important to have the follicular cells take up cholesterol?
so that they can make progesterone
86
Describe how luteolysis occurs
You get a reduction in blood flow causing hypoxia and the release of T cells which produce interferon -Y and will call macrophages over. These macrophages will then produce tumor necrosis factor alpha and the apoptotic cascade starts
87
What is the interstitial gland?
| What does it produce, and why is this significant?
formed from the theca interna cells of degenerating (atretic) follicles (you have 20 mature each time of ovulation but only one is picked and the rest degrade)
secretes estrogen and when you increase estrogen levels up to a certain point you will have the onset of puberty
88
What is the thick muscular part of the ovarian tube that is capable of contraction to aid sperm to enter the uterine tube?
isthmus
89
What does estrogen stimulate the follicular cells to do? what can potentiate this?
stimuluates them to take up cholesterol and transport it to mitochondria for progesterone synthesis
Prolactin
90
What do we call a broken down corpus luteum?
corpus albucan
91
Why is it important to have the follicular cells take up cholesterol?
so that they can make progesterone
92
Describe how luteolysis occurs
You get a reduction in blood flow causing hypoxia and the release of T cells which produce interferon -Y and will call macrophages over. These macrophages will then produce tumor necrosis factor alpha and the apoptotic cascade starts
93
What is the interstitial gland?
| What does it produce, and why is this significant?
formed from the theca interna cells of degenerating (atretic) follicles (you have 20 mature each time of ovulation but only one is picked and the rest degrade)
secretes estrogen and when you increase estrogen levels up to a certain point you will have the onset of puberty
94
What is the thick muscular part of the ovarian tube that is capable of contraction to aid sperm to enter the uterus
isthmus
95
Folds or fimbriae are finger-like processes of the infundibulum that project toward the ovary. Close to ovulation something magical happens, what is this?
the fill with blood and expand so that they can catch the egg with their cilia
96
What does the ampulla of the uterine tube have special that allows it to trap the egg and sperm ?
mucosal folds and convoluted channels
97
What happens if a fertilized egg implants in the mucosa of the oviduct?
ectopic pregnancy
98
What does progesterone do to peg cells?
makes them shorter
99
What is the histological structure of the uterine tube?
mucosa w/ ciliated cells and peg cells
| with a muscularis layer filled with ICOL and a SEROSA
100
Does the peg cells of the uterine tube stay in the same place throughout the female cycle?
nope it moves
101
Explain how cilia beats in the uterine tube?
if it is close to the uterus it beats towards the ovary if it is close to the ovary it beats toward the uterus
102
When do ciliated cells increase in height and when do they stop?
during the estrogenic phase of the menstrual cycle reaching a max height at ovulation, decreases its height when progesterone is elevated
I.e estrogen increases height and progesterone decreases height
103
Peg cells are apical cells and are considered nosecretory cells and are less numerous than their ciliated counter parts. What do they do?
provide nutrients to the egg during its migration AND allows for capacitation.
104
What does progesterone do to peg cells?
makes them shorter
105
Which are more numerous, peg cells or ciliated cells?
ciliated cells
106
What is the stratum functionalis? What happens during the menstrual cycle? During menstruation?
it is the inner most layer of the endometrium. Increases in depth during cycle (in preparation for fertilization) and then during menstruation it sloughs off.
107
What is the endometrium composed of?
stratum functionalis
| stratum basale
108
What does the stratam basale do?
regenerates the stratum functionale after menstruation
109
What happens to the stratam functionalis during pregnancy and what regulates the growth of this?
it becomes part of the placenta. Estrogen and progesterone control this.
110
What does the myometrium contain and what hormone does the myometrium respond to and makes it cause contraction?
blood vessels and filled with muscles that contract in presence of oxytocin
111
The perimetrium of the uterus has both serosa and adventitia, where does it have adventitia?
it has serosa on posterior and anterior surface but has adventitia near cervix
112
What are the three layers of the uterus?
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
113
Explain the changes in uterine glands during the female cycle. (uterine glands are found in endometrium)
During the proliferative stage (1-14) the uterine glands are straight and tubule and there is no secretory activity
During the initial secretory phase (15-21) glands start gaining glycogen and are slightly coiled
During late secretory phase the glands gain a lot of glycogen and become hihgly coiled
114
Explain the growth of glands of the endometrium in JUST the proliferation stages
During early proliferative -> short straight glands
midproliferative-> elongate, straight, mitotically active
late proliferative-> grow rapidly and begin to become tortuous and LP becomes edematous
115
Explain the growth of glands of the endometrium in JUST the secretory phase.
glycogen accumulates in basal portion-> glands have saw tooth appearance, cells of stroma enlarge and become decidual-like-> glycogen shifts to apical portion-> glands secrete substances into lumen-> surrounding cells become mitotically active
116
What allows for the tortuous nature of the endometrial glands?
progesterone
117
The ovarian cycle produces both an exocrine product and an endocrine product. What are these products?
exocrine->ovum
| endocrine-> estrogen and progesterone
118
What is the proliferative phase also know as?
estrogenic phase
119
If we do not get fertilization to happen then the corpus luteum will stop making progesterone and then the progesterone will cause the glands to do what?
to become ischemic and break down inducing menstruation days 1-5
120
What is the functional layer of the endometrium most affected by?
estrogen and progesterone
blood supply from spiral arteries (remember this disintegrates right before menstruation)
(this layer is lost after menstruation ***remember this gets sloughed off***)
121
What is the basal layer of the endometrium most affected by?
Nothing really, it is not affected by estrogen or progesterone. It gets its blood supply from the basal arteries that dont get disintegrated
122
Which layer consists of endometrial glands and extend down?
the functional layer, these glands extend down into the basal layer
123
What is the blood supply to the endometrium from?
The spiral arteries and the basal arteries, the spiral arteries only enter the functional layer
124
During the premenstrual or ischemic stage, what happens to the functional layers?
progesterone is reduced during this time which will cause contractions of the spiral artery and thus deprive the supply of oxygen to the functional layer
125
The breakdown of the corpus luteum means that no more (blank) is being secreted, so no more progesterone is going to be meeting with the spiral arteries which will break them down. They will breakdown around day 27 and then completely are dead day 1-3 that is what is (blank) during menses of uterine cycle. The straight arteries, since not sensitive to progesterone, are still able to maintain basal layer of endometrium.
progesterone
| sloughed off
126
What hormones rebuilds the functional layer of the uterus?
estrogen along with the basal arteries
127
What hormones allows for secretion?
progesterone
128
The (blank) will make progesterone and some small amounts of estrogen, this will stay functional in pregnancy until the placenta can take over.
corpus luteum
129
Does the cervix undergo menstruation?
no, although it has a functional and basal layer, it doesn't have spiral arteries that respond to progesterone
130
Does the cervix have a basal and functional layer?
yes
131
Explain the development of the cervix
As the female grows, the endocervix folds out into the vaginal environment, we get metaplasia that converts glandular epithelium into stratified squamous epithelium. This walls off the cervical glands which means that the cervical glands cannot drain. These covered glands become nabothian cysts/follicles. The cysts undergo the changes of the uterus and create a transitional zone.
132
THe cervix consists of 2 parts, what are they?
endocervical canal
| ectocervix
133
The (blank) is lined by a mucus-secreting columnar epithelium extending into the LP in the form of glandular crypts.
endocervical canal
134
The ectocervix is lined by a (blank) continuous with the vaginal epithelial lining.
parakertinized stratified squamos
135
During the time before puberty , the endocervical epithelium extends over the convexity of the ectocervix and becomes exposed to the vaginal environment. The area between the 'old' and 'new' squamous columnar epithelial junction is called the (blank).
transformation zone
136
About 95% of cervical intraepithelial neoplasias originate within the (blank).
transformation zone
137
What kind of epithelium makes up the endocervix?
| the ectocervix?
columnar
| stratified squamous epithelium
138
What kind of epithelium lines the vagina and what does it contain?
parakeritinized stratified squamous epithelium
| glycogen
139
What kind of bacteria does the vagina have and what does it do?
Lactobacillus acidophilus which produces lactic acid by the breakdown of glycogen
140
What does lactic acid on the vaginal surface do?
creates an acidic coat to destroy bacteria, sadly it doesn't destroy STDs
141
WHy can antibiotics cause yeast infections and stuff?
antibiotics can destroy the vaginal flora, and candida albicans (a natural fungus) can end up on the mucosal surface of the vagina
142
What makes up the vaginal mucosa?
parakeratinized epithelium
| vascularized lamina propria (works as erectile tissue in females)
143
What makes up the muscularis of the vagina?
ICOL and bulbospongiosus muscle at opening
144
What makes up the adventitia of the vagina?
inner elastic layer and outer vascular layer
145
During the entire life of a woman, the structure and functions of the vaginal epithelium and of the endometrium depend on (blank).
ovarian hormones.
146
nonpregnant women have what kind of ducts?
pregnant women?
lactating women?
inactive
proliferating alveoli at the ends of ducts
milk secretion and milk accumulation in alveolar lumen
147
In the (blank) you have an elaborate duct system and enlarged secretory lobules.
lactating breast
148
(blank) stimulates the development of the ducts in the breast. Alveolar buds develop under the influence of (blank). Old bud regress and disappear.
estrogens
| progesterone
149
During pregnancy, lobular alveolar tissue develops at the ends of the branching lactiferous ducts under stimulation of (blank) and (blank), (blank) and (blank).
prolactin
placental lactogen
estrogen
progesterone
150
Where do most breast cancers occur?
90% occur in superior lateral quadrant of ductal epithelium
151
In the mammary alveolar cell, (blank) is produced in the Golgi apparatus and released into the lumen of the alveolus.
lactose
152
How are proteins (casein, alpha lactalbumin, PTH related proteins) secreted from the mammary alveolar cell?
in a merocrine fashion
153
(blank) stimulates milk production.
prolactin
154
(blank) stimulates milk release by inducing contraction of myoepithelial cells.
oxytocin
155
How is fat (TAGs and cholesterol) released from the mammary alveolar cell?
released surrounded by a rim of cytoplasm via an apocrine secretion
156
(blank) is produced by plasma cells in the mammary alveolar cell, is transported into the lumen by transcytosis and released into the milk to provide passive immunity to the nursing baby.
Dimeric IgA
157
What all does the mammary alveolar cell secrete?
Fat, IgA, Proteins, Prolactin, Oxytocin
158
If you have a complete antrum in a follicle then what do you have?
you have a graffian follicle
