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GI > Histo > Flashcards

Histo Flashcards

1
Q

ID this tissue

A

Tongue

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2
Q

List the 4 general organizational layers of the GI tract

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis externa

Serosa/adventitia

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3
Q

List the divisions of the mucosa

A

Epithelium

Lamina propria

Muscularis mucosa

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4
Q

The submucosa consists of:

A

Connective tissue

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5
Q

The muscularis externa consists of:

A

Inner circular muscle layer, outer longitudinal muscular layer, and the myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach) in between

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6
Q

Where is the location of the nerve plexus which controls mucosal movement, vascular diameter, and secretion of mucosal and submucosal glands?

A

Submucosa

(Submucosal plexus/Meissner plexus)

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7
Q

What is the function of the myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach) located in the muscularis externa?

A

Control GI motility

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8
Q

ID this cell type and name where you would find this type of tissue

A

Mucous cells

Sublingual gland (mixed but mostly mucous cells)

(Weakly staining, flat nuclei)

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9
Q

Where in the oral cavity would you find this epithelium?

A

Everywhere but hard palate, gingiva, and dorsum of tongue

(Stratified squamous non-keratizined = lining epithelium)

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10
Q

Where in the oral cavity would you find this epithelium?

A

Hard palate + gingiva

(Stratified squamous keratinized or parakeratinized = masticatory epithelium)

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11
Q

Name this cell type and where it would predominate

A

Serous cells

Parotid and submandibular glands

(Dark staining cells + round nuclei)

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12
Q

Describe the epithelium you would expect to see on the floor of the mouth.

A

Lining epithelium, or stratified squamous non-keratinized

(Remember everything that’s not hard palate, gingiva, or dorsum of tongue is lining epithelium)

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13
Q

Name this structure

A

Circumvallate papillae of specialized oral mucosa

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14
Q

Name this structure

A

Filiform papillae of specialized oral mucosa

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15
Q

What type of mucosa is found on the lateral portion of the tongue?

A

Foliate papillae

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16
Q

Name this tissue

A

Filiform papillae of specialized oral mucosa

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17
Q

Which type of specialized oral mucosa divides the anterior 2/3 from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Circumvallate papillae

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18
Q

Which type of specialized oral mucosa doesn’t have taste buds?

A

Filiform papillae

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19
Q

Where do you find this type of epithelium?

A

Scattered among filiform papillae in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

(Fungiform papillae)

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20
Q

Which specialized oral mucosa is surrounded by a moat?

A

Circumvallate papillae

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21
Q

List 3 cell types found within the structure at the arrow.

A

Sensory cell

Supporting cell

Basal cell

(Taste bud)

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22
Q

The arrow is pointing to which structure? Function?

A

Taste pore - allows food to get down to taste bud

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23
Q

The blue blob points to cells whose function is to:

A

Synapse with afferent nerve fibers and transmit taste info

(Elongated cells in taste bud - sensory cells)

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24
Q

(T/F): Each taste bud contains only one type of sensory receptor.

A

False - each SENSORY CELL contains only one type of sensory receptor, but each taste bud contains many different sensory cells

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25
Q

What is the only sensory receptor restricted to a certain part of the tongue and to where is it restricted?

A

Bitter - back of tongue

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26
Q

Name this organ.

A

Tongue

(Only organ where muscle is in all 3 planes)

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27
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Intercalated duct in the parotid gland

(Very small ducts)

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28
Q

What is the arrow depicting?

A

Striated duct in the parotid gland

(About the size of an acinus)

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29
Q

What is the structure highlighted by the arrow?

A

Serous demuline

(Serous cells mashed to the side by mucosal cells)

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30
Q

What is encircled?

A

Lobules of salivary glands

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31
Q

What is this structure?

A

Interlobular ducts

(Ducts located in connective tissue are interlobular)

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32
Q

What is the function of the myoepithelial cells of the salivary glands?

A

Extrusion of acini cell secretions

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33
Q

Name this tissue.

A

Submandibular gland

(Mixed but mostly serous cells)

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34
Q

What is the function of this structure?

A

Secrete amylase, etc and absorb electrolytes

(Intercalated duct of salivary gland)

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35
Q

What is the function of these structures?

A

Modify salivary gland secretions

(Striated ducts of parotid gland; notice they’re the same size as the acini)

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36
Q

What is the function of the predominate structure in this picture?

A

Conduit for acini cell secretions

(Interlobular duct)

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37
Q

Name this tissue.

A

Parotid gland

(Lobules consisting solely of serous cells)

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38
Q

Where do you find this structure?

A

Mixed glands = Sublingual and submandibular glands

(Serous demuline)

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39
Q

What is this structure?

A

Striated duct

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40
Q

Name this tissue.

A

Sublingual gland

(Mostly mucous cells)

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41
Q

Name 5 contents of saliva

A

Bicarb

Digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase)

Protein

Antibodies

Ca2+ and PO4

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42
Q

Contraction of inner circular layer of muscle causes:

A

Compression and mixing of contents

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43
Q

Contraction of outer longitudinal layer of muscle causes:

A

Shortening of the tube

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44
Q

Forms sphincters?

A

Inner circular layer of muscle

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45
Q

Which part of the nervous system controls peristalsis?

A

Enteric nervous system

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46
Q

What type of epithelium lines the tubular part of the alimentary tract?

A

Lining epithelium/stratified squamous non-keratinized

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47
Q

Organ?

A

Esophagus

(Convoluted lumen = esophagus)

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48
Q

Cardiac glands vs. esophageal glands proper

A

Cardiac glands = in mucosa/lamina propria

Esophageal glands = in submucosa

Both are mucous glands

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49
Q

The mucosa of this organ contains:

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

GALT

Cardiac glands

(Esophagus)

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50
Q

Describe the muscularis externa of this organ.

A

Upper 1/3 is skeletal muscle

Middle 1/3 is skeletal + smooth muscle

Lower 1/3 is smooth muscle

(Convoluted lumen = esophagus)

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51
Q

Where are the esophageal proper glands located in this tissue section?

A

Submucosa

52
Q

Name the structure to which the black arrow is pointing. What cell type is located within this structure?

A

Gastric pit

Surface mucus cells

(Stomach)

53
Q

What is this structure? Where is it found?

A

Mamillated fold

Stomach

54
Q

The area marked by the black arrow is the ____. The area marked by the green arrow is the ____.

A

Gastric pits (Composed of surface mucosal cells)

Gastric glands (composed to mucous neck, chief, parietal, enteroendocrine, and stem cells)

55
Q

What is the area marked by the black area? What is its function?

A

Rugae

Allow distention of the stomach

56
Q

Name this organ.

A

Stomach

(Notice the surface mucous cells + gastric pits)

57
Q

What is the function of the cells in the picture?

A

Secrete alkaline mucous to protect stomach lining

(Surface mucous cells)

58
Q

What is contained in the tissue surrounding the gastric pits and glands?

A

Lymphocytes and plasma cells

(Lamina propria surrounds the gastric pits AND the gastric glands below the pits)

59
Q

List the 5 cell types contained in the gastric glands

A

Mucous neck cells

Chief cells

Parietal cells

Enteroendocrine cells

Stem cells

60
Q

What is the function of the cell marked by the arrow?

A

Secretion of pepsinogen

(Basophilic cells in gastric gland = chief cells)

61
Q

What is the function of the cell marked by the arrow?

A

Secretion of HCl and intrinsic factor (aids in B12 absorption)

(Pink pyrimidal cell in gastric gland = parietal cell)

62
Q

The predominate cell in the upper part of the gastric glands is:

A

Parietal cell

63
Q

The predominate cell in the deeper portion of the gastric glands is the:

A

Chief cell

64
Q

Where does stem cell division occur in gastric glands? Describe the process.

A

At the isthmus (division between pit and gland)

Most cells travel up and become surface mucous cells, while some travel down and become gland cells

65
Q

What is the function of the gastric gland cell found throughout the gland?

A

Secrete gastric hormones

(Enteroendocrine cells are found throughout; stem cells are at the isthmus; parietal cells and mucous neck cells are at the top; chief cells are at the bottom)

66
Q

Your patient had this finding on EGD. Among other management, you prescribed a PPI to prevent further pathology. Two months later your patient presents with excess fatigue and lack of energy. Explain.

A

The PPI inhibits parietal cells, which, along with HCl, secrete intrinsic factor, which is necessary for absorption of B12, a deficiency of which is likely causing the new symptoms

67
Q

Function of stomach vs. small intestine

A

Stomach = digestion

Small intestine = absorption

68
Q

List the 3 modifications of the small intestine that increase surface area and by how much

A

Plicae circulares - 3x

Villi - 10x

Microvili - 100x

69
Q

Name this structure. Where is it most commonly found?

A

Plicae circulares

Jejunum

70
Q

Name the structures marked by the arrows.

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

(Indented glands in the surface epithelium of small intestine)

71
Q

Name one disease associated with pathology of these structures.

A

Celiac disease

(Gluten triggers immune response that destroys vili of small intestine)

72
Q

What is unique about this structure found in the small intestine?

A

It contains actin that contracts the microvilus to help spread it out and increase surface area for absorption

73
Q

List the 6 cell types in the small intestine epithelium

A

Enterocytes

Paneth cells

Goblet cells

M cells

Intermediate (stem) cells

Enteroendocrine cells

74
Q

What is the tissue to the left? Right?

A

Left - stomach (notice the surface mucous cells

Right - small intestine (notice the enterocytes between goblet cells)

75
Q

Name this organ.

A

Duodenum

(Notice the enterocytes, goblet cells, and Brunner’s glands in the submucosa)

76
Q

Black arrow?

Green arrow?

Red arrow?

A

Villus

Crypts of Lieberkuhn (glands)

Brunner’s glands

(Glands in the submucosa = duodenum)

77
Q

What are the functions of the cell diagramed here?

A

Absorption in vili, glands, and general surface and secretion of water and electrolytes in glands

(Tall, ciliated cell = enterocyte)

78
Q

What are the arrows pointing to?

A

Goblet cells

79
Q

Name the organ.

A

Jejunum or ileum

(Vili + plicae circulares without glands in submucosa = jejunum of ileum; if lymphoid tissue present = ileum)

80
Q

Where are the cells found and what is their function?

A

Bottom of crypts of Lieberkuhn

Secrete lysozyme + other antibacterial substances; phagocytose bacteria and protozoa (so regulate flora)

81
Q

Function of M cells

A

Endocytose microorganisms and macromolecules and discharge them to underlying lymphatic tissue

82
Q

Stem cell location in stomach versus small intestine

A

Stomach - isthmus of gastric pit and glands

SI - lower half of glands

83
Q

Which part of GI tract can have 3 muscle layers and what are they?

A

Stomach

Inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal

84
Q

What is the function of the structure highlighted by the arrow?

A

Absorption of fat

(Lacteal = lymphatic channel in lamina propria extending into villi of small intestine)

85
Q

What is GALT?

A

GI-associated lymphoid tissue = Peyer’s patches, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and lacteal in lamina propria of small intestine

86
Q

What is the function of the structure indicated by the green arrow?

A

Secretion of buffer to make acid from stomach more alkaline

(Brunner’s gland in submucosa of duodenum)

87
Q

Name the organ.

A

Ileum

(Notice the Peyer’s patches)

88
Q

Name this organ.

A

Large intestine

(Straight glands with non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium)

89
Q

List the 4 cells of the large intestine epithelium

A

Intermediate (stem) cells

Enteroendocrine cells

M cells

Enterocytes

(Notice no paneth cells)

90
Q

List 5 differences between small and large intestines

A
  1. No paneth cells in LI
  2. LI has straight glands
  3. LI has tinea coli
  4. LI has no lymphatic vessels
  5. LI doesn’t have vili
91
Q

Organ?

A

Large intestine

(Straight glands + non-ciliated columnar epithelium)

92
Q

What is this structure? What is it composed of?

A

Tinea coli of large intestine

Band of outer longitudinal muscle

93
Q

Why do colon cancer spread slowly?

A

No lymphatic vessels in lamina propria

(Although well developed GALT is present)

94
Q

Organ?

A

Appendix

(Straight glands + lymphoid tissue + debris in lumen)

95
Q

Portal triad

A

Portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct; continues throughout entire liver

96
Q

Portal canal

A

Portal triad + lymphatic vessels, nerves, connective tissue,

97
Q

Route of blood flow through liver

A

Hepatic artery + portal vein

V

Mix in sinusoids

V

Central vein

V

Sublobular vein

V

Hepatic vein

V

IVC

98
Q

What do the black arrows indicate? Purple?

A

Black - portal canals

Purple - central vein

(This is the lobular organization of the liver)

99
Q

The dotted line is encasing:

A

A lobular unit of the liver

(Six-sided prism with a portal canal at each corner

100
Q

The predominate cell type in this picture is rich in:

A

ER and Golgi

(Enterocytes - make lots of protein)

101
Q

Deficiency of which cell type in the liver could result in blindness?

A

Ito (Stellate) cells

(They store vitamin A, which is crucial in phototransduction)

102
Q

What are the two cell types commonly found in sinusoids and depicted here?

A

Kupffer cells (macrophages, black arrow)

Epithelial cells (blue arrow)

103
Q

What structure is the arrow pointing to and what is contained within that structure?

A

Perisinusoidal space (between fenestrated endothelium of sinusoids and hepatocytes)

Microvili of basal surface of hepatocytes project into perisinusoidal space)

104
Q

Bile flow through liver

A

Bile canaliculi

V

Canal of Herring

V

Interlobular bile ducts

V

Right or left hepatic duct

V

Common hepatic duct

V

Common bile duct

105
Q

Part of bile that’s recycled to intestine? Part that’s eliminated?

A

Electrolytes, phospolipids, bile salts/acids - recycled

Bile pigment - eliminated

106
Q

Name of this model of the liver? Based on?

A

Classic lobule model

Blood flow

107
Q

Name of this model?

Based on?

A

Portal lobule model

Bile drainage

108
Q

Name of this model?

Based on?

A

Liver acinus model

Blood flow, metabolism, pathology

109
Q

Which zone is best oxygenated? Least?

A

Zone 1 is best

Zone 3 is least

110
Q

Arrow pointing to?

A

Bile canaliculus

111
Q

What is the orangish material in the liver?

A

Hemosiderin from RBC breakdown

112
Q

Blue arrows?

Orange arrow?

A

Portal triads

Central vein

113
Q

What is the structure in the center of the picture?

A

Portal canal

114
Q

Yellow arrows?

Green arrow?

Black arrow?

A

Bile ducts

Hepatic artery

Portal vein

(Can have more than one triad component within a single canal)

115
Q
A

Kupffer cell in sinusoid (macrophage)

116
Q
A

Sinusoidal endothelial cell

117
Q

What is this structure?

A

Herring canal

(Cuboidal lined, not running with a component of portal triad)

118
Q

What is this structure?

A

Hepatic vein

(Lined by lots of connective tissue; not running with any component of portal triad; received central veins)

119
Q

Site of bile synthesis? Concentration? Storage?

What causes its release from the gallbladder?

A

Made in liver, concentrated and stored in gallbladder

CCK

120
Q

Organ?

A

Gallbladder

(Notice simple cuboidal epithelium with no glands or goblet cells; also NO MUSCULARIS MUCOSA OR SUBMUCOSA)

121
Q

What’s the function of the tissue within the box?

A

Excretion of bile into the cystic duct

(Muscularis externa)

122
Q

Describe the process of bile concentration in the gallbladder.

A

Osmotic gradient forces water into intercellular space, then hydrostatic pressure forces water into lamina propria then into capillaries and venules

123
Q

What is the function of the system depicted below?

A

Secretion of zymogens from acinar cells into duct system to intestines to become activated

124
Q

Flow of zymogens from centriacinar cells to intestine

A

Intercalated ducts

V

Intralobular ducts

V

Interlobular ducts

V

Main pancreatic duct

125
Q
A

GI (10 decks)

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