HIST chap 1 Flashcards
What are internal factors? Provide examples.
. Internal factors: Internal factors, on the other hand, refer to elements or forces that originate within a particular country or region and shape its history from within. These factors can include:
- Political systems: The type of government, political ideologies, and policies pursued by a country’s leaders.
- Social and cultural changes
- Economic factors
What are external factors? Provide examples.
External factors are elements or forces that come from outside a particular country or region and have an impact on its history. These factors can include:
- Other countries or regions: The actions and interactions of neighboring or distant countries.
- International events: Global events such as wars, economic crises, or political revolutions.
- Trade and globalization.
Explain the reasons for the rise of early Singapore (Temasek) in the 1300s. Provide examples and answers. (DEXA format)
R1: The location of Singapore.
Singapore lies off the southern tip of the Maly Peninsula along the Straits of Melaka. Ships sailing from China to India would pass through this point in order to reach their destination quicker while reducing the amount and cost of supplies they needed, and the risk of pirate attacks.
This led to the rise in Temasek as Temasek was the central point for traders from the West and the East to meet trade, bringing in more trading business, and causing the economy to prosper.
R2: The climatic conditions
Journeys by sea were entirely dependent on the wind patterns and conditions. The southwest monsoons blow from June to September, while the northeast monsoons blow from December to March.
As such, the trade routes would pass Temasek, leading to the rise of Temasek, as more traders would bring more trading opportunities and businesses for the locals. This would lead to a strong economy, therefore bringing about the rise of Temasek.
R3: Fall of surrounding kingdoms.
Srivijaya developed around the port of Palembang in Sumatra. It grew into a powerful empire. However, as it started to face competition, invasions and external threats from the Chola Kingdom of Southern India, the Siamese Kingdom (Thailand), and Majapahit (Java), Srivijaya started to decline. With the decline of Srivijaya, trade eventually shifted northwards and other areas like Temasek and traders from China and Southeast Asia came to Temasek.
This led to the rise in Temasek as more traders from Srivijaya may choose to trade with Temasek. This led to an increase in trade and profits for the economy.
R4: Role of trade.
From the 16th century onwards, The Melaka Sultanate was weakened with the arrival of the Europeans in the region. The Portuguese successfully took over Melaka and the Sultan fled to Johor to establish the Johor Sultanate. From the 17th century, the presence of a Shahbandar in Singapore indicated that Singapore could have been an important trading centre for Johor as his duty was to oversee trading. Maps and artefacts also proved that Singapore had trade connections with China under the Johor Sultanate in the 17th century.
This led to the rise of Temasek as the establishment of officials in Temasek indicated its significance of Temasek to the Johor Sultanate hence more traders would bring more trading opportunities and businesses for the locals. This would lead to a strong economy.
Explain the reasons for the decline of early Singapore (Temasek) in the 1400s. Provide examples and answers. (DEXA format)
R1: Climatic Conditions.
Weather patterns underwent severe changes in the 14th century. This contributed to droughts and famines in China. As the Chinese economy collapsed under the strain, trade between Southeast Asia and China would have suffered accordingly.
This led to a negative impact as Temasek relied heavily on trade from China. As the Chinese economy collapsed, Temasek’s economy would have also suffered.
R2: Competition with surrounding kingdoms.
In the 1400s, the Melaka Sultanate was founded along the Straits of Melaka. It grew to become the dominant and soon extended control over the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Melaka was situated in a convenient location for traders travelling between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. Moreover, the kingdoms of Majapahit and Ayutthaya launched attacks on Temasek that weakened it by the end of the 14th century.
This led to a negative impact as More traders from existing partners may choose to trade with Temasek’s neighbours which has greater peace and stability as compared to Temasek. Temasek also failed to secure better relations with trading partners, which led to a reduction in trade and profits for its economy.
R3: Arrival of the Europeans
From the 16th century onwards, the Dutch established their main base of trade in Indonesia. They became the dominant European power after capturing Melaka from the Portuguese in 1641.
This led to a negative impact as Temasak continued to lose its significance as Melaka continued to rise to prominence under the control of the Dutch. This led to a reduction in trade and profits for its economy.
R4: Bad leadership
In 1699, Singapore’s decline was a result of the political crisis from the last Sultan, who claimed to be a direct descendant of Sang Nila Utama, who died without descendants. Most trade had shifted away from Singapore to places like the Johor-Riau Sultanate. Riau and other regional ports had replaced Temasek as centres of trade.
This led to a negative impact as Temasek lost its importance compared to the Johor-Riau Sultanate. This led to a reduction in trade and profits for its economy.
What are the 4 types of source-based questions and what format is to be used for each answer?
- INFERENCE -> The source tells me that (MESSAGE with ur own words). This is evident in the source as it states, (EVIDENCE). This suggests that (ELABORATE).
- MESSAGE -> THE (AUTHOR) WANTS THE (AUDIENCE) TO KNOW THAT (MESSAGE). This is evident in the source as it states, (EVIDENCE). This suggests that (ELABORATE).
- ATTITUDE -> The (AUTHOR) is (ATTITUDE) towards (ISSUE), depicting him to be (MESSAGE). This is evident in the source as it states, (EVIDENCE). This suggests that (ELABORATE).
- PURPOSE -> The (AUTHOR) made/wrote this speech/letter BECAUSE he/she wants the (AUDIENCE) to know that (MESSAGE). This is evident in the source as it states, (EVIDENCE). In doing so, the (AUTHOR) wants the (AUDIENCE) to do (ACTION).
In which instance should the answering format ‘D’ be used?
The question has the keyword ‘State’.
In which instance should the answering format ‘DEX’ be used?
The question has the keyword ‘Describe’
In which instance should the answering format ‘DEXA’ be used?
The question has the keyword ‘Explain’
In what ways was Early Singapore connected?
- Political connections: Relations established between different countries/kingdoms.
-Economic connections: Trading connections established with other countries.
-Cultural connections: Related to customs (religious practices) or behaviour of people in a kingdom/country.
Name the event that took place in 1299.
The founding year of the kingdom of Singapura.
Name the event that took place in the 14th century.
The rise of maritime trade to Southeast Asia.
Name the event that took place from the 15th to 16th century.
The rise of Melaka.
Name the event that took place from the 17th to 18th century.
The battles between the Portuguese and Dutch.
Name the event that took place in the 19th century.
The Arrival of raffles.
Explain how the importance of the India-China trade route led to British’s interest in Southeast Asia.
The British were interested in Southeast Asia because trade between India and China was the main source of EIC’s income. Wool from Britain, and cotton and opium from India were exported to China. Tea, silk and porcelain, which were high demand in Britain, were imported from China. To protect the India-China trade route, the British needed to control the Straits of Melaka and the waters surrounding Singapore which linked the Indian Ocean with the South China Sea. However, at the start of the 19th century, these were controlled by the Dutch, which limited the British to Bencoolen. Thus, the British needed to establish ports in the Southeast Asian region that were free from Dutch control.
