hip and spine plus knee and ankle osteology

Question 1

phases of fracture healing

Answer 1

haematoma
tissue death
inflammation/cellular proliferation
angiogeesis/granulation tissue/procallus
consolidation/hard callus
bony remodelling

Question 2

t1 vs t2

Answer 2

t1- fluid dark, fat white
t2- fluid white, fat whiteq

Question 3

where do spinal nerves exit

Answer 3

c1-c7- above
c8- between c7 and t1
t1-l5 below corresponding vertebrae
s1-s4 via sacral formaina

Question 4

pre axial borders

Answer 4

cephalic vein, long saphenous vein

Question 5

post axial border

Answer 5

basilic vein, short saphenous vein

Question 6

structure of IV disc

Answer 6

inner nucleus pulposus (type 2 collagen) outer nuculus fibrosus (type 1 collagen)

Question 7

role ALL vs PLL

Answer 7

ALL- hyperextension
PLL- hyperflexion

Question 8

4 stages slipped disc

Answer 8

disc degenration, prolapse, extrusion, sequesteratopm

Question 9

l4, l5, s1 sciatica

Answer 9

l4- anterior thigh, anterior knee, medial leg

l5- lateral thigh, lateral leg, dorsum foot

s1- posterior thigh, posteripr leg, sole of foot

Question 10

red flag caudia equina

Answer 10

bilateral sciatica, perianal numbness, painless retention urine, urinary incontenence, ED

Question 11

3 bones hip joint

Answer 11

ilium, ischium, pubis

Question 12

what strengthens hip joint

Answer 12

labrum and transverse acetabular ligament, joint capsule, joint ligaments (iliofemoral. pubofemoral, ischiofemoral)

Question 13

hip flexion

Answer 13

FEMORAL- iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, pectineus

Question 14

hip adductor

Answer 14

OBTURATOR adductor magnus, breis, longus (pectineus, gracilis, obturator internus)

Question 15

hip extensor

Answer 15

SCIATIC - semimembranus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris long head

INFERIOR GLUTEAL- gluteus maximus

Question 16

hip abductor

Answer 16

SUPERIOR GLUTEAL- gluteus medius and minimus, tensor fascia lata and sartorius (femoral)

Question 17

muscles in gluteal region and role

Answer 17

Piriformis = Nerve to Piriformis
Gemellus Superior = Nerve to Obturator internus

Obturator Internus = Nerve to Obturator Internus

Gemellus Inferior = Nerve to Quadratus Femoris

Quadratus Femoris = Nerve to Quadratus Femoris

lateral rotation thigh, abduction thigh

Question 18

importance piriformis

Answer 18

divides gluteal region into superior and inferior part, the sciatic nerve enters inferior to piriformis

Question 19

blood supply hip

Answer 19

deep femoral giving off medial circumflex and lateral circumflex.

Question 20

blood supply femoral head

Answer 20

artery of ligamentum teres to head in child

in adult- ascending cervical branches giving off medial and lateral circumflex branches

Question 21

radiology osteoathritis

Answer 21

Loss of joint space. Osteophytes.
Subchondral sclerosis

Question 22

hip shortened and internally rotated in posterior dislocation

Answer 22

shortened- gluteus maximus, hamstrings and adductors

internally rotated- anterior gluteus medius and minimus

Question 23

presentation anterior dislocation

Answer 23

externally rotated, abducted, flexed

Question 24

draw cutaneous nerve distribution in hand

Answer 24

Question 25

Answer 25

1- medial cutaneous (MSC) 2- lateral cutaneous (MSC) 3. median 4. medial cutaneous nerve forearm 5. ulnar 6. superficial radial 7. posterior cutaneous (radial) 8. lower lateral cutaneous nerve forearm (radial) 9. intercostal brachial 10. supraclacivular missing- axilary

Question 26

Answer 26

1- genitofemoral 2. iliolingual 3. obturator 4. femoral 5. saphenous (femoral) 6. common fibular deep 7. common fibular superficial 8. common fibular 9. posterior cutaneous nerve 10. lateral cutaneous nerve 11/12. posterior rami 13. obturator 14. saphenous femoral 15. sural 16. tibial

Question 27

Answer 27

a- ligamentum flavum b- interspinpis c- supraspinous d- ALL e- PLL

Question 28

Answer 28

Question 29

Answer 29

1- IV disc 2- pedicle 3/4- IV foramen 5- inferior vertebral notch 6- superior vertebral notch 7- inferior articular process 8- spinous process 9- sacrum 10- vertebral body 11- iliac crest bottom is s1

Question 30

Answer 30

Question 31

Answer 31

Question 32

Answer 32

osteoarthritis

Question 33

Answer 33

1- greater sciatic foramen 2- sacrospinous ligament 3- lesser sciatic foramen 4- sacrotubreous ligament

Question 34

Answer 34

1- pubic tubercule 2- acetabulum 3- superior pubic ramus 4- obturaptr foramen 5- inferior pubic ramus 6- inferior ischial ramus 7- ischial tuberosity 8- supreror ischial ramus 9- ischial spine 10- pubic symphisis

Question 35

Answer 35

1- neck 2- intertrochanteric crest 3- greater trochanter 4- head 5- lesser trochanter 6- intertrochanteric line 7- gluteal tuberosity 8- linea aspera 9- medial and lateral supraconylar lines 10- intercondylar fossa 11- medial condyle 12- adductor tubercule 13- medial epicondyle 14- lateral condyle 15- lateral epicondyle

Question 36

Answer 36

1- lateral epicondyle 2- lateral condyle 3- gerdys tubercule 4- tibial tuberosity 5- fibula 6- tibia 7/8- anterior intercondylar fossa 9- medial condyla 10- patella 11- medial epicondyle 12- adductor tubercule 13- trochlear groove 14- femur

Question 37

Answer 37

1- lateral condyle 2- tibial tuberosity 3- fibula 4- lateral malleolus 5- articular surface 6- medial malleolus 7- tibia 8- interosseous membrane 9- anterior border 10- medial condyle 11- articular surface medial comndule 12- arrticulr surface lateral condyle 13- head fibula 14- soleal line 15- fibula 16- lateral malleolus

Question 38

Answer 38

1- ACL 2- articular cartilage 3- lateral collateral 4- fibula 5- tibia 6- PCL 7- meniscus 8- medial collateral 9- femur

Question 39

Answer 39

1- medial meniscus 2- ACL 3- patellar lig 4- transverse lig 5- tibiofibular joint 6- lateral collateral 7- head fibula 8- lateral meniscus 9- posterior meiscofemoral lig 10- PCL 11- medial collateral

Question 40

Answer 40

1- interosseous ligamnet 2- fibula 3- lateral malleolus 4- tibia 5- medial malleolus 6- talus

Question 41

Answer 41

1- tibia 2- medial malleolus 3- deltoid 4- fibular 5- subtalar 6- tibia 7- P/A inferior tibiofibular lig 8- anterior talofibular ligament 9- subtalar 10- calcaneofibular ligamnt 11- interosseous membrane 12- fibula

Question 42

Answer 42

1- phalanges 2- sesamoid bones 3- metatarsals 4- cuneiforms 5- navicular 6- talus 7- calcaneous 8- cuboid 9- cuboid

Question 43

unhappy triad

Answer 43

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), medial meniscus and tibial (medial) collateral ligament.