hip and spine plus knee and ankle osteology Flashcards
phases of fracture healing
haematoma
tissue death
inflammation/cellular proliferation
angiogeesis/granulation tissue/procallus
consolidation/hard callus
bony remodelling
t1 vs t2
t1- fluid dark, fat white
t2- fluid white, fat whiteq
where do spinal nerves exit
c1-c7- above
c8- between c7 and t1
t1-l5 below corresponding vertebrae
s1-s4 via sacral formaina
pre axial borders
cephalic vein, long saphenous vein
post axial border
basilic vein, short saphenous vein
structure of IV disc
inner nucleus pulposus (type 2 collagen) outer nuculus fibrosus (type 1 collagen)
role ALL vs PLL
ALL- hyperextension
PLL- hyperflexion
4 stages slipped disc
disc degenration, prolapse, extrusion, sequesteratopm
l4, l5, s1 sciatica
l4- anterior thigh, anterior knee, medial leg
l5- lateral thigh, lateral leg, dorsum foot
s1- posterior thigh, posteripr leg, sole of foot
red flag caudia equina
bilateral sciatica, perianal numbness, painless retention urine, urinary incontenence, ED
3 bones hip joint
ilium, ischium, pubis
what strengthens hip joint
labrum and transverse acetabular ligament, joint capsule, joint ligaments (iliofemoral. pubofemoral, ischiofemoral)
hip flexion
FEMORAL- iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, pectineus
hip adductor
OBTURATOR adductor magnus, breis, longus (pectineus, gracilis, obturator internus)
hip extensor
SCIATIC - semimembranus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris long head
INFERIOR GLUTEAL- gluteus maximus
hip abductor
SUPERIOR GLUTEAL- gluteus medius and minimus, tensor fascia lata and sartorius (femoral)
muscles in gluteal region and role
Piriformis = Nerve to Piriformis
Gemellus Superior = Nerve to Obturator internus
Obturator Internus = Nerve to Obturator Internus
Gemellus Inferior = Nerve to Quadratus Femoris
Quadratus Femoris = Nerve to Quadratus Femoris
lateral rotation thigh, abduction thigh
importance piriformis
divides gluteal region into superior and inferior part, the sciatic nerve enters inferior to piriformis
blood supply hip
deep femoral giving off medial circumflex and lateral circumflex.
blood supply femoral head
artery of ligamentum teres to head in child
in adult- ascending cervical branches giving off medial and lateral circumflex branches
radiology osteoathritis
Loss of joint space. Osteophytes.
Subchondral sclerosis
hip shortened and internally rotated in posterior dislocation
shortened- gluteus maximus, hamstrings and adductors
internally rotated- anterior gluteus medius and minimus
presentation anterior dislocation
externally rotated, abducted, flexed
draw cutaneous nerve distribution in hand
1- medial cutaneous (MSC)
2- lateral cutaneous (MSC)
- median
- medial cutaneous nerve forearm
- ulnar
- superficial radial
- posterior cutaneous (radial)
- lower lateral cutaneous nerve forearm (radial)
- intercostal brachial
- supraclacivular
missing- axilary
1- genitofemoral
- iliolingual
- obturator
- femoral
- saphenous (femoral)
- common fibular deep
- common fibular superficial
- common fibular
- posterior cutaneous nerve
- lateral cutaneous nerve
11/12. posterior rami
- obturator
- saphenous femoral
- sural
- tibial
a- ligamentum flavum
b- interspinpis
c- supraspinous
d- ALL
e- PLL
1- IV disc
2- pedicle
3/4- IV foramen
5- inferior vertebral notch
6- superior vertebral notch
7- inferior articular process
8- spinous process
9- sacrum
10- vertebral body
11- iliac crest
bottom is s1
osteoarthritis
1- greater sciatic foramen
2- sacrospinous ligament
3- lesser sciatic foramen
4- sacrotubreous ligament
1- pubic tubercule
2- acetabulum
3- superior pubic ramus
4- obturaptr foramen
5- inferior pubic ramus
6- inferior ischial ramus
7- ischial tuberosity
8- supreror ischial ramus
9- ischial spine
10- pubic symphisis
1- neck
2- intertrochanteric crest
3- greater trochanter
4- head
5- lesser trochanter
6- intertrochanteric line
7- gluteal tuberosity
8- linea aspera
9- medial and lateral supraconylar lines
10- intercondylar fossa
11- medial condyle
12- adductor tubercule
13- medial epicondyle
14- lateral condyle
15- lateral epicondyle
1- lateral epicondyle
2- lateral condyle
3- gerdys tubercule
4- tibial tuberosity
5- fibula
6- tibia
7/8- anterior intercondylar fossa
9- medial condyla
10- patella
11- medial epicondyle
12- adductor tubercule
13- trochlear groove
14- femur
1- lateral condyle
2- tibial tuberosity
3- fibula
4- lateral malleolus
5- articular surface
6- medial malleolus
7- tibia
8- interosseous membrane
9- anterior border
10- medial condyle
11- articular surface medial comndule
12- arrticulr surface lateral condyle
13- head fibula
14- soleal line
15- fibula
16- lateral malleolus
1- ACL
2- articular cartilage
3- lateral collateral
4- fibula
5- tibia
6- PCL
7- meniscus
8- medial collateral
9- femur
1- medial meniscus
2- ACL
3- patellar lig
4- transverse lig
5- tibiofibular joint
6- lateral collateral
7- head fibula
8- lateral meniscus
9- posterior meiscofemoral lig
10- PCL
11- medial collateral
1- interosseous ligamnet
2- fibula
3- lateral malleolus
4- tibia
5- medial malleolus
6- talus
1- tibia
2- medial malleolus
3- deltoid
4- fibular
5- subtalar
6- tibia
7- P/A inferior tibiofibular lig
8- anterior talofibular ligament
9- subtalar
10- calcaneofibular ligamnt
11- interosseous membrane
12- fibula
1- phalanges
2- sesamoid bones
3- metatarsals
4- cuneiforms
5- navicular
6- talus
7- calcaneous
8- cuboid
9- cuboid
unhappy triad
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), medial meniscus and tibial (medial) collateral ligament.
