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1B > Hinkins' Revision Sheet > Flashcards

Hinkins' Revision Sheet Flashcards

1
Q

Define magnification.

A

The number of times bigger an image is than the object

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2
Q

Define resolution.

A

The ability to see two close together objects as separate objects. The DEtail.

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3
Q

What is staining?

A

Done to a preparation to improve contrast

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4
Q

Nucleus.

A

Large membrane bound organelle that contains genetic material in chromosomes.

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5
Q

Nucleolus.

A

Dark staining region of the nucleus.

Associated with the formation of ribosomes and ribosomal RNA.

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6
Q

Nuclear envelope.

A

Double membrane around nucleus.

Contains nucleuar pores so that mRNA can leave the nucleus.

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7
Q

Ribosome.

A

The organelle where protein synthesis takes place.

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8
Q

RER

A

Transports proteins made in the ribosomes on its surface.

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9
Q

SER

A

Involved in lipid metabolism.

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10
Q

Golgi apparatus.

A

Modifies proteins received from RER and packages them into vesicles for secretion.

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11
Q

Mitochondria.

A

Site of ATP production by aerobic respiration.

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12
Q

Lysosomes.

A

Contain digestive enzymes to break down pathogens and old cells and organelles

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13
Q

Plasma membrane.

A

Separates the cell’s contents form the outside environment and controls what enters and leaves the cell.

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14
Q

Chloroplast (plant only).

A

Contains chlorophyll. The site of photosynthesis.

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15
Q

Centrioles (animal cell only).

A

Pair of organelles from spindle fibres to move chromosomes during nuclear division.

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16
Q

Cilia.

A

Hair like projections used to move mucus and substances over cell surfaces.

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17
Q

Flagella.

A

Used for cell locomotion.

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18
Q

Plasmodesmata.

A

Strands of cytoplasm that connect adjacent plant cells.

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19
Q

Briefly outline prokaryotes.

A
  • No nucleus.
  • Naked DNA is in loops in the nucleosome and not associated with any proteins.
  • No membrane bound organelles.
  • Small ribosomes.
  • Have a peptidoglycan cell wall.
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20
Q

Briefly outline eukaryotes.

A
  • Membrane bound nucleus
  • DNA in the form of linear molecules wrapped around histone proteins
  • Membrane bound organelles present
  • Larger ribosomes
  • No cell wall
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21
Q

How are proteins processed?

A
  1. Proteins are synthesised in ribosomes on RER.
  2. Proteins move to Golgi apparatus in vesicles.
  3. Golgi modifies proteins and packages them into vesicles.
  4. Vesicles containing melamine modified proteins are carried to the cell surface membrane.
  5. Vesicles fuses with the cell surface membrane.
  6. Modified proteins released from cell by exocytosis.
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22
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells of similar types working together to person a specific function.

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23
Q

What is an organ?

A

A collection of similar tissues working together to perform a specific function.

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24
Q

What is compartmentalisation?

A

Internal membranes surround organelles and vesicles within the cell bringing about different environmental conditions within the same cell.
This allows the conditions inside each of these organelles to be optimised to the function of that organelle.

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25
Q

Example of ‘erthrocyte’ as a differentiated cell.

A

For oxygen carriage.
No nucleus if organelles allows more space for haemoglobin protein which binds to the oxygen.
Flexible to squeeze down narrow capillaries.
Biconcave disc shale increases SA for gas exchange.

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26
Q

Example of ‘neutrophil’ as a differentiated cell.

A

(It’s a WBC). Performs phagocytosis.
Lobed nucleus allows cell to squeeze through gaps in the capillary wall into the tissue fluid.
Lots of lysosomes to digest engulfed pathogens.

27
Q

Example of ‘squamous epithelial cell’ as a differentiated cell.

A

Allows diffusion and create a a smooth surface.
Very thin, flat cells so short diffusion distance.
Basement membrane connects to body.
Nucleus positioned low down so as not to interfere with diffusion.

28
Q

Example of ‘collated epithelial cell’ as differentiated cell.

A

Movement of mucus.
Cilia on surface beat to waft sticky mucus across surface.
Lots of mitochondria to provide energy for beating.
Pathogens trapped in mucus.

29
Q

Example of ‘palisade cell’ as a differentiated cell.

A

Carries out photosynthesis in a leaf.
Many chloroplasts (containing chlorophyll - where photosynthesis takes place).
Thin cell walls allows light in.
Large vacuole to store products of photosynthesis.

30
Q

Example of root hair cell as a differentiated cell.

A

Absorbs water and minerals from the soil.
Hair shape increases SA for absorption
Many mitochondria to provide energy for pumping minerals into cell by active transport.
Many transport proteins in cell membrane.
Large central vacuole to store water and minerals.

31
Q

What do the proteins do in the fluid mosaic model?

A
  • can span membrane to transport ions and polar molecules
  • can act as receptors or enzymes
  • may bind to cytoskeleton for support
32
Q

What does cholesterol do in the fluid mosiac model?

A

It’s a small molecule positioned within the phospholipid bilayer where it stabilises the membrane by regulating its fluidity.

33
Q

What do glycoproteins and glycolipids do in the fluid mosaic model?

A

Act as antigens and receptors on the cell surface.

Can form hydrogen bonds with water to help stabilise the membrane.

34
Q

Outline simple diffusion.

A

Molecules pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer from high concentration to low concentration.
No transport protein required.
No energy required.

35
Q

Outline facilitated diffusion

A

Mol files travel from high concentration outside of the cell to low concentration inside the cell.
Through carrier or channel proteins.
No energy required.

36
Q

Outline active transport.

A

Molecules travel from low concentration outside the cell to high concentration inside the cell. (AGAINST the concentration gradient).
Carrier protein used.
Energy required.

37
Q

Outline osmosis.

A

Transport of water through the phospholipid bilayer or channel proteins.
Water passes DOWN the water potential gradient (high to low).
No energy required.

38
Q

What do channel proteins do?

A

Carry small, charged molecules.

39
Q

What do carrier proteins do?

A

Carry large, polar molecules eg glucose.

40
Q

What has the highest water potential?

A

Pure water (it has a water potential of 0kPa).

41
Q

Define osmosis (3 marks).

A

Water travels by osmosis from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential, down the concentration gradient.

42
Q

In an animal cell, the water potential is high inside the cell but low outside the cell. What is the outcome?

A

Water moves out.

Cell becomes cremated (shrivelled up).

43
Q

In an animal cell, the water potential is low inside the cell but high outside the cell. What is the outcome?

A

Water moves into the cell.

The cell bursts (haemolysis).

44
Q

The water potential is the same in the cell and outside the cell. Why is the outcome?

A

No net movement of water.

45
Q

In a plant cell, the water potential is high in the cell but low outside the cell. What is the outcome?

A

Water moves out.
Cell becomes plasmolysed (as water is lost from the cytoplasm, cell membrane is pulled from the inside of the cell wall).

46
Q

In a plant cell, the water potential is low in the cell and high outside the cell. What is the outcome?

A

Water moves in.
The cell becomes turgid (but doesn’t burst because the plant cell has a cell wall that prevents it from bursting unlike the animal cell).

47
Q

The hydrogen molecules in water have a _________ positive charge.

A

Small.

48
Q

The oxygen molecules in water has a ______ negative charge.

A

Small

49
Q

Need to copy water stuff from the sheet

A

Ok

50
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenine triphosphate. Consists of:

  • adenine (nitrogenous base)
  • ribose (5 carbon sugar)
  • phosphate groups x 3
51
Q

What change does ATP undergo when becoming ADP?

A

It loses a phosphate group by hydrolysis.

52
Q

Why is ATP changed to ADP?

A

Because the energy released from the hydrolysis can be see by the cell for other purposes e.g. active transport.

53
Q

How can you make ADP into ATP again?

A

By adding a phosphate molecule into it.

The energy needed to do this. An be provided by the chemical energy in the food you eat.

54
Q

What is the importance of ATP?

A
  • it releases energy in small, manageable amounts
  • it’s made quickly and easily in a one step reactions
  • it’s soluble (can move around inside a cell without leaving the cell)
55
Q

What do condensation reactions do?

A

Join monomers together (and release water as a by-product).

56
Q

What do hydrolysis reactions do?

A

Break polymers into their monomers and take in water as a reagent.

57
Q

How would you describe monosaccharides and disaccharides?

A

Both are soluble and sweet tasting.

58
Q

How would you describe polysaccharides?

A

Insoluble and don’t taste sweet.

59
Q

When glucose molecules bind to each other form a polysaccharide, where is the bond formed between the carbons?

A

Between carbons 1 and 4.

60
Q

What’s the difference in appearance in alpha glucose and beta glucose?

A

ALPHA:
The 2 OH groups line up with each other between alpha glucoses so they can form a chain by binding to each other.

BETA:
Because the OH groups are on opposite sides of the ring between a carbon 4 on one b glucose and the carbon 1 on the next b glucose, the second molecule must turn upside down in order to line up the OH groups. Therefore they’re rotated.

61
Q

What is maltose?

A

A disaccharide formed by 2 alpha glucose bonding to each other.

It forms a 1,4 glycosidic bond (as it forms between carbon 1 of the glucose molecule of one a glucose and carbon 4 of the next).
The reaction that makes this bond is a condensation reaction. (H2O is lost and the 2 glucoses join through the remaining O).

62
Q

Outline cellulose

A
  • made only of b glucose
  • straight chains of b glucose (which form hydrogen bonds which strengthen them into microfibrils)
  • cross hatched structure, held by hydrogen bonds which is very strong. This allows water to move through and along the cell wall
63
Q

How is glucose better than starch?

A

In glucose, the 1 - 4 linked glucoses are shorter, giving it a more highly branched structure. This branding allows the fast breaking down of molecules during respiration as there are more ends which enzymes can start the hydrolysis process from.

1B (35 decks)

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