Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

WSC Our own notes > Hindsight Needs Corrective Lenses > Flashcards

Hindsight Needs Corrective Lenses Flashcards

1
Q

Who was credited with earliest form of record keeping?

A

Sumerians or Egyptians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hieroglyphics

A

Egyptions used for inscriptions on walls of tombs temples, statues, coffins, and sarcophagi

Sacred Carving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cuneiform

A

Writing started for practical uses.

Cuneiform means “wedge-shaped” and was written on clay tablets using a reed stylus with the end cut in
a wedge shape.

Cuneiform is syllabic, and one symbol could represent one full word then becoming letters, the character for the word “ra,” meaning head of a man, turned into the symbol for their “R” consonant.

Cuneiform was only used by skilled practitioners such as astronomers, scribes, priests, and the king.

Cuneiform began to be deciphered into English in the late 1800s by Henry Rawlinson.

The Behistun Inscription was key in accurately translating ancient cuneiform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Differences between Hieroglyphics and Cunieform

A

Hieroglyphs are intricate pictures representing objects, while cuneiform uses wedge-shaped impressions made on clay tablets

Hieroglyphics were used for the ancient Egyptian language. Cuneiform was used for several languages like Sumerian, Akkadian, and Elamite.

Hieroglyphs carved in stone have survived for millennia, while cuneiform tablets are more fragile.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Petroglyphs

A

Rock carvings made by pecking directly on the rock surface using a stone chisel and a hammer stone.

deep religious significance or were used as maps (depicted surrounding terrain with symbols)

Created around 40,000 years ago with the oldest cluster of them thought to be in Iran.

Highly concentrated in parts of Siberia, Scandinavia and Africa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nsibidi

A

Indigenous to the Ejagham peoples of Southeastern Nigeria

Many show love affairs

Used TODAY by the Ekpe Secret Society

Aesthetically compelling and encoded- decorative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Quipus

A

Made from strings that was used by a number of societies in Andean South America

Inca Civilization

Knotted tally cords

Used for collecting data, monitoring tax returns, keeping track of calendrical information, and organising troops

Unknown if it has corresponding language, if it does not; it would be impossible to decipher.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dispilio Tablet

A

Wooden tablet containing inscribed markings which is more than 7,000 years old

Tablet’s text is indecipherable

Found in 1993 during George Hourmouziadis’ excavations of Dispili, Greece (Neolithic lakeside settlement) at the bottom of Lake Kastoria

Partially damaged due to being exposed to an oxygen rich environment for a long period of time

Oldest known text in existence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Oracle Bones

A

Animal bones and turtle shells

Used in divination ceremonies (future predicting using supernatural powers)

Questions were carved on the bones/shell before they were subjected to intense heat through a metal rod until it cracked due to thermal expansion. A diviner would interpret the pattern of the cracks, seen to be a message from a person’s ancestor, and finish by writing the answer to the question on the bone

Ancient China- Shang Dynasty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cyclons

A

Cylindrical stone marked with incisions

Originated from magical or religious functions

Could contain maps- which would be the oldest known in existence

20,000 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Geoglyphs

A

Large-scale drawing/image made on the ground made by arranging stones, stretching the earth, etc

Only fully visible from a distance or the air

Modern form of art being popularized during the Land Art Movement

Purpose is unknown

Nazca Lines in Peru which consist of white lines along the desert landscape which form large figures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Runestones

A

Memorials to dead men

Rune language

Most were brightly colored

4th century to 12th century

Used by Ancient Scandinavian societies, most notably the Vikings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why do images present a challenge for those producing stories set in photographed times?

A

To build realistic sets and to cast actors who look enough like their historical counterparts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who played President Ho Chi Minh (Uncle Ho)?

A

Tien Hoi in 1987 play- “A sleepless night”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why was Tien Hoi chosen to play Ho Chi Minh?

A

Striking resemblance to a young Ho Chi Minh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What did the success of “A sleepless night” do for Tien Hoi?

A

Earned recognition General Vo Nguyen Giap

Showed that he was capable of embodying historic figures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The Musical Hamilton defied the expectation of what actors in historical dramas should look and sound like by….?

A

Casting Black actors as America’s legendary founding heroes

People say that it distorts American History

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hamilton

A

Aaron Burr (US v.p) and Thomas Jefferson (US P) Duel

Created by Lin Manuel Miranda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Colour- blind casting

A

Casting of Jodie Smith as the Queen of England in the Channel 5 series rendition of Hamilton

August Wilson, an African American playwright, was against color-blind casting, arguing that it perpetuates the erasure of history and assimilation of repressed communities

West Side Story and The Simpsons facing similar criticism

Call for the industry to create new spaces where BIPOC actors can thrive and contribute their talents without controversy

In Hamilton on Disney+, white roles were often portrayed by BIPOC actors.
Only King George III was portrayed by a white actor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Audio recording in theater- Example

A

Actress playing Margret Thatcher is expected to study her voice diligently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Color-conscious casting

A

The Great Gatsby, where characters’ ethnicities are reinterpreted to reinforce and explore themes of identity and belonging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

4 Steps to mimicking voices

A
  1. Study & Research (Accent, Tone, etc.)
  2. Feedback (from people who have heard the original person’s voice)
  3. Only Voice- Method Acting
  4. Ready To Perform
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which leader gave his victory speech from prison?

A

Pakistan, Imran Khan used AI to give his speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pakistan 2024 election

A

Shehbaz Sharif, representing both PML-N and PPP, poised to become the prime minister with a coalition of seats

The election raised questions about the credibility of the electoral process and sparked protests and clashes across the country

This happened due to internet shutdowns during polling day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who played Gandhi in the movie?

A

Ben Kingsley

Some have criticized the choice to cast someone of only partial Indian descent—and British

Kingsley, born Krishna Pandit Bhanji in the UK to an English mother and a Gujarati father

Very successful film

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

“Gandhi” Movie

A

Gandhi’s political awakening as a lawyer in South Africa, where he fought for the rights of Indians and tackled segregation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Disability

A

Never photographed in a wheelchair

Paralyzed from the waist down by polio

Kept out of public eye by using leg braces, holding onto an advisor or a lectern while swinging his legs forward

Went on to become governor of New York in 1928 and was elected president in 1932

Concealed from the public eye, as he was determined to project an image of strength and capability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Photography of FDR in Wheelchair

A

2013- First photo

Showcasing him being transported down a ramp after visiting the USS Baltimore

FDR Memorial Commission selected Lawrence Halprin to design a memorial for Roosevelt

Statue of him in a wheelchair unveiled in Washington, D.C. in 2001

Statue has wife’s words about his condition and his perseverance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Old movies and TV shows filmed in black-and-white

A

To feel more authentic

Steven Spielberg- 1993 magnum opus “Schindler’s List”

Allowed audiences to connect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

History of photography

A

First photo- Joseph Nicephore in 1826

Exposing a metal plate into a camera obscura (which is essentially a black box that can project images)

“The View from the Window at Le Gras” is the title given to the world’s first permanent photograph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Who created the Leica Camera

A

Oskar Baranack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ansel Adams

A

Premier landscape photographer of his time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

First 2 people ever photographed

A

Paris’s Boulevard De Temple- a shoe shiner and his customer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Daguerreotype

A

First conventional large-scale method of taking photographs

Louis Daguerre

Involve the use of treated light-sensitive polished silver-plated copper which was exposed in a camera for as long as necessary. The plate would then undergo mercury fuming and chemical treatment before being rinsed and dried

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Dry-plate method

A

Richard Maddox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Kodak Camera, mass producing plates

A

George Eastman

29
Q

Steven Spielberg

A

Creator of Jaws, Jurassic Park, Indiana Jones, Schindler’s List

30
Q

Schindler’s List

A

Oskar Schindler, a man who single handedly saved thousands of lives through employing Jews in his factories

Refers to the list of 1,100 or so Jews who were to be sent to Brünnlitz rather than Auschwitz.

31
Q

5 Techniques to show flashbacks

A

Decreased Shutter Speed

Smooth Transitions

Cross processing

Colour tint

Diffused Glow

32
Q

Decreased Shutter Speed

A

Decreasing the frame per second rate leads to each frame having a longer exposure time. This creates a collection of blurred images making it perfect for dreamlike sequences.

33
Q

Smooth Transitions

A

Transitions contribute vastly when it comes to indicating a flashback scene.

Two of the most popular are the white dissolve (dissolving in and out of a white solid) and bloom transition (typically used when recounting events to quickly switch between the past and the present.

34
Q

Cross processing

A

This is when the wrong chemical is used on purpose for creating a film-stock. The result is that the sequence has high contrast and unnatural colours allowing the sequences to stand out and feel different from the rest of the movie.

35
Q

Colour tint

A

This involves using different coloured tints for both time periods. This is typically used when switches between the past and present are frequent. Using this can help the audience to understand and keep up with the timelines better. This technique is simple, yet incredibly effective in making it stand out.

36
Q

Diffused Glow

A

A visual effect, where a glow is applied to a particular scene. This can help to make it look “ethereal”. It is similar to another technique where netting is put behind the lens to make the scene look smoother.

37
Q

First coloured photographs

A

Created using potato dye

38
Q

Jordan Lloyd

A

Manually recolourizes photos

He believes that achieving accurate colours is a moral imperative and argues that AI technology cannot match the precision and attention to detail required for this task

38
Q

Stuart Humphryes

A

Digital Artist

Started their project called “The Colors of Life”
Aimed at recolourizing images

The project’s goal was to connect modern audiences with the past

Humphryes utilised AI technology, enhancing the vibrancy of early colour photos captured on Lippmann plates, Paget plates, and Autochromes.

Takes lot of time

38
Q

3 AI colorization tools

A

DeOldify

DeepAI

Algorithmia

39
Q

Examples of AI colourisation being inaccurate

A

Coloring a waterfall brown or the Golden Gate Bridge white

40
Q

Founder of DeOldify

A

Jason Antic

Supports AI to recolourize photos

41
Q

Which phone uses AI to enhance photos?

A

Google Pixel 8

Magic Editor

Utilises generative AI and processing techniques to enable complex photo edits

Raises ethical considerations

41
Q

Emil Wallner

A

Argues that its difficult for AI models to replicate the nuanced understanding of human historians

42
Q

Two main types of AI image enhancement

A

Super-resolution and Denoising

Super-resolution involves increasing the resolution of an image

Denoising focuses on removing noise.

Both types utilise CNNs (Convolutional Neural Networks)

42
Q

Upscaling (super-resolution)

A

Increasing the resolution of an image (often by 4x or more), while also maintaining its original content and details as much as possible

42
Q

The capabilities of the Magic Editor have been tested by who?

A

CNET Editor Patrick Holland

42
Q

Galaxy Enhance-X

A

AI tool to enhance photos

Advanced AI engines such as HDR and Upscale to address common photo issues like poor lighting, camera shake, and compression artefacts

“Magic” technology- automatically detects errors in photos and applies appropriate adjustments to enhance them

Available on the S23 series

43
Q

Denoising

A

Remove or greatly reduce the amount of noise in an image

44
Q

Backpropagation

A

A gradient estimation method

Adjusts the weight of connections between neurons in order to minimise error.

Estimates are computed by an optimisation network, which makes network parameter updates if one proves to be more efficient than all other previously tested estimations in a certain field.

44
Q

Training

A

The process in which a CNN learns how to perform a certain task (ex. denoising).

It typically involves two steps, dataset training & backpropagation

44
Q

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)

A

A type of artificial neural network used primarily for image recognition and processing, due to its ability to recognize patterns in images

44
Q

Dataset

A

A collection of images which CNN’s are trained upon in order to learn a task

Variety of images for better results

45
Q

Object Detection

A

A computer vision technique used to locate instances of objects in photos or videos

45
Q

Image Classification

A

The process of categorising and labelling images based on a specific set of rules

45
Q

Semantic Segmentation

A

A computer vision task in which the goal is to categorise each pixel in an image into a class or object

46
Q

Where is AI is being used to renew old opera footage?

A

China

Hua Mulan, a legendary heroine from Ancient China

Addressing issues such as scratches, noise, and image discolouration/distortion present in early recordings

Attracted more than 7 million viewers (feb ‘24)

46
Q

“The Electrician”

A

Boris Eldagsen

Uploaded under alias “Cheeky Monkey

To check if competitions were ready for AI generated photos

Showed past experiences- His father’s experiences during World War II

46
Q

Ministry of Culture and Tourism (China) using AI

A

Working on refurbishing other videos related to traditional Chinese opera.

Aims to utilise digital technology to renew and preserve cultural heritage

Establish a digital library where creators can share restored content.

47
Q

Which major photography competition did “The Electrician” win?

A

Won Sony World Photography arts competition

48
Q

Which AI generator did Boris Eldagsen’s photo use?

A

DALL-E 2

48
Q

Bas Uterwijk

A

Use AI to update sculptures and other portraits that predate photography with photorealistic results

49
Q

Promptography

A

Art of creating AI Generated photos

Proposed by Boris Eldagsen

49
Q

Sunset Boulevard

A

Ed Ruscha

50
Q

Kintsugi

A

The repair of broken pottery using lacquers that leave visible the original fractures

The breakage and repair of an object is treated as part of the object’s history rather than something to disguise

50
Q

Ottoman Panorama

A

Sebah & Joaillier

50
Q

Pre-1906 San Francisco

A

William M. McCarthy

50
Q

McMansion

A

Uniform design of fast food chain McDonald’s

Lack uniqueness

Upper-middle-class homeowners

Ranging from 3,000 to 5,000 square feet

Role in the housing crisis- lending practices and subprime mortgages led to people defaulting their loans

Symbolize a superficial display of wealth and status

51
Q

Origin of Kintsugi

A

Shõgun Ashikaga Yoshimasa sent a damaged tea bowl to China for repairs and it was repaired with ugly metal staples

52
Q

3 Kintsugi techniques

A

Crack

Piece Method

Joint Call

53
Q

Crack

A

The use of gold dust and resin to attach broken pieces with minimal overlap or fill-in from missing pieces

54
Q

Joint Call

A

The use of a similarly shaped but non-matching fragment to replace a missing piece to create a patchwork effect

55
Q

Piece Method

A

The entirety of the addition is gold or lacquer compound

This is usually used when no replacement fragment is available

56
Q

Process of Kintsugi

A

Place inside a storage compartment, called a furo for 2-14 days

Submerged in a substance (ex. beans) while in the furo for temperature control and preservation

57
Q

Yobitsugi

A

Accepting that you may not have enough of the original left to work with

Repairing broken items using pieces from other vessels, such as plates, to create an original work of art

Preservation of artifacts, blending traditional craftsmanship with contemporary techniques

58
Q

History of Yobitsugi

A

Dates back to the Muromachi period

Oldest surviving yobitsugi pieces are attributed to Oda Yurakusai

Mino region of Japan associates yobitsugi with good luck

59
Q

Japanese Mono-Ha art movement

A

Collision of the natural and the mechanical worlds; many of its works were designed to deteriorate over time

60
Q

Examples of Yobitsugi pieces

A

Artists like Tomomi Kamoshita and exhibits from Robert Yelling Yakimono Gallery

61
Q

Phase - Mother Earth 1

A

Amount of mother earth does not change even if it is uneven and the vivid materialistic presence of the soil had an enormous impact on the trends of the time

Modern Recreation: 40th anniversary of its creation, the work is for “Tama Art Line Project” exhibition of outdoor artwork Tokyo

Nobuo Sekine

62
Q

Nobuo Sekine

A

Graduated from Tama Art University in 1968.

Studied under Yoshishige Saito.

Exhibited at Contemporary Sculpture Exhibition, Kobe.

Impactful in postwar Japanese art as he created the “Inverted Earth”

WSC Our own notes (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions