Hindsight Needs Corrective Lenses Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Petroglyphs

What are petroglyphs?

What are they and uses

Answer

A

An image created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving or abrading as a form of rock art
Petroglyphs are found worldwide and are often associated with prehistoric peoples
Come from the greek words for stone and carve
A petroglyph is a rock engraving, while a petrograph or pictograph is a rock painting, but in common language the terms are often used interchangibly
This was used before the introduction of writing
Some petroglyphs likely held deep cultural and religious significance
A type of symbolic or ritualistic language not fully understood
Some include maps or proto-writing
There are very common styles accross continents, though there is also inspiration from surroundings

Question 2

Q

Nsibidi

What is nsibidi?

What is it and how was it used

Answer

A

System of sybols or proto-writing
Developed by the Ekpe secret society that traversed the southeastern part of Nigeria
Classified as pictograms
Excavation of terracotta vessels, headrests and anthropomorphic figurines from the Calabar region of southeast Nigeria revealed nsibidi
The Ekoid word translates to cruel letters
A fluid communication system consisting of hundreds of abstracts and pictographic signs

Question 3

Q

Quipu

What is a quipu?

What is it and uses

Answer

A

Also spelled khipu
Recording device fashioned from string used by a number of cultures in the region of Andean South America
Used to keep track of many things such as census records, calendrical information and military organization
Numeric and other values were encoded in knots, and a quipu could consist from a few or thousands of cords
Played a key part in the administration of the Kingdom of Cusco and later the Inca Empire
Other features such as color could represent non-numerical information
Considered a powerful symobl of heritage

Question 4

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Dispillo Tablet

What was the Dispillo Tablet?

What was it and how was it used

Answer

A

A wooden tablet bearing inscribed markings unearthed during George Hourmouziadis’s excavations of Dispillo in Greece
Discovered in a Neolithic lakeshore settlement
Partially damaged

Question 5

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Oracle Bones

What are oracle bones?

What were they and how are they used

Answer

A

Pieces of ox scapula and turtle plastron
Used for pyromancy, a form of divination, in ancient China
Diviners would submit questions to deities about weather, crops, the royal family, military endeavors etc by carving them onto the bone or shell in oracle bone script
The script was specially developed for this purpose
The oracle bones bear the earliest known significant corpus of ancient Chinese writing
Provide important information on the late Shang period
Studied in the discipline of oraculology

Question 6

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Cylcons

What are cylcons?

What are they and uses

Answer

A

Among the earliest artifacts of the Aboriginal Australians
Cylindrical stone tapering at one end and marked with incisions
Name is shortening of the descriptive term “cylindro-conical stone”
Sometimes are assigned an original ritual, magical or religious function
Belong to the early stone age
May be the earliest form of recorded communication

Question 7

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Geoglyphs

What are geoglyphs?

What are they and uses

Answer

A

Large design or motif (generally longer than 4 metres)
Positive geoglyph is produced on the ground by durable elements of the landscape, such as stones, stone fragments, gravel or earth
Negatve geoglyph is formed by removing part of the natural ground surface
The most famous ones are the Nazca lines in Peru
Some geoglyphs are modern, such as the Land Art movement

Question 8

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Runestones

What are runestones?

What they are and uses

Answer

A

A raised stone with a runic inscription
Most are located in Scandinavia from the late Viking Age
Early Scandinaviantexts are found on runestones
Imagery from Norse legends and myths are found on runestones
They were also ways to communicate and spread news

Question 9

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Mesopotamia Article

What are early forms of Mesopotamian record keeping?

Impact, different types, three phases of development, hieroglyphs

Answer

A

Mesopotamian record keeping is the reason literacy developed in the Near East and the rest of the world
Writing was developed to keep track of trades
Mesopotamians used clay tablets to inscribe pictographs to represent syllables and full words
Cuneiform meeds “wedge-shaped” and a stylus of cut reeds was used to make it
Phase 1 of the evolution of cuneiform were clay tokens used to hold numerical value for trading and accounting
Then, two-dimensional pictographs on flat surfaces
Finally, these symbols began to match with the spoken language
Also, fully formed Egyptian hieroglyphs existed slightly earlier than cuneiform, but both have early evidence of primitive forms 1-2 thousand years before the systems developed fully

Question 10

Q

Mesopotamia Article

Who used cuneiform?

Where was it used and how, who new how to write, what came after

Answer

A

Originated in Sumer spreading throughout Mesopotamia
Soon adopted by the Akkadians spreading to surrounding city-states, starting with Elam and even inspired by Old Persian language
It held a lot of power until it was replaced by the Phoenician alphabet, with a phonetic system representing 22 consonants, streamlining the writing system
Cuneiform was not known by the general public
It was studied by priests, scribes and some women in temple institutions akin to universities
The judicial Law Code of Hammurabi is writen in Akkadian cuneiform
Other examples include The Epic of Gilgamesh, portraying a superhero-god defeating monsters and moving mountains
The Descent of Inanna, a classic story depicting a young woman emerging into adulthood and claming responsibility for her godhood
Both are played in larger stories such as Enuma Elis, a creation epic from Babylon
There are also cuneiform astrological tablets, an example being MUL.APIN, meaning “the plough”, being one of 66 listed consellations and being the first word in a popular astranomical test
MUL.APIN is a Babylonian astronomical compendium showing understanding of zodiac signs, the ecliptic and Earth’s rotation

Question 11

Q

Mesopotamia Article

What is the Behistun Inscription?

Connection to translation, what was it, who found it, impact

Answer

A

Many clay tablets have been found, with people like Giosafat Barbaro, Antonio de Gouva and Sir Thomas Herbert brining back cuneiform tablets, but no one tried deciphering them
Knowledge of Avestan and Old Persian were used to translate these texts
In the 1800s Henry Rawlinson visited the Behistun Inscription in Iran
This is an autobiographical text written on the side of a cliff, by and about Darius the Great, a kind of the Persian Empire
Found in modern-day Western Iran in the Kermanshah Province
The same version is written in three languages: Old Persian, Elamite and Babylonian
Knowledge of Old Persian helped translate Elamite, a form of cuneiform, which then allowed for a greater understanding of Akkadian

Question 12

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Diana Article

Who played Princess Diana in Spencer?

Kristen…

Question 13

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Diana Article

Who played Princess Diana in Diana: The Musical?

Jeanna…

Question 14

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Diana Article

Who played Princess Diana in The Crown (fourth season)?

Emma…

Question 15

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Diana Article

Who played Princess Diana in The Crown (fifth season)?

Elizabeth…

Question 16

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Diana Article

Who played Princess Diana in Harry and Meghan: A Royal Romance?

Bonnie…

Question 17

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Diana Article

Who played Princess Diana in Diana?

Naomi…

Question 18

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Diana Article

Who played Princess Diana in William and Catherine: A Royal Romance?

Lesley…

Question 19

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Diana Article

Who played Princess Diana in Princess in Love?

Julie…

Question 20

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Diana Article

Who played Princess Diana in Women of Windsor?

Nicola…

Question 21

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Diana Article

Who played Princess Diana in Diana: Her True Story?

Serena…

Answer

A

Scott Thomas

Question 22

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Diana Article

Who played Princess Diana in The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana?

Catherine…

Question 23

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Lincoln Article

Who played Lincoln in The Birth of a Nation?

Joseph…

Question 24

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Lincoln Article

Who played Lincoln in Abraham Lincoln?

Walter…

Question 25

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Lincoln Article

Who plays Lincoln in the Littlest Rebel?

Frank…

Answer

A

McGlynn Sr.

Question 26

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Lincoln Article

Who plays Lincoln in Young Mr. Lincoln?

Henry…

Question 27

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Lincoln Article

Who plays Lincoln in Lincoln and North and South?

Hal…

Question 28

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Lincoln Article

Who played Lincoln in The Blue and the Gray?

Gregory…

Question 29

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Lincoln Article

Who played Lincoln in Bill and Ted’s Excellent Adventure?

Robert…

Answer

A

V. Barron

Question 30

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Lincoln Article

Who played Lincoln in The Perfect Tribute?

Jason…

Question 31

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Lincoln Article

Who played Lincoln in Abe Lincoln in Illinois?

Raymond…

Question 32

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Lincoln Article

Who played Lincoln in Tad?

Kris…

Answer

A

Kristofferson

Question 33

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Lincoln Article

Who played Lincoln in Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter?

Benjamin…

Question 34

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Lincoln Article

Who played Lincoln in Lincoln?

Daniel…

Answer

A

Day Lewis

Question 35

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Lincoln Article

Who played Lincoln in Killing Lincoln?

Billy…

Question 36

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Lincoln Article

Who played Lincoln in 7 productions, including Timeless?

Michael…

Question 37

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Color Blind Casting Article

What is color-blind casting and why is it harmful?

What is it, someone that argued against it, harms, ways to challenge it

Answer

A

Casting that does not take race or ethnicity into account
It can be problematic, even racist
August Wilson argued against this type of casting in The Ground on Which I Stand, an address he delivered at the 1996 TCG Conference
Acccording to him, it is an attempt to blot minorities out to try to reinvent history, which is only insulting their intelligence, denying them their own history and humanity
The times are different now, but the racist sentiment surround color-blind casting is still an issue
Whenever an actor steps into a role of a race different from their own, there is a suggestion that everyone experiences life the same way, and race and ethnicity, important parts of identity, are minimized
Some say that actors are meant to play different characters and suspend disbelief
Casting directors must consider race and ethnicity to properly represent this
We also must challenge prejudices and racism and justify the choices made
No excuses can be made, there are many BIPOC artists who are capable and talented and can get roles
Now, it is important to make room for BIPOC characters and rolls, and to make sure that casting procedures never submit to white supremacy

Question 38

Q

Color Blind Casting Article

What are some examples of color-blind casting?

Main example, some smaller examples

Answer

A

Main example is Hamilton
Explicitly casts non-white actors in all but one of the main roles
Asking BIPOC actors to fill roles which benefit their oppressors is inconsiderate, and the change in race does not shift in the character’s viewpoints
It looks like a revolutionary BIPOC agent of change, but is in fact a mainstream white history lesson on the inside, and combining it with rap and punchy dance makes it imply that it is alright not to see race
Another example was Jodie Turner-Smith who is going to portray Anne Boleyn, this was met with varied responses, some positive, others arguing that a Black woman should not play a white historical figure
Natalie Wood, an actress of Russian descend portrayed a Puerto Rican lead in West Side Story
The Simpsons featured whie actors voicing Black and South Asian characters until recenlty
Jonathan Pryce even wore prosthetics to transform into a Eurasian nightclub owner

Question 39

Q

Hamilton Article

Is the musical Hamilton historically accurate?

Very basic points

Answer

A

Not fully accurate, many details are simplified
Simplifying it into a musical will make it more simplistic and positive than it was
Making Hamilton seem like a hero, even though he wasn’t perfect
Historical fiction like Miranda’s shows universal truths as well as history, showing values like freedom and unity

Question 40

Q

Color Conscious Casting Article

Why is the casting in Hamilton positive?

Positive effects

Answer

A

The intentional casting helps offset the reduced opportunities which BIPOC actors face on broadway
Miranda connected Hamilton’s writings with rappers, and made the musical a rap musical, which then made it more appropriate for the main characters to be played by BIPOC actors (since rap was invented by Black and Latinx people)
Is a model for Hollywood as well as Broadway

Question 41

Q

Hamilton Article

What are some examples of color-blind casting?

Some examples and why this is color blind and not color-concious

Answer

A

Aquaman
Cast Jason Momoa, a mixed race actor of Hawaiian descent, the backstory remains the same so the casting is not meaningful
In a recent adaptation of Artemis Fowl, Domovoi Butler is played by Nonso Anozie, a British-Nigerian acotr which reinforces the black servant trope
Worse, in the same movie a white actress plays Holly Short, who is described in the book as having dark nut-brown skin
When movies are remade, there is a possibility to use color-consiouc casting, but they are often blind instead, and meaningless
The new Great Gatsby
The Jewish character is played by Amitabh Bachchan, a famed Bollywood actor, though it doesn’t add anything new to the story
Instead, having an actor of color would have enhanced the idea that discrimination prevents social mobility in terms of both race and class

Question 42

Q

Gandhi Article

What is the movie Gandhi?

Actor, legacy, controversy, message

Answer

A

A British-Indian epic directed by Richard Attenborough and starring Ben Kingsley
A history lesson directed with a sweeping majesty
Traces Gandhi’s political awakening though his fighting for the rights of Indians, and shames the British through non-violent means to give up India after 200 years occupation
Kingsley closely resembles Gandhi, and masterfully captures his wisdom, generosity, and his sense of humour
For Indians of a certain generation, Kingsley provided a hero in Hollywood
Kingley’s real name is Krishna Pandit Bhanji born in the UK of a Gujarati father and English mother, but he changed it
Apparently, Dustin Hoffman, Robert De Niro and Richard Burton were up for the role
Gandhi is now the face of civil resistance, which unbelievably won India’s freedom, and though the myth is not 100% accurate, just like the movie, it painted the picture of a saint
He was far from perfect, being flawed, but he still left many accomplishments, and it is an inspiring message in a world were such heroes are becoming less and less common

Question 43

Q

Gandhi Controversy

What are two reasons why Ben Kingsley’s portrayal of Gandhi was controversial?

Two basic reasons

Answer

A

Kingsley is half-British, and the “bad guys” in the movie were the British
Kingsley wore brownface to appear darker in the movie

Question 44

Q

Monochrome Article

What is the history of black and white photography?

First photo, different people and processes created

Answer

A

French scientist Joseph Nicephore exposed a bitumen-coated plate in a camera obscura and took what is believed to be the first photo
Titled View from teh Window at Le Gras
12 years later, Louis Daguerre concieved the Daguerreotype
This used polished silver-plated copper made to be light-sensitive, exposed in a camera for the length of time necessary, the subject to mercury fuming and chemical treatment
This had a shorter exposure time and was used for the first photos of people, like the inventor’s photo at Paris’ Boulevard du Temple, which is thought to be the first photo containing peole
It was the first photographic process made available to the public, and was made popular during the ensuing decades, but was reserved for proffessionals
English photographer Richard Leach Maddox invented the dry-plate which made the process much easier, but it was George Eastman who made the dry-plates available commercially
Maddox later created the flexible roll film and after, created the first Kodak camera, which was also accessible to amateurs
One such was Ansel Adams, gifted a Kodak camera by his father while traveling to Yosemite National Park, and went on to become one of the most important landscape photographers of all time
Later, Oskar Barnack developed the iconic Leica, which was the first camera to use a 35 mm film (inventee by Thomas Edison around 30 years before)
This opened up a variety of photographic possibilities
Even after Kodak debuted the Kodachrome camera, many people still photograph in black and white (especially for times of unrest)

Question 45

Q

FDR Article

How did Roosevelt conceal his partial paralysis from the public?

Who he was, his condition, ways he hid it from the public

Answer

A

The leader which steered America through the Great Depression and WWii
While vacationing in Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Roosevelt was struck with polio leaving him paralyzed from the waist down
He was 39 at the time and was plotting a political comeback, so he took himself out of the public eye to recuperate
Roosevelt trained himself to walk short distances using metal leg braces while being reliant on one or two other people standing by his side
He developed a very strong upper body, even being praised by boxer Jack Demspey
After several years he returned to politics, becoming New York Governor and then the first and to date only disabled President
America was more sympathetic than he thought, but he was determined to keep images of wheelchair use out of the media
Secret Service agents blocked images of him in a wheelchair, and destroyed pictures of journalists trying to get around this
He developed a unique way of masking this, holding on to supports and swining his legs forward, or wearing leg braces and grasping a lectern
Only in 2013 was footage of him in a wheelchair found
He died in office
Some people say he was very ashamed of his polio, others said overcoming it was a source of strenght to him

Question 46

Q

Prologue Room Article

What is the Prologue Room?

Memorial, creation, contents

Answer

A

Laurence Halprin was chosen to design a memorial for FDR
He made it accessible even before this was a requirement, with a few statues of Roosevelt sitting down
However, Halprin and his team decided that if FDR didn’t want to be seen in a wheelchair, his wishes should be respected
In time disability awereness grew, and before the memorial was dedicated, a number of people including his grandchildren thought the memorial should include a statue of him clearly in a wheelchair
The Prologue Room was dedicated with a life-size sculpture of FDR in a wheelchair done by Robert Graham
Behind it on a wall there is a quote from his wife

Question 47

Q

AI Color Article

Why can’t AI color old photos correctly?

Who talks about this, the process, reasons

Answer

A

Jordan Lloyd colors photos as a proffession
To find the right colors to add to a greyscale image, he needs to do thousands of Google searches, call experts and final archival records
Using AI tools to color images often gets things wrong, so proffessionals don’t have much to worry about
DeOldify, the best deep learning technology, was trained by looking at over a million black and white photos that were created from colored originals
However, hue, saturation and lightness all contribute to our perception of color, but only lightness is found in greyscale photos
For some regions, the color is known, for, say, sky, and programs like DeOldify know the standard colors for things like fruit and veg
However, other things require specific research which AI will probably never be able to do, and finding the story behind the photograh is the rewarding part

Question 48

Q

Bas Uterwijk Article

Who is Bas Uterwijk?

Who is he, what does he do and some works

Answer

A

Uterwijk uses deep learning software to create life-like images of past figures based on historical evidence
The software uses data points from paintings and sculptures to create a credible outcome
The challenge is making it photorealistic while still keepin the expressions interesting and the face similar
Some works he has made are of David, Van Gogh, Lady Liberty, Napoleon, Billy the Kid, George Washington, Girl with a Pearl Earring, a Fayum Mummy, Rembrandt, Machiavelli and Anne Frank

Question 49

Q

Otzi Article

Who is the Iceman Otzi?

Who is he, discovery, context, current display

Answer

A

Glacier mummy from the Copper age
Was preserved down to the present day
Discovered by hikers with his clothing and equipment on the Schnalstal/Val Senales Valley glacier
Lived over 5300 years ago
Was murdered and preserved naturally in the ice
He is older than teh Egyptian pyramids and Stonehenge
He lived during the Copper Age, during the late Neolithic
Was still using stone tools but owned a copper axe
Otzi and his artifacts are displayed in a special cold cell which can be viewed through a small window in the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, Italy
The name refers to his discovery site in the Ötztal Valley Alps

Question 50

Q

Constantinople Article

What is the Panorama de Constantinople pris de la tour de Calata?

Who did it and what does it depict, collection that it is part of

Answer

A

By Sébah and Joaillier
Panorama of Istanbul taken from the Galata Tower and made of ten joined albumen prints
Spanning roughly one hundred years, the Pierre de Gigord Collection of Photograhs, with over 6,00 photographic images, forms a visual record of the late years of the Ottoman Empire and the formation and early years of the Republic of Turkey
Focuses on cultural and urban images, mainly of Constantinople (Istanbul) but other areas as well, and a few photos from over the world
Supported by a small group of pamphlets and offprints

Question 51

Q

San Francisco Photos Article

What are the photos of San Fransisco?

What do they depict, importance

Answer

A

California State Archives added thousands of images from photographers Grave and William M McCarthy
Recently, Secretary of State Alex Padilla announced that the state had uploaded some 3,000 digital copies of McCarthy photos to an online database, allowing Californians access to photos of their history
The photos show California’s pioneering spirit
Provides a real treat- seeing images taken mere days before the earth quake, allowing many modern residents to lay eyes on the grandeur of pre-quake San Fransisco
Some have precise dates, others are more vague

Question 52

Q

Qing Dynasty Images

What is the photography of the late Qing Dynasty?

Why is it interesting, where they were presented

Answer

A

France was the first to invent photography, but it quickly spread accross the world
Over the globe it captured changing history, or caused history to change
Such technology was brought to China by travelers
At the time it was the Qing Dynasty
Photography managed to capture a culture which would dissapear mostly by the 20th century
Part of Asia Week New York, these rare images of the late Qing period were displayed in the Masterpieces of Early Chinese Photography exhibition
Presented by the 19th Century Rare Book and Photograph Shop
The photographs are from the Stephan Loewentheil Historical Photography of China Collection, allegedly the largest private collection of photos of historical China

Question 53

Q

Japanese Photography Article

What is the history of early Japanese photography?

How and where it started, some techniques

Answer

A

Began during the Edo period
Dutch merchants that inhabited Dejima Island in Nagasaki Bay brought the art to Japan, with some interested people visiting Nagasaki to learn the process
Kawamoto Komin published Ensei-Kikijutsu, the first Japanese-language book on photography techniques
Three years later, two Japanese photographers took the first photo in Japan
This was a portrait of a Satsuma clan lord Shimazu Nariakira, using the daguerreotype method
Daguerreotype produced a single image, but the surface was very fragile and could be rubbed off
Soon replaced by wet collodion methods, which were more efficient
Here, photographic material was coated with a light sensitive material, exposed to the light, and developed within a couple minutes, while being submerged in water
This was efficient and made photography at the beginning of the Meiji period a commercial industry in Japan

Question 54

Q

Japanese Photography Article

How did tourist photography grow in Japan?

Where did it start, what did it look like and the commerical aspect

Answer

A

In the late 1800s the Meiji government eased travel restrictions, so tourists flocked to Japan
However, the images spoke more to the ideals of the tourists, picturing mostly Mount Fuji, cherry blossoms, temples, shrines, samurai and geisha, not showing the transforming world that Japan was at the time
Souvenir photography grew in Japan, especially in Yokohama, and tourist photography became known as Yokohama shashin
These tend to be hand colored, decorative and staged, with albums being sold with anywhere from 25 to 100 prints
Subjects would be divided into three categories: customs and types; women; and famous places and views
Customers could choose photograps that matched their experience
An album of 50 hand-colored photographs from a studio cost around $48

Question 55

Q

Japanese Photography Article

Who are some early pioneers of photography in Japan?

5 different people and who they were

Answer

A

Ueno Hikoma
Master of portrait photography
Shimooka Renjo
One of the first photographers but not very skilled
Felice Beato was considered premier photographer in Japan, moving to Japan with his friend and opening a studio in Yokohama
He introduced painting techniques to print makers and created an extensive portfolio of Japanese subjects
Austrian Baron Raimund von Stillfried was another pioneer studio photographer in Japan
Shaped the late 19th century perception of Japanese society
Uchida Kuichi is most famous for his photographs of the Meiji Emperor, known as goshin-ei
After the Meiji Restoration, print shop artists went out of work, but hand-coloring photographs soon began to be the main art form
Many photographs are uncredited

Question 56

Q

Kintsugi

What is kintsugi?

What is it, history, philosophy

Answer

A

Japanese art of reparing broken pottery by mending the areas of breakage with urushi lacquer dusted or mixed with powdered gold, silver, platinum
Lacquerware is a longstanding tradition in Japan
The process is associated with Japanese craftsmen, but the technique was also applied to ceramic pieces of other origins including China, Vietnam and Korea
Some were even said to deliberately smash valuable pottery so that it could be repaired with gold kintsugi
Kintsugi is similar to the Japanese philosophy of wabi-sabi, embracing the flawed or imperfect
The cracks and repairs are seen as events in the life of an object, rather than allowing its service to end at the time of its damage or breakage

Question 57

Q

Sunset Boulevard Article

What is 12 sunsets?

What it does, how it works, production

Answer

A

Recently launched by the Getty Research Institute
Photographs of the Strip — a 2½ -mile stretch of Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles
By Ed Ruscha
Allows users to “drive” up and down while flipping through 12 different years between the mid-1960s and 2007
Built by Stamen Design, working with Getty Digital
You can choose from three different cars to drive around in
You can also type in key words to sort through and search over 65,000 photos the Getty has so far digitized

Question 58

Q

Sunset Boulevard Article

How were the Sunset Strip photographs taken?

When and using what method

Answer

A

Mounted a motorized camera at the back of a pickup truck
Pointed at right angles
Fitted with a reel of film allowing for thousands of continous photographs
Collaborated with others, like his brother Paul
According to Andrew Perchuk, Rusha often went early in the morning
Took over a span of around 40 years

Question 59

Q

Sunset Strip Article

Who is Ed Ruscha?

Age, achievements, background, fame

Answer

A

Unofficial artist laureate of Los Angeles
Represented the United States at the 51st Venice Biennale
Admired by Barack Obama
Born in Nebraska, raised in Oklahoma
Arrived in LA at 18
Began studying art at Chouinard Art Institute
Traveled around Europe then returned and found work at the Carson-Roberts Advertising Agency
He became known for sign paintings

Question 60

Q

Sunset Strip Article

What is the historical/cultural significance behind the Sunset Strip photographs?

Things they missed, revolutionary moments and hot topics related

Answer

A

Many places had vanished that made the place famous
Stars like Errol Flynn and Marilyn Monroe had passed before the photographs were taken
Some famous movies/shows were also shot here
The area is very connected to the entertainment industry
Art became levelheaded, the “cool” reaction was a response to sensationalism and war
The Watts Uprising was still being felt
The war in Vietnam inspired anti-war protests, such as the Peace Tower by Mark di Suvero
Became one of the earliest settings for LGBTQ rights
Then, became a bigger setting for music, which then also got denser and dissapeared
Helped inspire Learning from Las Vegas: grew in part from a seminar in Ruscha’s studio

Question 61

Q

Mono-Ha Article

What is the recent exhibition of mono-ha art?

Where was it, who was involved, what is showcased and what it’s based on

Answer

A

Requiem For The Sun
The gallery’s association with contemporary Japanese art
Mika Yoshitake created an ambitious historical servey
Ten artists presented were born came of age during Japan’s postwar reconstruction and subsequent industrial boom
The work belongs to the movement of mono-ha, which examines the relationship between industrial objects and the natural world
The objects on view were made in the 60s and 70s
It ranges from sculptures, paper, photographs and video
The historically sensitive composition

Question 62

Q

Mono-Ha Article

Where is Mono-ha’s collective vision of art as a perceiving process evident?

What is it, who did it, what are some works and what do they represent

Answer

A

The complex exploration of space and materials by Lee Ufan
Called “Mono-ha’s key ideologue”
In Relatum (formerly Phenomena and Perception B), a granite slab rests on a cracked glass panel; the slab at once dominates its support and is destabilized by it
In Relatum, intricate arrangement of steel plate and pipe, piano wire, and stones recalls the hermetic cycle of the saisho wa guu (rock-paper-scissors) game, where physical properties dictate ontological priority
In Koshimizu’s Paper, the hempen material implies physical fragility; yet it envelops a sizable granite boulder
Is up to the viewer to decide whether or not paper beats the rock

Question 63

Q

Mother Earth 1 Article

Who is Nobuo Sekine?

Studies, highly acclaimed work, travels and what he did

Answer

A

Completed the Graduate Program at Tama Art University
Studied under Yoshishige Saito
Created Works questioning the relation between the visual sensation and cognition
Phase-Mother Eart, submitted to the Contemporary Sculpture Exhibition at the Suma Detached Palace Garden, Kobe is a famous piece of postwar Japanese art
After participating in the Venice Biennale, he stayed in Europe for nearly 2 years
After this he returned to Japan and founded Environment Art Studio Inc.

Question 64

Q

Mother Earth 1 Article

What is Phase-Mother Earth?

What philosophy is it linked to, shape, planning

Answer

A

A cylindrical hole was dug in the ground and the dug up soil was heaped in the same shape
It is 2.7 meters in height and 2.2 meters in diameter
Linked to the Oriental philosophy that the amount of mother earth does not change even if it is uneven
The work is widely known in Japan and abroad
The work was planned as the process of “an experiment on thought”, where it would become proof of the anti-earth or an inverted earth

Answer 45

A

For the 40th anniversary of its creation, a recreation of Phase-Mother Earth was made
Tama Art Line Project
At Den-en Chofu Seseragi Park opposite Tamagawa station
For the original, Sekine and some other Mono-ha artists in their twenties dug the work up themselves
Today is handled by construction workers with a digger
There were limited photos of the construction of the original, but now there is a detailed photo report of the recreation

Answer 46

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White circle drawn on the ground
The soil is excavated and mixed with a smaller amount of concrete powder to make sure the convex part stands strong
Excavated earth is dropped into a cylindrical steel mould, of exactly the same circumference (by lucky coincidence) as the original work
A different mould is used for the hole to keep its shape as workers compact the earth around it
Final touches are added to the top of the cylinder and the hole is finished being compacted
The cylinder is left to harder over 2 days
The cylindrical supports in the hole are dismatled
The cylindrical cast is being dismantled
Sekine was there watching the whole process as it was unvelied, even going inside the hole to examine it

Answer 47

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Some original works include Noriyuki Haraguchi’s Untitled (I-Beam and Wire Rope)
Susumu Koshimizu’s Perpendicular Line 1
Nobuo Sekine’s “Phase” series drawings and wall sculpture
Katsuro Yoshida’s silk screens
Jiro Takamatsu’s torn paper composition Oneness of Paper

Answer 48

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Tien Hoi played Ho Chi Minh many times
Including A Sleepness Night, See You Again, Saigon, and Hanoi in the Autumn of 1946
Started when Truong Son Artistic Troupe of Military Zone 2 working on A Sleepless Night play
By writer Luu Quang Ha and director Vo Ha Giang
Hoi was approached since he looked like the president in his youth
Makeup artist from the Vietnam Film Studio Nhu Dinh Nguyen said that he never finished “Uncle Ho” makeup so easily on an actor before
Hoi practiced carefully, watching documentaries, listening to his voice, even visiting the Ho Chi Minh Relic Site at the leader’s house and spoke with secretary Vu Ky
It was a huge success, especially with a moving scene where Uncle Ho is sitting with soldiers and only reveals his identity after hearing their stories
General Vo Nguyen Giap and his daughter presented flowers and were very emotional

Answer 49

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First, the PTI party claimed the largest number of seats (98) in Pakistan’s election
PML-N led by Nawaz Sharif won 61
Pakistan People’s Party was third with 52 seats
However, jailed former Prime Minister Imran Khan delivered an AI-generated victory speah saying that they were actually ahead, then Sharif also made a speech
Phone and internet services were suspended, “trying to ensure security”, but there was suspicion that results were rigged, and it is said that the integrity is ruined of the election
Protesters are going against the results, and even the US got involved, questioning internet and telecommunication restrictions

Answer 50

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Evocative and harrowing tale of the Holocaust by Steven Speilberg and Janusz Kaminski (cinematographer)
Deliberate choice for both nostalgia and storytelling
Connects to historical authenticity, bridging the gap, and showcases very deep raw human emotions, making it all more harrowing
There is a moment where a girl is seen wearing a red coat, a symbol and beacon of both personal struggle, and overall pain
Enriched the film’s aesthetic and storytelling connection

Answer 51

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Digital artist and photo restorer, previously worked on BBC’s Doctor Who
The Colors of Life takes old photographs and colorizes them, first cleaning up scratches and dust and then using AI to colorize them
Collected photos taken on Lippmann plates, paget plates and autochromes
His goal is to connect people to history in a new way and let them experience the past in color as the people of that time experienced it

Answer 52

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Magic Editor in Pixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro
Uses generative AI and AI processing techniques to lighten, brighten, reposition, resize, remove, recolor and otherwise edit photos
CEO Sundar Pichai and senior vice president Rick Osterloh
Call Screen helps you avoid unwanted robocalls or scammers
Audio Magic Eraser quiets unwanted sounds in videos
Best Take allows users to swap faces from photos to make sure everyone is smiling and looking at the camera

Answer 53

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Would make people question online images even more
Some images do have flaws, the edits are not perfect, especially with the background
False images are a problem online, it can be used to produce false content about politics and conflicts
Watermarks will not. be used, but metadata will be included
Google is paving the way for more inauthentic online content

Answer 54

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Powerful AI engine for enhancing photos, and users can choose what they want to use
It can automatically detect errors and fix them
HDR can enhance the image without harming the image quality
Can increase resolution on small images
Can remove the moire when a photo is taken off a screen
Can also remove shadows using an AI engine

Answer 55

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Uses machine learning algorithms to improve images
Super-resolution: the process of increasing the resolution of an image
Denoising is the process of removing noise from an image
Used through convolutional neural networks (CNNs)
A CNN is given a data set of a wide variety of images, then is trained using backpropogation
Adjusting the weights of the connections between neurons in order to minimize error
AI can analyze objectively, take less time, does not harm image quality, can recognize patterns and improves with time
Example is deep-image.ai
Taken from years of machine learning and artificial intelligence research
Automatically analyzes and improves images

Answer 56

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Enlarging an image without harming image quality
Trying to not change the number of pixels
This can also be used in videos and films
Used in almost all types of online images

Answer 57

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Task that aims to reduce noise
Noise can be introduced due to camera sensor limitations, lighting conditions, or compression artifacts
It removes grainy spots and discoloration in images

Answer 58

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Convolutional neural network
A feed-forward neural network
Learns feature engineering by itself via filters
Usually fully connected, each neuron is connected to all other neurons
Consists of hidden, input and output layers

Answer 59

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In machine learning
A gradient estimation method used to train neural network models
Backpropagation computes the gradient of a loss function with respect to the weights of the network for a single input–output example
Strictly speaking refers only to the algorithm for computing the gradient

Answer 60

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Collection of data
May be numberes, or measurements
Usually come from observations by sampling a certain population

Answer 61

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Shows a neural network how to work
Uses a dataset of examples to train
Neural networks often use backpropagation to train
Allows deep learning technology to work correctly

Answer 62

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Pre-specified and learned objects
Working on recognizing objects from different viewpoints and angles
Can be recognized by the parts or the edges, for example
Example images can be used to practice and recognize objects
Grayscale and gradient matching are other techniques

Answer 63

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Deals with detecting instances of semantic objects
In images or videos
Face and pedestrian detection are well-developed
Used in image annotation, vehicle counting and object tracking
Some approaches are non-neural, some are neural

Answer 64

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Categorizing each pixel into a class or object
Goal is to produce a pixelated map of an image
It splits an image into multiple segments
Helps understand visual information

Answer 65

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The story of Hua Mulan is well known, and well-known traditional opera artist Chang Xiangyu performed the story to raise money for a plane
Chinese video game and social media giant Tencent Holdings recently live-streamed a fixed and colored revamp of the performance
Part of a project with Tencent and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism to digital renew traditional opera
Also showcased the 6 degrees of freedom technology, decoding the dance movements of Imperial Consort Mei, a fictional concubine
Wang Kui, head of the traditional opera research instittue of the Chinese National Academy of Arts said that old opera must use technology to catch up
Douyin, sister app of TikTok said that live-streamings of Chinese operas surpassed 800,0000 sessions in the past year

Answer 66

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Boris Eldagsen won the Sony World Photography Award for PSEUDOMNESIA: The Electrician
He turned it down as he submitted as a cheeky monkey to test it- it was made using DALL-E 2
AI art gives people freedom, allows them to be creative with ideas, such as The Electrician, where it came from wanting to create WWii style images
All is done through text prompts, generating, editing, outpainting, inpainting etc
It was submitted to test whether or not the competition was prepared for AI, and it was not, though the artist says that it could be easily recognizable with a bit of knowledge with the discoloration and shapes
This is concerning as a citizen, as this could be abused in news reporting, and it is going to be essential to be very clear about what art is AI
AI should not be photography, can be labled as promptography, but should it be in the same competitions as art or photography?

Answer 67

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Large, opulent and mass-produced house
Criticial term for a house which is very expensive to keep, between 3,000 to 5,000 square feet
Known for their poor design, oversized proportion to neighborhoods, incongruous feature placement, and multiple garages (Garage Mahals)
Came from the Great Recession, and people took out subprime mortgages
Starter homes have been replaced with McMansions, but despite rising energy cost and tiny home trends, they remain very popular in the US

Answer 68

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Means invite connection
Similar to kintsugi
Visibly different pieces are put together, with holes and staples holding the two things together
Used in Greece, Russia, England, South America and China

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