Hindlimb Flashcards
Illiopsoas
O - L2-L7, Ventral surface of ilium
I - Lesser trochanter of femur
A - Protraction
Lumbar and femoral nn.
Rectus Femoris
O - Ilium
I - Tibial tuberosity (via patella ligament)
A - Hip flexor
Femoral n.
Sartorius
O - Tuber coxae of ilium
I - Femur and tibial tuberosity (via patella ligament)
A - Hip flexor, stifle extensor
Femoral n.
Tensor Fasciae Latae
O - Tuber coxae of ilium I - Fascia latae Cranial gluteal n.
Internal Obturator
O - Dorsal surface of ischium and pubis I - Trochanteric fossa of the femur Sciatic n.
External Obturator
O - Ventral surface of pubis adjacent to the symphysis pubis I - Trochanteric fossa of the femur Obturator n.
Gemellus
O - Dorsolateral surface of ischium I - Trochanteric fossa of the femur Sciatic n.
Quadratus Femoris
O - Caudoventral ischium I - Trochanteric fossa of the femur Sciatic n.
Biceps Femoris
O - Ischiatic tuberosity I - Via fascia lata and crural fascia to (i) the patella, (ii) tibial tuberosity and tibial body, (iii) tuber calcis of calcaneus Sciatic n.
Semitendinosus
O - Ischiatic tuberosity I - Medial surface of tibia, tuber calcis Sciatic n.
Semimembranosus
O - Ischiatic tuberosity I - Medial surfaces of femur and tibia Sciatic n.
Superficial Gluteal
O - Sacral tuberosity of ilium, sacrum, caudal vetebrae and sacrotuberous ligament I - Third trochanter of femur Caudal gluteal n.
Middle Gluteal
O - Lateral surface of ilium I - Greater trochanter of femur Cranial gluteal n.
Deep Gluteal
O - Lateral surface of ilium I - Greater trochanter of femur Cranial gluteal n.
Gracilis
O - Pelvic symphysis I - Cranial border of tibia, tuber calcis Obturator n.
Gastrocnemius
O - Just outside popliteal surface of the femur; L & M supracondylar tuberosity I - Tuber calcis Tibial n.
Popliteus
O - Lateral epicondyle of the femur I - Medial border of tibia Tibial n.
Superficial Digital Flexor
O - Popliteal surface of femur and lateral fabella I - Tuber calcis and Middle phalanx Tibial n.
Long Digital Extensor
O - Lateral epicondyle of the femur I - Distal phalanx 2-5 Peroneal n.
Cranial Tibial
O - Tibial crest I - Proximal MT 2 Peroneal n.
Peroneus Longus
O - Upper extremity of tibia and fibula I - Upper part of MT I, II, V, & Tarsal IV
Peroneus Brevis
O - Distal two-thirds of tibia and fibula I - Proximal part of MT V Peroneal n.
Lateral Digital Extensor
O - Proximal third of fibula
I - Long digital extensor tendon of digit V
Peroneal n.
Adductor
O - Pelvic symphysis I - Lateral lip of caudal face of femur Obturator n.
Pectineus
O - Pecten of pubis I - Lower caudal surface of femur Obturator n.
Caudal Crural Abductor
O - Sacrotuberous ligament I - Crural fascia
Piriformis
O - Sacrotuberus ligament I - Third Trochanter of femur
How many heads does the Sartorius muscle have in the cat vs the dog?
In the cat it has only a single head whereas in the dog it has two heads.
What structures border the femoral triangle on the medial thigh? What structures are contained within the triangle?
It is caudally bordered by the pectineus and adductor and cranially bordered by the sartorius. Within the triangle can be found the femoral neurovascular bundle (vein, artery, nerve).
Which muscles make up the Quadriceps? Outline their areas of origination and common insertion point. What is their innervation?
Rectus femoris; o - ilium, Vastus lateralis; o - lateral femur, Vastus medialis; o - medial femur, Vastus intermedialis; o - cranial femur. All insert onto the tibial tuberosity via the patella ligament. Innervated via the femoral nerve.
These muscles act to extend the stifle. (x5)
Quadriceps (x4) and the Sartorius
These muscles act the flex the stifle. (x4)
Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Gastrocnemius.
These muscles act as protractors of the limb and flexors of the hip. (x4)
Illiopsoas, Sartorius, Rectus femoris, Tensor fascia latae.
These muscles act to adduct the hindlimb. (x4)
Gracilis, Adductor, Pectineus, External obturator.
These muscles act the abduct the hindlimb. (x3)
Superficial, middle and deep Gluteal muscles
These muscles act to retract the limb and flex the stifle. (x3)
Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus.
The lumbosacral plexus is made up of the ventral branches of which spinal nerves?
L5, L6, L7, S1, S2
Name the nerves which supply the hindlimb from the lumbosacral plexus. (x4 + branches)
Gluteal (cranial and caudal), Obturator, Femoral, Sciatic (tibial and fibular (peroneal))
Outline the characteristic features of the wing of ilium between the major domestic species.
Dog and pig - vertical orientation, flat or convex cranial margin Horse and ruminant - horizontal orientation, concave cranial margin
This species of animal has a trifid Tuber Ischium.
What is meant by this?
Cows and to a lesser extent sheep.
Trifid in this sense means that the tuber ischium is made up of three projections.
These palpable land mark is usually obvious in the cow but variably distinct on palpation of the equine rump.
Tuber sacrale, tuber coxae and tuber ischium
How do the number of fused sacral vertebrae differ between the major domestic species?
- Horse, cow and goat - 5
- Pig and sheep - 4
- Dog - 3
True or false.
The dorsal spinous processes within the SI joint are fused within the horse.
How does the cow differ?
False, they remain separate.
The cows dorsal spinous processes become fused with age.
In what situation does the SI joint of the domestic species show uncharacteristic movement for a fibrous joint?
At parturition
How does this Sacrotuberous ligament of the dog differ between that of the cow/horse? (Hint - Origin and insertion)
Which species does NOT posess this ligament?
- Dog - a single fibrous band
- S3 to tuber ischium
- Cow/ Horse - a fibrous sheet
- Sacrum to dorsal aspect of ilium/ ischium
- The cat does not have a sacrotuberous ligament
Which hormone acts to soften pelvic ligaments at parturition?
Which ligaments does it affect and how does it alter the internal anatomy?
- Relaxin
- Ligaments:
- Sacroiliac joing
- Broad ligament
- Pelvic - ST
- Increases pelvic aperture and decreases pelvic angle
Parturition in the cow can predispose which hindlimb nerve to damage?
What route does this nerve take in the leg and which muscles does it innervate?
- Obturator nerve
- due to oversized calves
- down cows
- This nerve passes through the obturator foramen to from the LS plexus and runs along the medial thigh
- It innervates the adductor muscles (Hint GAPE)
Which ligament of the hip is present in the horse but neither the cow nor the dog?
Where does this ligament originate from?
The accessory ligament of the femoral head.
The accessory ligament arises from the tendon of insertion of the rectus abdominis muscle and to a lesser extent external abdominal oblique muscle as part of the prepubic tendon and inserts on the fovea.
True or false.
The cow has an extra acetabular notch.
True
Which trochlear ridge of the distal femur is bigger in the cow? Medial or lateral?
Medial
The superficial gluteal muscle of the cow is fused with which other rump muscle?
What is the resulting structure called?
Superficial gluteal + Biceps femoris = Gluteobiceps
Which domestic species has a femoropatellar joint set up like this?
In one of the species this set up confirs the ability to lock the patella joint. Identify which this is.
Horse and cow
The hose (the cow has no patella locking mechanism)
Identify how many bones are present in the tarsus of the major domestic species.
If some bones are fused identify them.
- Dog : 7
- Pig: 7
- Ruminant: 6 - The central and 4th tarsal bones are fused.
- Horse: 6 - Tarsal bones 1 and 2 are fused
The straight trochlear of the bovine talus means it is able to do what?
What is this commonly known as?
The cow is able to rotate the proximal intertarsal joint.
The ability to do this has lead to the term “cow kicking”
Which of the major domestic species has a tib/fib arrangement in which the proximal half of the fibula is fused to the tibia?
Horse (remember the distal fibula is also fused to the tib)
How does the ruminant tib/fib arrangement work?
A proximal fib remnant is fused with the fibula with a distal remnant also existing distally, except this distal portion is joined to the tibia by a ligament
Name and outline the arrangement of the tarsus bones of the canine hindlimb.
- Proximal row - Talus and calcaneus
- Middle row - Central and 4th TB
- Distal row - TB 1-4
Short digital extensor
Origin - distal row of tarsal bones and unites
Insertion -Fuses with long digital extensor tendons.
Action - digital extension
Innervation – peroneal nerve
Outline the blood supply to the hindlimb.
Follows the flexor surface:
External iliac leaves aorta
Becomes: Femoral
Gives off Saphenous A superficial supply to paw
Becomes: Popliteal
Becomes: Cranial tibial – Provides deep supply to paw
Common digital arteries (superficial) and metatarsal arteries (deep)
