Hindlimb

Question 1

Illiopsoas

Answer 1

O - L2-L7, Ventral surface of ilium

I - Lesser trochanter of femur

A - Protraction

Lumbar and femoral nn.

Question 2

Rectus Femoris

Answer 2

O - Ilium

I - Tibial tuberosity (via patella ligament)

A - Hip flexor

Femoral n.

Question 3

Sartorius

Answer 3

O - Tuber coxae of ilium

I - Femur and tibial tuberosity (via patella ligament)

A - Hip flexor, stifle extensor

Femoral n.

Question 4

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Answer 4

O - Tuber coxae of ilium I - Fascia latae Cranial gluteal n.

Question 5

Internal Obturator

Answer 5

O - Dorsal surface of ischium and pubis I - Trochanteric fossa of the femur Sciatic n.

Question 6

External Obturator

Answer 6

O - Ventral surface of pubis adjacent to the symphysis pubis I - Trochanteric fossa of the femur Obturator n.

Question 7

Gemellus

Answer 7

O - Dorsolateral surface of ischium I - Trochanteric fossa of the femur Sciatic n.

Question 8

Quadratus Femoris

Answer 8

O - Caudoventral ischium I - Trochanteric fossa of the femur Sciatic n.

Question 9

Biceps Femoris

Answer 9

O - Ischiatic tuberosity I - Via fascia lata and crural fascia to (i) the patella, (ii) tibial tuberosity and tibial body, (iii) tuber calcis of calcaneus Sciatic n.

Question 10

Semitendinosus

Answer 10

O - Ischiatic tuberosity I - Medial surface of tibia, tuber calcis Sciatic n.

Question 11

Semimembranosus

Answer 11

O - Ischiatic tuberosity I - Medial surfaces of femur and tibia Sciatic n.

Question 12

Superficial Gluteal

Answer 12

O - Sacral tuberosity of ilium, sacrum, caudal vetebrae and sacrotuberous ligament I - Third trochanter of femur Caudal gluteal n.

Question 13

Middle Gluteal

Answer 13

O - Lateral surface of ilium I - Greater trochanter of femur Cranial gluteal n.

Question 14

Deep Gluteal

Answer 14

O - Lateral surface of ilium I - Greater trochanter of femur Cranial gluteal n.

Question 15

Gracilis

Answer 15

O - Pelvic symphysis I - Cranial border of tibia, tuber calcis Obturator n.

Question 16

Gastrocnemius

Answer 16

O - Just outside popliteal surface of the femur; L & M supracondylar tuberosity I - Tuber calcis Tibial n.

Question 17

Popliteus

Answer 17

O - Lateral epicondyle of the femur I - Medial border of tibia Tibial n.

Question 18

Superficial Digital Flexor

Answer 18

O - Popliteal surface of femur and lateral fabella I - Tuber calcis and Middle phalanx Tibial n.

Question 19

Long Digital Extensor

Answer 19

O - Lateral epicondyle of the femur I - Distal phalanx 2-5 Peroneal n.

Question 20

Cranial Tibial

Answer 20

O - Tibial crest I - Proximal MT 2 Peroneal n.

Question 21

Peroneus Longus

Answer 21

O - Upper extremity of tibia and fibula I - Upper part of MT I, II, V, & Tarsal IV

Question 22

Peroneus Brevis

Answer 22

O - Distal two-thirds of tibia and fibula I - Proximal part of MT V Peroneal n.

Question 23

Lateral Digital Extensor

Answer 23

O - Proximal third of fibula

I - Long digital extensor tendon of digit V

Peroneal n.

Question 24

Adductor

Answer 24

O - Pelvic symphysis I - Lateral lip of caudal face of femur Obturator n.

Question 25

Pectineus

Answer 25

O - Pecten of pubis I - Lower caudal surface of femur Obturator n.

Question 26

Caudal Crural Abductor

Answer 26

O - Sacrotuberous ligament I - Crural fascia

Question 27

Piriformis

Answer 27

O - Sacrotuberus ligament I - Third Trochanter of femur

Question 28

How many heads does the Sartorius muscle have in the cat vs the dog?

Answer 28

In the cat it has only a single head whereas in the dog it has two heads.

Question 29

What structures border the femoral triangle on the medial thigh? What structures are contained within the triangle?

Answer 29

It is caudally bordered by the pectineus and adductor and cranially bordered by the sartorius. Within the triangle can be found the femoral neurovascular bundle (vein, artery, nerve).

Question 30

Which muscles make up the Quadriceps? Outline their areas of origination and common insertion point. What is their innervation?

Answer 30

Rectus femoris; o - ilium, Vastus lateralis; o - lateral femur, Vastus medialis; o - medial femur, Vastus intermedialis; o - cranial femur. All insert onto the tibial tuberosity via the patella ligament. Innervated via the femoral nerve.

Question 31

These muscles act to extend the stifle. (x5)

Answer 31

Quadriceps (x4) and the Sartorius

Question 32

These muscles act the flex the stifle. (x4)

Answer 32

Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Gastrocnemius.

Question 33

These muscles act as protractors of the limb and flexors of the hip. (x4)

Answer 33

Illiopsoas, Sartorius, Rectus femoris, Tensor fascia latae.

Question 34

These muscles act to adduct the hindlimb. (x4)

Answer 34

Gracilis, Adductor, Pectineus, External obturator.

Question 35

These muscles act the abduct the hindlimb. (x3)

Answer 35

Superficial, middle and deep Gluteal muscles

Question 36

These muscles act to retract the limb and flex the stifle. (x3)

Answer 36

Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus.

Question 37

The lumbosacral plexus is made up of the ventral branches of which spinal nerves?

Answer 37

L5, L6, L7, S1, S2

Question 38

Name the nerves which supply the hindlimb from the lumbosacral plexus. (x4 + branches)

Answer 38

Gluteal (cranial and caudal), Obturator, Femoral, Sciatic (tibial and fibular (peroneal))

Question 39

Outline the characteristic features of the wing of ilium between the major domestic species.

Answer 39

Dog and pig - vertical orientation, flat or convex cranial margin Horse and ruminant - horizontal orientation, concave cranial margin

Question 40

This species of animal has a trifid Tuber Ischium. What is meant by this?

Answer 40

Cows and to a lesser extent sheep. Trifid in this sense means that the tuber ischium is made up of three projections.

Question 41

These palpable land mark is usually obvious in the cow but variably distinct on palpation of the equine rump.

Answer 41

Tuber sacrale, tuber coxae and tuber ischium

Question 42

How do the number of fused sacral vertebrae differ between the major domestic species?

Answer 42

* Horse, cow and goat - 5 * Pig and sheep - 4 * Dog - 3

Question 43

True or false. The dorsal spinous processes within the SI joint are fused within the horse. How does the cow differ?

Answer 43

False, they remain separate. The cows dorsal spinous processes become fused with age.

Question 44

In what situation does the SI joint of the domestic species show uncharacteristic movement for a fibrous joint?

Answer 44

At parturition

Question 45

How does this Sacrotuberous ligament of the dog differ between that of the cow/horse? (Hint - Origin and insertion) Which species does NOT posess this ligament?

Answer 45

* Dog - a single fibrous band * S3 to tuber ischium * Cow/ Horse - a fibrous sheet * Sacrum to dorsal aspect of ilium/ ischium * The cat does not have a sacrotuberous ligament

Question 46

Which hormone acts to soften pelvic ligaments at parturition? Which ligaments does it affect and how does it alter the internal anatomy?

Answer 46

* Relaxin * Ligaments: * Sacroiliac joing * Broad ligament * Pelvic - ST * Increases pelvic aperture and decreases pelvic angle

Question 47

Parturition in the cow can predispose which hindlimb nerve to damage? What route does this nerve take in the leg and which muscles does it innervate?

Answer 47

* Obturator nerve * due to oversized calves * down cows * This nerve passes through the obturator foramen to from the LS plexus and runs along the medial thigh * It innervates the adductor muscles (Hint GAPE)

Question 48

Which ligament of the hip is present in the horse but neither the cow nor the dog? Where does this ligament originate from?

Answer 48

The accessory ligament of the femoral head. The accessory ligament arises from the tendon of insertion of the rectus abdominis muscle and to a lesser extent external abdominal oblique muscle as part of the prepubic tendon and inserts on the fovea.

Question 49

True or false. The cow has an extra acetabular notch.

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Which trochlear ridge of the distal femur is bigger in the cow? Medial or lateral?

Answer 50

Medial

Question 51

The superficial gluteal muscle of the cow is fused with which other rump muscle? What is the resulting structure called?

Answer 51

Superficial gluteal + Biceps femoris = Gluteobiceps

Question 52

Which domestic species has a femoropatellar joint set up like this? In one of the species this set up confirs the ability to lock the patella joint. Identify which this is.

Answer 52

Horse and cow The hose (the cow has no patella locking mechanism)

Question 53

Identify how many bones are present in the tarsus of the major domestic species. If some bones are fused identify them.

Answer 53

* Dog : 7 * Pig: 7 * Ruminant: 6 - The central and 4th tarsal bones are fused. * Horse: 6 - Tarsal bones 1 and 2 are fused

Question 54

The straight trochlear of the bovine talus means it is able to do what? What is this commonly known as?

Answer 54

The cow is able to rotate the proximal intertarsal joint. The ability to do this has lead to the term "cow kicking"

Question 55

Which of the major domestic species has a tib/fib arrangement in which the proximal half of the fibula is fused to the tibia?

Answer 55

Horse (remember the distal fibula is also fused to the tib)

Question 56

How does the ruminant tib/fib arrangement work?

Answer 56

A proximal fib remnant is fused with the fibula with a distal remnant also existing distally, except this distal portion is joined to the tibia by a ligament

Question 57

Name and outline the arrangement of the tarsus bones of the canine hindlimb.

Answer 57

* Proximal row - Talus and calcaneus * Middle row - Central and 4th TB * Distal row - TB 1-4

Question 58

Short digital extensor

Answer 58

Origin - distal row of tarsal bones and unites Insertion -Fuses with long digital extensor tendons. Action - digital extension Innervation – peroneal nerve

Question 59

Outline the blood supply to the hindlimb.

Answer 59

Follows the flexor surface: External iliac leaves aorta Becomes: Femoral Gives off Saphenous A superficial supply to paw Becomes: Popliteal Becomes: Cranial tibial – Provides deep supply to paw Common digital arteries (superficial) and metatarsal arteries (deep)