Diverse Species Flashcards
1
Q
Name a species from the Mustelidae group
A
Ferret - Mustela putorius furo
2
Q
What is the effect does the flexible spine of the ferret have on handling?
A
Support the spine since spinal injuries can occur , particularly in heavy hobs or gilts
3
Q
What is a hob?
A
A male ferret
4
Q
What’s is the effect of the narrow thoracic inlet of the ferret?
A
They are less adaptable to respiratory tract problems.
5
Q
Describe the teeth of the ferret
A
All rooted, similar set up to cats, erupt from 3-4 weeks and all permanent by 50-70 days
6
Q
Which particular structures of the head are prone to damage with ferrets fighting?
A
Salivary glands
7
Q
What type of feeders are ferrets?
A
Obligate Carnivora
8
Q
What is the maximum distension volume of a ferrets stomach?
A
50ml/kg
9
Q
How does creatinine alter with increased urea during kidney disease in the ferret?
A
It doesn’t
10
Q
Why do ferrets have a strong musty odour?
A
They have very active sebaceous glands
11
Q
What is the effect of the lack of sweat glands in the ferret?
A
They are sensitive the heat stroke
12
Q
Why is the anal sacculectomy illegal in the Uk?
A
Against the 5 freedoms = unethical
13
Q
What is the best indicator of cardiac output in the ferret?
A
Urine output
14
Q
Where would you venepuncture a ferret?
A
Cephalic or jugular vein
15
Q
What percentage of a ferrets body weight is blood?
A
5-7%
16
Q
What age do ferrets go through puberty?
A
6-9 months
17
Q
How long is the gestation of a ferret?
A
42d
18
Q
Ferret ovulation?
A
Reflex
19
Q
What type of uterus do ferrets have?
A
Bicornuate
20
Q
What is the effect of continued oestrus in the ferret?
A
Continued high exposure to oestrogen.Bone marrow depressions , anaemic and death
21
Q
How are the effects of continued ovulation in ferrets combatted?
A
Use a vasectomised hob or always have litters
22
Q
Endocrine disease in ferrets?
A
Alopecia
23
Q
What is deslorin?
A
A gnrh analogue
24
Q
What species are included in the myomorphs?
A
Mice, hamsters, gerbils
25
What does aradicular?
Open-rooted
26
Eleodont
Continually growing
27
Outline the structure of the rodent incisor.
Hard vs soft enamel = chisel shaped
28
What is coprophagy?
Ingestion of faecal pellets to gain nutrients
29
What effect of a high larynx have on rodent breathing?
Nasal breathers
30
Which of the sexes has a longer ano-genital distance?
Male
31
Draw and describe the structure of Rodent incisors.
Chisel shaped. Enamel on the buccal surface and dentine on the lingual surface.
32
How do rodents achieve efficient respiration?
Short airwaysIncreased respiratory rateIncreased alveoli and thinner wallGood respiratory compliance
33
Which anatomical feature is used to sex rodent?
Ano-genital distance.Longer in males
34
What is the difference between bicornate and duplex reproductive systems?
Duplex - two uterine horns and two cervicesBicornate - two uterine horns opening into one uterine body and one cervix.
35
What is the significance of the copulatory plug?
Deposited by the male after mating, "seals" sperm in the reproductive tract, female is more likely to get pregnant.
36
What nutrient do rodents gain through coprophagy?
B vitamins
37
Name the anatomical features of the rodent GIT which prevent them from vomiting.
Strong stomach ridgeOesophageal sphincterCrural slingDiphragm sling
38
What is the appearance of caecotrophs?
Smaller than regular droppings and covered in mucus
39
A vaginal flush of a rodent shows leucocytes on examination. Which phases of the oestrus cycle could this female be in?
MetoestrusDioestrus
40
Which taxon of rodent has large litters, altricial young and short gestation?
Myomorphs
41
Guinea pigs are an example of which taxonomic group of rodent who have characteristically long gestation lengths?
Caviomorphs
42
What is the gestation length of a chinchilla?
111 days
43
What is the gestation length of a guinea pig?
59-72 days
44
What is the gestation length of a mouse?
20 days
45
What is the dental formula of the ferret?
I3/3 C1/1 P3/3 M1/234 in total
46
What angle of vision do rabbits have?
270o
47
Name the extraoccular muscle only present in the rabbit and state its function.
Depressor palpebraeDepresses the lower eyelid
48
Rabbits do not possess a tapetum lucidum. True or False.
True
49
How many times in an hour would a rabbit blink?
10
50
3mm of growth is seen in incisors of the rabbit per _____ and molars per \_\_\_\_\_
weekmonth
51
Which type of tissue is found in the saccule rotundus and veriform appendix?
Lymphoid tissue
52
Why are caecotrophs covered with mucus?
To avoid degradation from the low pH of the stomach.
53
Why is the rabbits heart prone to ischemia and infarction?
Poorly developed collateral citculation
54
Which cell type releases motilin?
Enterochromaffin cells
55
State the function of the fusus coli.
Nervous
56
Hoe long is the oestrus cycle of the rabbit?
5-6 days
57
What type of ovulators are rabbits?
Reflex
58
What characteristics of the rabbit eye make it prone to disease?
One lacrimal punctumClose association with tooth rootsLacrimal duct has many bends - blockages
59
The spherical lens of the rabbit eye means that its vision is poor in which respects?
Poor accomodationPoor depth perception
60
True or False: The avian tongue has a bone in it?
True
61
In which direction are the horny papillae of the tongue facing?
Caudally
62
What is the Vitelline Diverticula?
BIRD
Small outgrowth of the jejunum
Connect to yolk sac in the embryo
Also called Merkel's diverticulum
63
Which substances are present in avian saliva?
Amylase
64
What is the function of the crop?
Stores food
65
Which nerve innervates the crop?
Vagus (CNX)
66
Pigeons slough their epithelial cells of the crop to produce which substance?
Crop milk
67
What structure connects the proventriculus to the gizzard?
Isthmus
68
What is the function of the proventriculus?
Secretes digestive enzymes
69
What type of epithelium lines the proventriculus?
Glandular columnar
70
True or False: Parietal cells are present in the proventriculus?
False
71
What is the function of the gizzard and why does it appear yellow in colour?
Mechanical digestionBile reflux from the duodenum.
72
How many layers of lamina muscularis are present in the proventriculus and in the gizzard?
3Inner olique, middle circular, outer longitudinal
73
What organ is present in between the duodenal loops?
Pancreas
74
Where do the pancreatic and bile ducts enter the duodenum?
Caudal portion
75
How many caeca are present in avians?
2
76
What type of epithelium and glands lines the caeca?
Columnar Mucous
77
Which avian species does not have caeca?
Parrot
78
Describe the features of the brood patch.
Very vascular - warmlooses its feathers prior to laying.
79
The area of the birds body which have feather tracts present are called what?
Pterylae
(absent = apteria)
80
Name the five main types of feather in the bird
Remiges Retrices Coverts Down Bristle
81
Moving towards the birds body what is the order of the wing feathers?
PrimarySecondary TertialsCoverts
82
Pneumatic bones of the bird are connected to which vital bodily system?
Respiratory
83
The uropygial gland of the bird secretes an oily secretion of which substance?
Vitamin D
84
How many lobes does the avian liver have?
TwoRight is larger than left
85
Which oviduct of the bird remains functional?
Left
86
How are follicles attached to the oviduct in the bird?
By tissue known as the stigma
87
Ejaculation in the bird is stimulated by what?
Cloacal contact
88
Name the fins of the fish.
PectoralPelvicDorsalAnalAdiposeCaudal
89
How do ctenoid and cycloid scales of fish differ?
Ctenoid have jagged edgesCycloid have rounded edges
90
What is the function of the lateral line of the fish?
Detects the flow of water, vibrations and flow interuptions
91
Draw a unit of the lateral line.
92
Name these fish mouth types.
1. Superior
2. Terminal
3. Subterminal (protrusable)
93
Draw a gill unit of a fish.
94
What are the functions of the pectoral, dorsal and pelvic fins of the fish?
Pectoral - slow, precise movement
Dorsal - sharp turns, forward thrust
Pelvic - elevation/ descent
95
What organ of the fishes GIT tract is extensive and secretes digestive enzymes?
Pyloric caeca
96
Which species from this topic has erythrocytes which are flat, nucleated and contain Hb.
Fish
97
Fish skeletal muscle is arranged in blocks named what?
Myotomes
98
Describe the differences between red and white muscle of the fish.
Red - small, functions in endurance (lots of mitochondria and myoglobin)
White - short, fatigues, powerful (lacks myoglobin and is poorly vascularised)
99
What is the function of the swim bladder in fish?
Allows the fish to maintain neutral buoyancy. Allows them to voluntarily sink/ float .
100
What is the prefered optimal temperature zone of most reptiles?
20 - 38oC
101
What is special about reptile metabolism?
it is temperature dependent, ie if body temperature increases so does metabolic rate.
102
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a reptile being exothermic?
1. Advantages
1. No energy wasted maintaining body temperature
2. 10% of energy expended compared with a mammel of similar size
2. Disadvantages
1. endurance is limited
2. depends on abient temperature
103
How do reptiles maintain their temperature?
(x4)
1. Shunts - vasoconstriction at the periphery and lung bypass
2. Body mass/ shape - in contact with the floor
3. Behaviour - shade seeking
4. UV light - reproductive and Ca metabolism
104
1. How is hibernation of reptiles triggered?
2. How much BW is expected to be lost during hibernation?
1. Seasonal changes and decreasing temperature.
2.
105
What is special about reptile bone?
1. No haversian sytems
2. 99% of Ca is found in bone
106
How many temporal foramen are found in the skull of a diapsida and anapsida?
D - 2
A - None
107
Name the spinal segments of reptiles in order from cranial to caudal.
Presacral, sacral and caudal
108
1. Outline the chambers of the reptilian heart.
2. How does this affect the physiology?
1. Cavum pulmonae, cavum venosum, cavum arteriosum. Separated by septum/ muscular ridges.
2. Causes mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated
109
Reptiles have no diaphragm.
True/ false?
What effect does this have?
True.
Uses trunk muscles to generate negative pressure. Can hold breath from 30m to 33hrs.
110
Do snakes or chelonians have an egg tooth of keratinised tissue?
Chelonians
111
Outline three different tooth types of reptiles.
1. Acrodont - attached to crest of bone - **chameleon**
2. Pleurodont - attached to medial surface of the bone - ** snake/iguana**
3. Thecodont - attach to sockets - **crocs**
112
Name one aspect of reptilian dental anatomy which differs from its mammalian counterpart.
Reptiles have no periodontal ligament
113
Outline where reptilian testis are in the body.
Which organ is found more cranially, the testis or the kidneys?
Close to vena cava and left adrenal gland.
The testis are found cranially to the kidney.
114
Name a species of reptile which has 2x hemipenes/ x1 intracloacal phalus.
1. Hemipenes - lizard/snake
2. Intracloacal phalus - chelonia/ croc
115
1. Draw and label the structure of a reptilian egg.
2. Which structure stores uric acid?
The allantoic membrane stores uric acid.
116
What is the difference between oviparity and viviparity?
Oviparity means egg producing, viviparity, foetus remain within the mother.
117
What gland of the reptile controls ecdysis? (shedding of skin)
Thyroid gland
118
Heliothermic
Raise body temperature by basking
119
What two structures make up the shell of the tortoise? What are the names of the plates which cover the bone which makes up the two structures?
Plastron (breast plate), Carapase
Scutes
120
What is the vertebral formulae of the tortoise?
18 presacral, 10 trunk, 8 cervical
121
What are the remnant of limbs found on primitive snake species known as?
spurs
122
How are snakes able to breath when they have large prey in their mouth?
The trachea projects cranially over the floor of the mouth.
123
Describe the methods by which different types of reptiles draw in air to their lungs.
Tectocoracoideus + obliquus abdominis are muscles that allow inspiration in turtles.
Moving the pelvic girdle works also in land animals
Using negative pressure gradients (via skeletal muscle)
They don't have a diaphragm so have adapted other methods of ventilation.
124
Outline the four methods of movement of snakes.
Sidewinder - side to side via s shapes
Retilinear - straight forward
Lateral undulation - forward via s shapes
Concertina - forward via concertina movement
125
What characteristic features are found whilst sex probing a snake?
Males have much longer tails with a broader base - vestigial spurs will also be much larger in males.
Probe the cloaca, males 6-10 scales deep, females 2-3
126
True or false. Tortoise have no teeth.
True
127
Describe the different types of lung found in lizards.
Unicameral - single chamber
Paucicameral - some caudal air sacs, allow hyperinflation for display
Multicameral - postpulmonary septum divides lungs from peritoneal cavity
128
What effect can the use of EDTA have on a reptilian blood sample?
Erythrocyte lysis
129
What is the significance of the reptilian lining of the respiratory system?
It is a primitive mucociliary epithelium, it is therefore poor at cleaning debris from the airway
130
What is the clinical significance of an ill reptile?
Ill reptiles often have reduced digestion/ absorption ability therefore it will take longer for orally administered drugs to reach their destination.
131
Outline the order of the three chambers of the cloaca of reptiles.
Coprodeum (recieves faeces), Urodeum (recieves urine and anything from the reproductive tract), Proctodeum (common outlet)
132
What methods of water retention can be seen in the reptile? x5
* Uric acid
* Cloacal resorption
* Reduce GFR
* Salts glands actively excrete Na+/K+
* Renal portal vein can bypass the glomerulus - stops necrosis of the kidney during dehydration
133
Which area of the reptilian reproductive system secretes albumin, protein and calcium for egg production?
What anatomical feature of the oviduct of the lizard can lead to retained follicles?
Oviducts
Pleated and long oviduct of the lizard
134
Describe the reproductive cycle of the lizard.
Quiescent stage
Vitellogenosis - stages of yolk deposition, hypertrophy of ovaries
135
What are the functions of the Jacobsens and Accessory Jacobsens organs of the reptile?
Jacobsens - Heat sensors
Accessory Jacobsens - detects pheromones
