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NSF > Diverse Species > Flashcards

Diverse Species Flashcards

1
Q

Name a species from the Mustelidae group

A

Ferret - Mustela putorius furo

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2
Q

What is the effect does the flexible spine of the ferret have on handling?

A

Support the spine since spinal injuries can occur , particularly in heavy hobs or gilts

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3
Q

What is a hob?

A

A male ferret

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4
Q

What’s is the effect of the narrow thoracic inlet of the ferret?

A

They are less adaptable to respiratory tract problems.

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5
Q

Describe the teeth of the ferret

A

All rooted, similar set up to cats, erupt from 3-4 weeks and all permanent by 50-70 days

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6
Q

Which particular structures of the head are prone to damage with ferrets fighting?

A

Salivary glands

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7
Q

What type of feeders are ferrets?

A

Obligate Carnivora

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8
Q

What is the maximum distension volume of a ferrets stomach?

A

50ml/kg

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9
Q

How does creatinine alter with increased urea during kidney disease in the ferret?

A

It doesn’t

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10
Q

Why do ferrets have a strong musty odour?

A

They have very active sebaceous glands

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11
Q

What is the effect of the lack of sweat glands in the ferret?

A

They are sensitive the heat stroke

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12
Q

Why is the anal sacculectomy illegal in the Uk?

A

Against the 5 freedoms = unethical

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13
Q

What is the best indicator of cardiac output in the ferret?

A

Urine output

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14
Q

Where would you venepuncture a ferret?

A

Cephalic or jugular vein

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15
Q

What percentage of a ferrets body weight is blood?

A

5-7%

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16
Q

What age do ferrets go through puberty?

A

6-9 months

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17
Q

How long is the gestation of a ferret?

A

42d

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18
Q

Ferret ovulation?

A

Reflex

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19
Q

What type of uterus do ferrets have?

A

Bicornuate

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20
Q

What is the effect of continued oestrus in the ferret?

A

Continued high exposure to oestrogen.Bone marrow depressions , anaemic and death

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21
Q

How are the effects of continued ovulation in ferrets combatted?

A

Use a vasectomised hob or always have litters

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22
Q

Endocrine disease in ferrets?

A

Alopecia

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23
Q

What is deslorin?

A

A gnrh analogue

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24
Q

What species are included in the myomorphs?

A

Mice, hamsters, gerbils

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25
Q

What does aradicular?

A

Open-rooted

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26
Q

Eleodont

A

Continually growing

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27
Q

Outline the structure of the rodent incisor.

A

Hard vs soft enamel = chisel shaped

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28
Q

What is coprophagy?

A

Ingestion of faecal pellets to gain nutrients

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29
Q

What effect of a high larynx have on rodent breathing?

A

Nasal breathers

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30
Q

Which of the sexes has a longer ano-genital distance?

A

Male

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31
Q

Draw and describe the structure of Rodent incisors.

A

Chisel shaped. Enamel on the buccal surface and dentine on the lingual surface.

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32
Q

How do rodents achieve efficient respiration?

A

Short airwaysIncreased respiratory rateIncreased alveoli and thinner wallGood respiratory compliance

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33
Q

Which anatomical feature is used to sex rodent?

A

Ano-genital distance.Longer in males

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34
Q

What is the difference between bicornate and duplex reproductive systems?

A

Duplex - two uterine horns and two cervicesBicornate - two uterine horns opening into one uterine body and one cervix.

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35
Q

What is the significance of the copulatory plug?

A

Deposited by the male after mating, “seals” sperm in the reproductive tract, female is more likely to get pregnant.

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36
Q

What nutrient do rodents gain through coprophagy?

A

B vitamins

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37
Q

Name the anatomical features of the rodent GIT which prevent them from vomiting.

A

Strong stomach ridgeOesophageal sphincterCrural slingDiphragm sling

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38
Q

What is the appearance of caecotrophs?

A

Smaller than regular droppings and covered in mucus

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39
Q

A vaginal flush of a rodent shows leucocytes on examination. Which phases of the oestrus cycle could this female be in?

A

MetoestrusDioestrus

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40
Q

Which taxon of rodent has large litters, altricial young and short gestation?

A

Myomorphs

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41
Q

Guinea pigs are an example of which taxonomic group of rodent who have characteristically long gestation lengths?

A

Caviomorphs

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42
Q

What is the gestation length of a chinchilla?

A

111 days

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43
Q

What is the gestation length of a guinea pig?

A

59-72 days

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44
Q

What is the gestation length of a mouse?

A

20 days

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45
Q

What is the dental formula of the ferret?

A

I3/3 C1/1 P3/3 M1/234 in total

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46
Q

What angle of vision do rabbits have?

A

270o

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47
Q

Name the extraoccular muscle only present in the rabbit and state its function.

A

Depressor palpebraeDepresses the lower eyelid

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48
Q

Rabbits do not possess a tapetum lucidum. True or False.

A

True

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49
Q

How many times in an hour would a rabbit blink?

A

10

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50
Q

3mm of growth is seen in incisors of the rabbit per _____ and molars per _____

A

weekmonth

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51
Q

Which type of tissue is found in the saccule rotundus and veriform appendix?

A

Lymphoid tissue

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52
Q

Why are caecotrophs covered with mucus?

A

To avoid degradation from the low pH of the stomach.

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53
Q

Why is the rabbits heart prone to ischemia and infarction?

A

Poorly developed collateral citculation

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54
Q

Which cell type releases motilin?

A

Enterochromaffin cells

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55
Q

State the function of the fusus coli.

56
Q

Hoe long is the oestrus cycle of the rabbit?

57
Q

What type of ovulators are rabbits?

58
Q

What characteristics of the rabbit eye make it prone to disease?

A

One lacrimal punctumClose association with tooth rootsLacrimal duct has many bends - blockages

59
Q

The spherical lens of the rabbit eye means that its vision is poor in which respects?

A

Poor accomodationPoor depth perception

60
Q

True or False: The avian tongue has a bone in it?

61
Q

In which direction are the horny papillae of the tongue facing?

62
Q

What is the Vitelline Diverticula?

A

BIRD

Small outgrowth of the jejunum

Connect to yolk sac in the embryo

Also called Merkel’s diverticulum

63
Q

Which substances are present in avian saliva?

64
Q

What is the function of the crop?

A

Stores food

65
Q

Which nerve innervates the crop?

A

Vagus (CNX)

66
Q

Pigeons slough their epithelial cells of the crop to produce which substance?

67
Q

What structure connects the proventriculus to the gizzard?

68
Q

What is the function of the proventriculus?

A

Secretes digestive enzymes

69
Q

What type of epithelium lines the proventriculus?

A

Glandular columnar

70
Q

True or False: Parietal cells are present in the proventriculus?

71
Q

What is the function of the gizzard and why does it appear yellow in colour?

A

Mechanical digestionBile reflux from the duodenum.

72
Q

How many layers of lamina muscularis are present in the proventriculus and in the gizzard?

A

3Inner olique, middle circular, outer longitudinal

73
Q

What organ is present in between the duodenal loops?

74
Q

Where do the pancreatic and bile ducts enter the duodenum?

A

Caudal portion

75
Q

How many caeca are present in avians?

76
Q

What type of epithelium and glands lines the caeca?

A

Columnar Mucous

77
Q

Which avian species does not have caeca?

78
Q

Describe the features of the brood patch.

A

Very vascular - warmlooses its feathers prior to laying.

79
Q

The area of the birds body which have feather tracts present are called what?

A

Pterylae

(absent = apteria)

80
Q

Name the five main types of feather in the bird

A

Remiges Retrices Coverts Down Bristle

81
Q

Moving towards the birds body what is the order of the wing feathers?

A

PrimarySecondary TertialsCoverts

82
Q

Pneumatic bones of the bird are connected to which vital bodily system?

A

Respiratory

83
Q

The uropygial gland of the bird secretes an oily secretion of which substance?

84
Q

How many lobes does the avian liver have?

A

TwoRight is larger than left

85
Q

Which oviduct of the bird remains functional?

86
Q

How are follicles attached to the oviduct in the bird?

A

By tissue known as the stigma

87
Q

Ejaculation in the bird is stimulated by what?

A

Cloacal contact

88
Q

Name the fins of the fish.

A

PectoralPelvicDorsalAnalAdiposeCaudal

89
Q

How do ctenoid and cycloid scales of fish differ?

A

Ctenoid have jagged edgesCycloid have rounded edges

90
Q

What is the function of the lateral line of the fish?

A

Detects the flow of water, vibrations and flow interuptions

91
Q

Draw a unit of the lateral line.

92
Q

Name these fish mouth types.

A
  1. Superior
  2. Terminal
  3. Subterminal (protrusable)
93
Q

Draw a gill unit of a fish.

94
Q

What are the functions of the pectoral, dorsal and pelvic fins of the fish?

A

Pectoral - slow, precise movement

Dorsal - sharp turns, forward thrust

Pelvic - elevation/ descent

95
Q

What organ of the fishes GIT tract is extensive and secretes digestive enzymes?

A

Pyloric caeca

96
Q

Which species from this topic has erythrocytes which are flat, nucleated and contain Hb.

97
Q

Fish skeletal muscle is arranged in blocks named what?

98
Q

Describe the differences between red and white muscle of the fish.

A

Red - small, functions in endurance (lots of mitochondria and myoglobin)

White - short, fatigues, powerful (lacks myoglobin and is poorly vascularised)

99
Q

What is the function of the swim bladder in fish?

A

Allows the fish to maintain neutral buoyancy. Allows them to voluntarily sink/ float .

100
Q

What is the prefered optimal temperature zone of most reptiles?

101
Q

What is special about reptile metabolism?

A

it is temperature dependent, ie if body temperature increases so does metabolic rate.

102
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a reptile being exothermic?

A
  1. Advantages
    1. No energy wasted maintaining body temperature
    2. 10% of energy expended compared with a mammel of similar size
  2. Disadvantages
    1. endurance is limited
    2. depends on abient temperature
103
Q

How do reptiles maintain their temperature?

(x4)

A
  1. Shunts - vasoconstriction at the periphery and lung bypass
  2. Body mass/ shape - in contact with the floor
  3. Behaviour - shade seeking
  4. UV light - reproductive and Ca metabolism
104
Q
  1. How is hibernation of reptiles triggered?
  2. How much BW is expected to be lost during hibernation?
A
  1. Seasonal changes and decreasing temperature.
    2.
105
Q

What is special about reptile bone?

A
  1. No haversian sytems
  2. 99% of Ca is found in bone
106
Q

How many temporal foramen are found in the skull of a diapsida and anapsida?

A

D - 2

A - None

107
Q

Name the spinal segments of reptiles in order from cranial to caudal.

A

Presacral, sacral and caudal

108
Q
  1. Outline the chambers of the reptilian heart.
  2. How does this affect the physiology?
A
  1. Cavum pulmonae, cavum venosum, cavum arteriosum. Separated by septum/ muscular ridges.
  2. Causes mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated
109
Q

Reptiles have no diaphragm.

True/ false?

What effect does this have?

A

True.

Uses trunk muscles to generate negative pressure. Can hold breath from 30m to 33hrs.

110
Q

Do snakes or chelonians have an egg tooth of keratinised tissue?

A

Chelonians

111
Q

Outline three different tooth types of reptiles.

A
  1. Acrodont - attached to crest of bone - chameleon
  2. Pleurodont - attached to medial surface of the bone - ** snake/iguana**
  3. Thecodont - attach to sockets - crocs
112
Q

Name one aspect of reptilian dental anatomy which differs from its mammalian counterpart.

A

Reptiles have no periodontal ligament

113
Q

Outline where reptilian testis are in the body.

Which organ is found more cranially, the testis or the kidneys?

A

Close to vena cava and left adrenal gland.

The testis are found cranially to the kidney.

114
Q

Name a species of reptile which has 2x hemipenes/ x1 intracloacal phalus.

A
  1. Hemipenes - lizard/snake
  2. Intracloacal phalus - chelonia/ croc
115
Q
  1. Draw and label the structure of a reptilian egg.
  2. Which structure stores uric acid?
A

The allantoic membrane stores uric acid.

116
Q

What is the difference between oviparity and viviparity?

A

Oviparity means egg producing, viviparity, foetus remain within the mother.

117
Q

What gland of the reptile controls ecdysis? (shedding of skin)

A

Thyroid gland

118
Q

Heliothermic

A

Raise body temperature by basking

119
Q

What two structures make up the shell of the tortoise? What are the names of the plates which cover the bone which makes up the two structures?

A

Plastron (breast plate), Carapase

Scutes

120
Q

What is the vertebral formulae of the tortoise?

A

18 presacral, 10 trunk, 8 cervical

121
Q

What are the remnant of limbs found on primitive snake species known as?

122
Q

How are snakes able to breath when they have large prey in their mouth?

A

The trachea projects cranially over the floor of the mouth.

123
Q

Describe the methods by which different types of reptiles draw in air to their lungs.

A

Tectocoracoideus + obliquus abdominis are muscles that allow inspiration in turtles.

Moving the pelvic girdle works also in land animals

Using negative pressure gradients (via skeletal muscle)

They don’t have a diaphragm so have adapted other methods of ventilation.

124
Q

Outline the four methods of movement of snakes.

A

Sidewinder - side to side via s shapes
Retilinear - straight forward
Lateral undulation - forward via s shapes
Concertina - forward via concertina movement

125
Q

What characteristic features are found whilst sex probing a snake?

A

Males have much longer tails with a broader base - vestigial spurs will also be much larger in males.
Probe the cloaca, males 6-10 scales deep, females 2-3

126
Q

True or false. Tortoise have no teeth.

127
Q

Describe the different types of lung found in lizards.

A

Unicameral - single chamber
Paucicameral - some caudal air sacs, allow hyperinflation for display
Multicameral - postpulmonary septum divides lungs from peritoneal cavity

128
Q

What effect can the use of EDTA have on a reptilian blood sample?

A

Erythrocyte lysis

129
Q

What is the significance of the reptilian lining of the respiratory system?

A

It is a primitive mucociliary epithelium, it is therefore poor at cleaning debris from the airway

130
Q

What is the clinical significance of an ill reptile?

A

Ill reptiles often have reduced digestion/ absorption ability therefore it will take longer for orally administered drugs to reach their destination.

131
Q

Outline the order of the three chambers of the cloaca of reptiles.

A

Coprodeum (recieves faeces), Urodeum (recieves urine and anything from the reproductive tract), Proctodeum (common outlet)

132
Q

What methods of water retention can be seen in the reptile? x5

A
  • Uric acid
  • Cloacal resorption
  • Reduce GFR
  • Salts glands actively excrete Na+/K+
  • Renal portal vein can bypass the glomerulus - stops necrosis of the kidney during dehydration
133
Q

Which area of the reptilian reproductive system secretes albumin, protein and calcium for egg production?

What anatomical feature of the oviduct of the lizard can lead to retained follicles?

A

Oviducts

Pleated and long oviduct of the lizard

134
Q

Describe the reproductive cycle of the lizard.

A

Quiescent stage
Vitellogenosis - stages of yolk deposition, hypertrophy of ovaries

135
Q

What are the functions of the Jacobsens and Accessory Jacobsens organs of the reptile?

A

Jacobsens - Heat sensors

Accessory Jacobsens - detects pheromones

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