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Block 3 Week 6 Meg > Highison: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Highison: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

A substance (chemical messenger) released into either blood, lymph, or extracellular space which has a specific effect. In this sense, thought to be an extension of neural transmission

A

hormone

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2
Q

Lipid soluble hormones
Diffuse through cell membranes to intracellular receptors
Mode of action: alter the rate of gene trx
Some bind to surface receptors and mediate response in that way

A

steroid and thyroid hormones

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3
Q

Mostly water soluble hormones
Bind to hormone receptors in the cell membrane
Mode of action: act via second messengers like cAMP, cGMP, calcium ions, sodium ions

A

protein and amino acid hormones

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4
Q

Most hormones in blood are bound to (blank) and are inactive. Most hormones that circulate in blood are in (blank) supply. What are the four types of secretion?

A

protein carriers; over; autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, synaptic

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5
Q

The endocrine pancreas has (blank) scattered among the exocrine secretory acini. 2 principle cell types - what do they secrete?

A

islets of langerhans; alpha cells (largest cells) secrete glucagon, beta cells (most numerous) secrete insulin, delta cells secrete somatostatin

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6
Q

Dual blood supply to pancreas

A

insuloacinar portal system (supplies islets of langerhans)

acinar vascular system (supplies pancreatic acini)

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7
Q

The pituitary or master gland is also called the (blank). How many hormones does it secrete? How many does it generate?

A

hypophysis; 9 hormones; 7 hormones

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8
Q

The anterior lobe of the pituitary is called the (blank). What’s its origin?

A

adenohypophysis; oral ectoderm (Rathke’s Pouch)

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9
Q

WHat are the three parts of the adenohypophysis?

A
  1. pars tuberalis (wraps around the stalk connected to the hypothalamus)
  2. pars distalis (the “meat” of the anterior lobe)
  3. pars intermedia (separates the anterior and posterior lobes)
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10
Q

The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also called the (blank). What’s its origin?

A

neurohypophysis; neural ectoderm

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11
Q

What are the two parts of the neurohypophysis?

A
  1. infundibulum

2. pars nervosa

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12
Q

The hypothalamus is divided into two symmetrical halves by the (blank). It is limited rostrally (toward the nose) by the (blank), caudally by the (blank), laterally by the optic tracts, and dorsolaterally by the thalamus.

A

third ventricle; optic chiasma; mamillary bodies

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13
Q

The adenohypophysis is made up of epithelial cells surrounded by extensive (blank)

A

sinusoids

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14
Q

Four cell types identified in the adenohypophysis via histology stains

A
  1. acidophils (somatotrops and lactotrops)
  2. basophils (corticotrophs, gonadotrophins, thyrotrophs)
  3. chromophobes
  4. folliculostellate cells
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15
Q

Two things secreted by the acidophils

A

GH (somatotrophs)

Prolactin (lactotrophs or mammotrophs)

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16
Q

Things secreted by the basophils

A

ACTH/MSH (corticotrophs)
TSH (thyrotyopes)
FSH/LH (gonadotrophs)

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17
Q

Degranulated acidophils and basophils

A

chromophobes

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18
Q

Make up the cellular stroma

A

folliculostellate cells

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19
Q

5 cell types identified by immunocytochemistry

A

acidophils: somatotrophs, mammotrophs
basophils: corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs

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20
Q

Is there a direct blood supply to the adenohypophysis?

A

NO

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21
Q

The anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by a (blank)

A

neuroendocrine link

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22
Q

The hypophyseal portal veins join primary capillary network in the (blank) to the secondary capillary network in the (blank)

A

infundibulum; pars distalis

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23
Q

The hypophyseal portal system carries (blank) from the hypothalamus to the pars distalis.

A

releasing factors

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24
Q

Where is the primary capillary plexus? Where is the secondary capillary plexus?

A

infundibulum; pars distalis

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25
Q

The (blank) is not an endocrine gland, but rather a storage site

A

neurohypophysis

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26
Q

The neurohypophysis is made up of (blank) and (blank) or hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons

A

unmyelinated axons; nerve endings

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27
Q

Glial like cells in the neurohypophysis; thought to help in the release of oxytocin and ADH into the perivascular space

A

pituicytes

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28
Q

Swellings at distal ends of hypothalamohypophysial axons; site for storage of oxytocin and vasopressin

A

Herring bodies

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29
Q

ADH is synthesized in the neurons of the (blank) nuclei, while oxytocin is synthesized in the neurons of the (blank) nuclei.

A

supraoptic; paraventricular

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30
Q

ADH and oxytocin are transported along the axons forming the (blank) together with the carrier protein neurophysin, and are released at the axon terminal. The hormones enter (blank) derived from the inferior hypophysial artery.

A

hypothalamoneurohypophysial tract; fenestrated capillaries

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31
Q

In the neurohypophysis, two hormones and (blank) are synthesized in the hypothalamus as a (blank) complex.

A

neurophysin (protein carrier); hormone-neurophysin

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32
Q

The hormone-neurophysin complex is transported via the hypothalamohypophysial tract to the (blank)

A

pars nervosa

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33
Q

What does ADH do?

A

increases water reabsorption in collecting tubules + vasoconstriction

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34
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

induces labor, controls postpartum bleeding, acts on myoepithelial cells for milk production

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35
Q

Does crossover occur in the hypothalamic nuclei?

A

Yes

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36
Q

Present in the pars nervosa of hypophysis
Glial-like cells containing glial fibrillary acidic protein
Surround the axons of the neurosecretory cells and contact the basal lamina of fenestrated capillaries

A

pituicytes

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37
Q

When ADH or oxytocin are released, (blank) adjacent to the capillary retract the cell processes to enable the axon terminals to discharge the stored hormone into the circulation

A

pituicytes

38
Q

Unlike capillaries forming the blood-brain barrier, the capillaries in the neurohypophysis are (blank) to permit diffusion of secretions into the circulation

A

fenestrated

39
Q

Dilations along the unmyelinated axons, which contain secretory granules with hormone and hormone carrier

A

Herring bodies

40
Q

1st endocrine gland to appear in embryonic development

A

thyoid

41
Q

The thyroid gland is (blank) and has CT extending in to form lobules. What is the structural unit of the thyroid?

A

encapsulated; follicles

42
Q

Follicles are lined with a (blank) surround a lumen filled with (blank) material (colloid iodinated thyroglobulin) enclosed by a basal lamina

A

epithelium; colloid

43
Q

Two major cell types of the thyroid

A
  1. follicular cells

2. parafollicular cells

44
Q

Follicular cells are the target for (blank). What is the embryonic origin of follicular cells? What do follicular cells produce and release?

A

TSH; endoderm; thyroglobulin and release of T3/T4

45
Q

What is the embryonic origin of parafollicular cells? What do they produce? What does this do?

A

neural crest; calcitonin; targets osteoclasts and decreases Ca+ levels

46
Q

Calcitonin has rapid acute (blank) action, with a peak effect in about (blank) hour

A

homeostatic; one

47
Q

The height of follicular cells depends upon (blank). Follicular cells synthesize (blank) and are responsible for the trapping of (blank).

A

activity; thyroglobulin; iodide

48
Q

Storage of iodinated thyroglobulin can stay in the lumen for up to (blank) months

A

three

49
Q

Follicular cells are involved in the uptake of (blank), which is controlled by TSH, the hydrolysis of (blank) to T3 and T4, and the regulation of tissue metabolism

A

I2 thyroglobulin; I2 thyroglobulin

50
Q

T4 (blank)%

T3 (blank)% more rapidly acting

A

90%

10%

51
Q

In normal pregnancy, (blank) and (blank) cross the placenta and are critical in early stages of brain development; fetal thyroid beings to function at (blank) weeks and adds T3 and T4

A

T3; T4; 14

52
Q

The (blank) concentrates iodide within the thyroid follicular cell 20-100 fold above serum levels. An Na+/K+ dependent ATPase and ATP provide the energy for iodide transport. The iodide pump can be inhibited by (blank)

A

iodide pump; perchlorate

53
Q

(blank) and thyroglobulin are present in the same secretory vesicle

A

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO)

54
Q

3 stages of thyroid cells

A
  1. thyroglobulin synthesis
  2. resting (storage) phase
  3. thyroglobulin breakdown
55
Q

How do thyroid cells differ during their active vs resting (storage) phases?

A

During their resting phase, they are flattened. During their active phases, they are taller.

56
Q

What is the embryonic origin of parafollicular cells? What is another name for them? How are they usually arranged? Do they extend into the lumen? What do they produce?

A

neural crest; APUD cell, enteroendocrine cell; usually located in clusters; DO NOT extend into lumen; calcitonin

57
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A 
decreases Ca+ levels
targets osteoclasts
reduces osteoclast ruffling
reduces osteoclast numbers
promotes excretion of Ca+ and phosphate from the kidneys
58
Q

In the inactive follicle, the follicular epithelium is (blank), or squamous. During their active secretory phase, the cells become (blank)

A

simple low cuboidal; columnar

59
Q

How are C cells distinguished from surrounding follicular cells in slides?

A

pale cytoplasm

60
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the parathyroid gland? What are two cell types of the parathyroid gland?

A

mesoderm
principal (chief) cells
oxyphil cells

61
Q

What do chief cells in the parathyroid gland secrete? What does this do?

A

PTH; increases Ca+ levels, binds to receptors on osteoblasts releasing osteoclast-stimulating factor

62
Q

Oxyphils are (blank) than principal cells. They possess many (blank). When do they appear? What’s their function?

A

larger; mitochondria; puberty (increase with age(; unknown function

63
Q

PTH targets (blank) which releases osteoclast stimulating factor. This increases (blank) activity increasing Ca++ levels.

A

osteoblasts; osteoclast

64
Q

Calcitonin that is secreted by (blank) cells of the thyroid suppresses bone resorption by osteoclasts thereby (blank) Ca++ levels.

A

parafollicular; decreasing

65
Q

The precursor of the osteoclast originates in the (blank). Osteoclasts have a number of receptors for various hormones including (blank). These cells are responsible for resorbing bone.

A

bone marrow; calcitonin

66
Q

The adrenal gland is (blank) and has two parts. What are they?

A

encapsulated; cortex and medulla

67
Q

What is the cortex derived from? What does it produce? What are all its hormones synthesized from? What is their release controlled by?

A

mesoderm; steroid hormones (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens); cholesterol of LDL fame; ACTH and the kidney

68
Q

The adrenal cortex has columns of cells separated by (blank)

A

sinusoids

69
Q

What is the medulla derived from? What does it produce? What is it innervated by?

A

neural crest; catecholamines (norepi and epi); sympathetic fibers via splanchnic nerves that pass thru the celiac plexus

70
Q

What does the adrenal medulla contain?

A

large vascular sinusoids and blood vessels

71
Q

The adrenal cortex consists of three zones - what are they and what do they secrete?

A
  1. zona glomerulosa –> mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  2. zona fasciculata –> glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone)
  3. zona reticularis –> androgens
72
Q

The regenerative zone of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa

73
Q

What regulates the zona glomerulosa?

A

renin-angiotensin system and ACTH

74
Q

This zone forms parallel cords of cells separated by sinusoids. The cells are larger and contain lipid droplets.

A

zona fasciculata

75
Q

What regulates the zona fasciculata?

A

ACTH

76
Q

This zone often contains lipofuscin granules, which mainly secrete weak androgenic steroids. This zone is also controlled by ACTH.

A

zona reticularis

77
Q

Chromaffin cells are innervated by (blank) nerve fibers. Chromaffin cells act like (blank) neurons
In vitro chromaffin cells grow (blank), in vivo these (blank) are suppressed by glucocorticoids of the adrenal cortex

A

preganglionic sympathetic; postganglionic sympathetic; axons; axons

78
Q

Chromaffin cells have a secretory function:
-80% (blank) - increase HR and CO;
no change in BP
-20% (blank) - increase in BP
through vasoconstriction
-chromaffin cells store (blank)
i.e. enkephalins –> mediate analgesic

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
opiod peptides

79
Q

Blood supply to adrenal cortex is from the (blank) of the capsular arteries. These form sinusoids which travel through the (blank) and drain into the medulla

A

vascular bed; cortex

80
Q

Blood supply to the medulla is a duel blood supply. It comes directly from the (blank) and from the (blank). Why is duel blood supply required?

A

capsular arterioles; cortical sinusoids; for the synthesis of epinephrine and to inhibit axonal growth

81
Q

secreting tumors of the adrenal medulla

A

pheochromocytomas

82
Q

Blood vessels from the (blank) supply the three zones of the cortex. (blank) cortical capillaries derive from these blood vessels. These capillaries pass through each layer of the cortex before entering the medulla.

A

capsular plexus; fenestrated

83
Q

This artery enters the cortex and supplies blood directly to the adrenal medulla. It bypasses the cortex without branching.

A

medullary artery

84
Q

So, the medulla has two blood supplies. What are they?!

A
  1. one from the cortical capillaries

2. one from the medullary artery (direct)

85
Q

2 reasons why blood supply is important to adrenal gland

A
  1. glucocorticoids inhibit axonal growth in the chromaffin cells
  2. conversion of norepi to epi by chromaffin cells is dependent on PN-methyltransferase which is transported in the cortical capillaries to the medullary venous sinuses.
86
Q

What is the origin of the pineal gland? Where is it found?

A

neuroectoderm; lies in the midline

87
Q

Two cell types of the pineal gland

A
  1. pinealocytes

2. neuroglial cells

88
Q

Pinealocytes produce (blank) at night and (blank) during the day

A

melatonin; serotonin

89
Q

T/F: Melatonin levels are high in children and decline with onset of puberty.

A

True

90
Q

These are glial-like interstitial cells.

A

neuroglial cells

91
Q

A typical feature of the histology of the pineal gland is the presence of calcium deposits called corpora arenacea or (blank) - these increase with age

A

brain sand

Block 3 Week 6 Meg (7 decks)

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