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Block 4 Week 1 Meg > Highison: Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Highison: Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of cartilage

A

Provides shape and flexibility
Shock absorber
Facilitates smooth movements of joints

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2
Q

What does cartilage consist of?

A

cells
ground substance
fibers

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3
Q

What surrounds cartilage?

A

dense CT layer, called the perichondrium

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4
Q

Does cartilage contain vessels or nerves?

A

No

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5
Q

Cartilage is nourished by (blank) of gases and nutrients through the ECM. Cartilage is rather (blank) in the adult humans, but it is very important during development because of its firmness and its ability to grow (blank). In developing humans, most of the bones of the skeleton are preceded by a temporary cartilage “model”. Cartilage is also formed very early during the repair of (blank).

A

diffusion; rare; rapidly; bone fractures

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6
Q

In adult, cartilage has rather (blank) access to nutrients. Water content decreases and small cavities arise in the matrix, which often leads to the (blank) of the cartilage further compromising nutrition. (blank) cannot keep pace with the repair requirements after acute damage to hyaline or articular cartilage. If these cartilages are injured after the period of active growth, the defects are usually filled by (blank) or fibrous cartilage. The extracellular matrix of these “repair tissues” is only poorly integrated with the matrix of the damaged cartilage

A

poor; calcification; chondrocytes; connective tissue

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7
Q

Fortunately, cartilage is rather well suited for (blank) - the metabolism of the chondrocytes is rather slow, the antigenic power of cartilage is low, and it is difficult, if not impossible, for antibodies or cells of the immune system to diffuse through the (blank) into the cartilage

A

transplantation; matrix

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8
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage located?

A 
fetal skeletal tissue
epiphyseal plates
articular surface of synovial joints
costal cartilages of the rib cage
cartilages of nasal cavity
larynx
rings of the trachea and plates in the bronchi
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9
Q

Hyaline cartilage is resistant to (blank), provides cushioning, has smooth and low-friction surface for (blank), provides structural support in (blank), forms foundation for development of (blank) and further endochondral bone formation and bone growth.

A

compression; joints; respiratory system; fetal skeleton

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10
Q

Does hyaline cartilage have a perichondrium?

A

Yes, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates

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11
Q

Does hyaline cartilage undergo calcification?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Cell types present in hyaline cartilage

A

chondroblasts; chondrocytes

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13
Q

Characteristic features of extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage

A

type II collagen fibrils, aggrecan

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14
Q

Location of elastic cartilage

A

pinna of external ear
external acoustic meatus
auditory tube
cartilages of larynx

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15
Q

Function of elastic cartilage

A

provides flexible support

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16
Q

Does elastic cartilage have a perichondrium?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Does elastic cartilage undergo calcification?

A

No

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18
Q

Cell types present in elastic cartilage?

A

chondroblasts; chondrocytes

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19
Q

Characteristic features of extracellular matrix of elastic cartilage

A

type II collagen fibrils and elastic fibers, aggrecan

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20
Q

Location of fibrocartilage

A 
intervertebral disks
symphysis pubis
articular disks (sternoclavicular)
menisci (knee joint)
triangular fibrocartilage complex (wrist joint)
insertion of tendons
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21
Q

Function of fibrocartilage

A

resists deformation under stress

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22
Q

Does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium?

A

Noo

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23
Q

Does fibrocartilage undergo calcification?

A

Yes

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24
Q

Cell types present in fibrocartilage

A

chondrocytes; fibroblasts

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25
Q

Characteristic features of extracellular matrix of fibrocartilage

A

type II AND I collagen fibers, versican (proteoglycan secreted by fibroblasts)

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26
Q

Hyaline cartilage is highly (blank); components of hyaline matrix are not evenly (blank); hyaline cartilage provides a model for developing (blank) in the fetus

A

hydrated; distributed; skeleton

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27
Q

What is one way to distinguish hyaline and elastic cartilage from fibrocartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage has Type I collagen fibers, while the others do not

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28
Q

Hyaline cartilage is highly (blank) which allows for its compressibility. Is the hyaline matrix evenly distributed? Why is hyaline cartilage useful?

A

hydrated; no; provides a model for developing skeleton in the fetus

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29
Q

Grouping of cells in hyaline cartilage that represents the mitosis of chondrocytes

A

isogenous groups

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30
Q

CT sheath on the outside of cartilage - consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner chondrogenic layer made up of chondroblasts.

A

perichondrium

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31
Q

How can you distinguish territorial vs inter-territorial matrices in hyaline cartilage?

A

territorial matrices tend to be darker, while interterritorial cells tend to be lighter

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32
Q

Cartilage can grow interstitially or appositionally. What does this mean?

A

Interstitial growth is on the inside, or within the cartilage, and is represented by isogenous groups.
Apositional growth occurs on the outside, toward the perichondrium, and increases the girth of the cartilage.

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33
Q

A subtype of hyaline cartilage that transforms the articulating ends of the bones into lubricated, wear-proof, slightly compressible surfaces, that exhibit very little friction.

A

articular cartilage

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34
Q

Is articular cartilage surrounded by a perichondrium? Is it well vascularized?

A

no; poorly vascularized

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35
Q

Four zones that articular cartilage is divided into

A
  1. tangential layer
  2. transitional zone
  3. radial zone
  4. calcified cartilage layer
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36
Q

Layer furthest from the bone; chondrocytes are rather small and flattened to the surface. Collagen fibers run parallel to the surface of the cartilage.

A

tangential layer

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37
Q

Layer in which chondrocytes slightly larger, round and occur both singly and in isogenous groups. Collagen fibers take an oblique course through the matrix of the transitional zone

A

transitional zone

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38
Q

In this zone, fairly large chondrocytes form radial columns oriented perpendicular to the articulating surface. The course of the collagen fibers follows the orientation of the chondrocyte columns.

A

radial zone

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39
Q

This zone rests on the underlying cortex of the bone and stains slightly darker than the matrix of the other layers.

A

calicified cartilage layer

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40
Q

Two fibers notable in elastic cartilage slide

A

elastic fibers that stain with Verhoeff stain and type II collagen fibers

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41
Q

Chondrocytes in elastic cartilage retain a fairly high mitotic rate throughout life. As a result, there are more cells than you would see in (blank) cartilage.

A

hyaline

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42
Q

Does elastic cartilage calcify?

A

No

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43
Q

A form of connective tissue transition between dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage

A

fibrocartilage

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44
Q

Which type of collagen fiber is dominant in fibrous cartilage?

A

type I and type II

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45
Q

Is there a perichondrium in fibrocartilage?

A

no

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46
Q

Fibrocartilage contains parallel columns of (blank)

A

chondrocytes

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47
Q

Origin of cartilage

A

mesenchymal cells

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48
Q

What do chondroblasts give rise to? What do fibroblasts give rise to?

A

cartilage proper; perichondrium

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49
Q

Two layers of perichondrium

A

inner chondrogenic layer

outer fibrous layer

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50
Q

Cartilage exhibits two types of growth. What are they and which types of cartilage do they apply to?

A

appositional growth –> hyaline and elastic cartilage

interstitial growth –> all cartilages

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51
Q

In appositional growth, chondrogenic cells from inner layer of perichondrium become (blank).

A

chondroblasts

52
Q

In newly forming cartilage, what type of growth typically occurs? In older cartilage there are very few chondrogenic cells, so what type of growth mainly occurs?

A

appositional; interstitial

53
Q

This is the only growth that occurs in articular and fibrocartilage because both lack a perichondrium

A

interstitial growth

54
Q

Interstitial growth is important for the growth of (blank)

A

long bones at the epiphyseal plate

55
Q

Is cartilage easily repairable?

A

No, cartilage has a very limited ability to repair

56
Q

What is the precursor tissue of all types of cartilage?

A

the mesenchyme

57
Q

Mitotic proliferation of mesenchymal cells gives rise to (blank)

A

highly cellular tissue

58
Q

What separates chondroblasts from one another?

A

a great amount of matrix

59
Q

What does multiplication of cartilage cells give rise to? What are they surrounded by?

A

isogenous groups; surrounded by a condensation of territorial matrix

60
Q

Functions of bone: protects (blank), support and movement, hemopoieses in the (blank) marrow, energy storage in the (blank) marrow, and a (blank) reservoir

A

internal organs; red; yellow; mineral

61
Q

Major components of bone

A

extracellular matrix

cells

62
Q

What percentage of the cellular matrix of bone is organic? What is the organic component made by? What are three things found in this component?

A

35%; osteoblasts; type I collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

63
Q

The proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix are composites of (blank). Three glycoproteins of extracellular matrix

A

aggrecan; osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin

64
Q

What percentage of the bone matrix is inorganic? What is it made up of?

A

65%; made up of hydroxyapatite crystals (calcium and phosphorus)

65
Q

5 bone cells. List them!

A 
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
bone lining cells
osteoclasts
66
Q

What are these: cells derived from mesenchymal cells

A

osteoprogenitor cells

67
Q

What are these: cells that develop from osteoprogenitor cells that line the inner periosteum, the endosteum and lining the Haversian canal

A

osteoblasts

68
Q

Osteoblasts synthesize the (blank) components of bone matrix. What happens to some osteoblasts when they become surrounded by matrix?

A

organic; some osteoblasts become surrounded by matrix and become osteocytes

69
Q

What are these: cells that lie in a lacuna within the matrix; involved in exchange of nutrients and waste with blood via canaliculi.

A

osteocytes

70
Q

What are these: cells that remain on the bone surface when there is no active growth

A

bone lining cells

71
Q

What are these: cells derived from a bone marrow precursor. They secrete enzymes and biochemically concentrate H+ ions to dissolve bone and calcium salt crystals thereby releasing minerals into blood.

A

osteoclasts

72
Q

What do osteoclasts have receptors for?

A

various hormones, including calcitonin

73
Q

Osteoclasts come from the same bone marrow precursor as (blank)

A

monocytes

74
Q

Where are osteoclasts found?

A

In Howship’s lacunae

75
Q

Lysosomal enzymes packaged in the Golgi complex are responsible for the resorption of calcium from bone. What enzyme is missing from the lysosomes? Where does it collagenase come from?!

A

collagenase; collagenase is present as procollagenase that is already embedded in the matrix when osteoblasts are laying down bone!

76
Q

The osteoblast responsible for producing collagen also produces (blank), thereby setting the matrix up for degradation even while laying it down

A

collagenase (procollagenase)

77
Q

What cells does PTH target? What does this result in?

A

osteoblasts; release of osteoclast stimulating factor which increases osteoclast activity

78
Q

What do parafollicular cells secrete to inhibit resorption by osteoclasts?

A

calcitonin

79
Q

Components of long bones

A

proximal and distal epiphysis, metaphysis, and diaphysis

80
Q

Examples of short bones

A 
capitate bone (carpal)
talus
81
Q

Examples of flat bones

A

scapula

sternum

82
Q

Examples of irregular bones

A

sphenoid

vertebra

83
Q

Bone is covered on its external surface (except at synovial articulations) with a (blank), which consists of an outer layer of (blank) and an inner cellular layer containing what cell types?

A

periosteum; dense fibrous connective tissue; osteoprogenitor cells and periosteal cells

84
Q

The central cavity of a bone is lined with (blank), a specialized thin connective tissue composed of a monolayer of osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and endosteal cells. Following injury, cells in these layers differentiate into (blank) which become involved in the repair of damage to the bone.

A

endosteum; osteoblasts

85
Q

What three things make up the thin CT of the endosteum?

A

monolayer of osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
endosteal cells

86
Q

Where is compact bone best seen?

A

In the diaphysis of long bones and the outer bone table of flat bones

87
Q

Component of compact bone: concentrically arranged lamella of bone surrounding canal containing capillaries. Has lacunae containing osteocytes all of which are interconnected by canaliculi.

A

haversian system or osteon

88
Q

What joins the osteocytes that are surrounding the haversian canals in compact bone?

A

canaliculi

89
Q

Component of compact bone: horizontal channels containing blood vessels from bone marrow and periosteum. These interconnect the Haversian canals.

A

Volkmann’s canals

90
Q

Different kinds of lamellae make up compact bone. What types?

A

inner and outer circumferential (run along the outside and along the bone marrow) and interstitial

91
Q

Finally compact bone has a (blank) on the outside and a (blank) on the inside

A

periosteum; endosteum

92
Q

Where is cancellous or spongy or trabeculated bone found? What is it covered by?

A

found within long, short, flat, or irregulat bones and in the bone marrow cavity of diaphysis and epiphysis; an endosteum

93
Q

Cancellous/spongy/trabeculated bones have lamellae? Do they have osteons?

A

yes; no

94
Q

There are two processes of bone formation. What is this: occurs in most flat bones, direct mineralization of matrix secreted by osteoblasts, doesn’t require a cartilage model.

A

intramembranous bone formation

95
Q

There are two processes of bone formation. What is this: occurs for short and long bones, deposition of bone matrix on a preexisting cartilage matrix

A

endochondral bone formation

96
Q

Most flat bones are formed by (blank)

A

intramembranous bone formation

97
Q

Intramembranous bone formation occurs in a richly (blank) mesenchymal tissue, whose cells make contact with each other via long processes

A

vascularized

98
Q

In trabeculated or spongy bone: Mesenchymal cells differentiate into (blank) that secrete bone matrix, forming a network of spicules and trabeculae. Collagen fibers of these developing spicules and trabeculae are randomly oriented.
Calcification quickly follows osteoid formation, osteoblasts trapped in their matrices become (blank). They retain their contacts establishing a system of (blank).
-Continuous mitotic activity of mesenchymal cells provides a supply of undifferentiated (blank) cells, which form more osteoblasts.

A

osteoblasts; osteocytes; canaliculi; osteoprogenitor

99
Q

In compact bone: Other mesenchymal cells form outer (blank) and inner (blank). Osteoprogenitor cells from these areas will form the outer and inner plates of compact bone.

A

periosteum; endosteum

100
Q

Most long and short bones of the body are developed by (blank)

A

endochonral bone formation

101
Q

Endochondral bone formation is a (blank) model of bone

A

hyaline cartilage

102
Q

How do bones grow in length?

A

interstitial growth of cartilage at the epiphyseal plate

103
Q

How do bones growth in girth?

A

appositional growth at the periosteum

104
Q

During bone growth at the epiphysel plate, new cartilage is formed on the epiphyseal side of the plate at the same rate as new bone is formed on the diaphyseal side of the plate. So, what happens to the epiphyseal plate and the length of the diaphysis?

A

The plate remains the same thickness, but the length of the diaphysis increases

105
Q

5 zones of epiphyseal plate

A 
zone of resting cartilage
zone of proliferation
zone of hypertrophy of cartilage 
zone of calcification of cartilage
zone of ossification
106
Q
  1. In endochondral bone remodeling, the perichondrium at the midriff of the (blank) of cartilage becomes (blank). This becomes the the primary ossification center.
A

diaphysis; vascularized

107
Q
  1. The chondrogenic cells become osteoprogenitor cells forming (blank), and the overlying perichondrium becomes a (blank).
A

osteoblasts; periosteum

108
Q
  1. The newly formed osteoblasts secrete bone matrix, forming the subperiosteal (blank) by intramembranous bone formation.
A

bone collar

109
Q
  1. The hypertrophied chondrocytes within the core of the cartilage model die resulting in future marrow cavity.
  2. Holes etched in the bone collar by osteoclasts permit a (blank) (osteogenic bud) to enter the concavities within the cartilage model
A

periosteal bud

110
Q
  1. Osteoprogenitor cells divide to form osteoblasts. producing bone matrix on the surface of the calcified cartilage. The bone matrix becomes calcified to form a calcified (blank).
A

cartilage/calcified bone complex.

111
Q
  1. subperiosteal bone becomes thicker and grows in each direction from the midriff of the diaphysis toward the (blank)
  2. osteoclasts begin resorbing the calcified cartilage/calcified bone complex, enlarging the (blank)
A

epiphysis; marrow cavity

112
Q
  1. Where do secondary ossification centers appear?
A

in the epiphysis

113
Q

List the steps in healing of a bone fracture

A
  1. hematoma formation
  2. formation of granulation tissue
  3. soft callus formation
  4. hard callus formation
  5. remodeling
114
Q

Fracture breaks blood vessels of bone and periosteum and endosteum causing bleeding and formation of a clot.

A

hematoma formation

115
Q

Granulation tissue is a soft, fibrous tissue produced as a hematoma is infiltrated by blood capillaries and fibroblasts. Macrophages, which eat up the blood clot, osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells invade tissue from the periosteal and endosteal sides of the fracture. Osteogenic cells build up numbers within 48hrs.

A

formation of granulation tissue

116
Q

Fibroblasts deposit collagen in granulation tissue, while some osteogenic cells become chondroblasts and produce patches of fibrocartilage called soft callus tissue.

A

soft callus formation

117
Q

Osteogenic cells build and differentiate into osteoblasts that produce a bony collar. The hard callus that acts as a temporary splint- cements to the dead bone around injury (takes 4 to 6 weeks). Need for immobilization during this period.

A

hard callus formation

118
Q

The hard callus persists for 3 to 4 months as osteoclasts dissolve small fragments of bone. Osteoblasts bridge the gap between the broken ends with spongy bone. This is subsequently remodeled into compact lamellar bone. Usually leaves a thickening of the bone. In adults 80% strength at 3 months

A

remodeling

119
Q

(blank) is produced when osteoblasts produce osteoid rapidly which occurs initially in all fetal bones (but is later replaced by more resilient lamellar bone). In adults woven bone is created after (blank) or in Paget’s disease. Woven bone is (blank), with a smaller number of randomly oriented collagen fibers, but forms quickly; it is for this appearance of the fibrous matrix that the bone is termed woven.

A

woven bone; fractures; weaker

120
Q

At what age does human bone mass peak?

A

age 20-30

121
Q

Does spongy or cortical bone turn over at a higher rate?

A

spongy

122
Q

This is the most common metabolic disease of bone - it is a disease in which bone volume decreases, but the bone that is present is normally calcified.

A

osteoporosis

123
Q

In which patients is osteoporosis most commonly seen?

A

postmenopausal women when estrogen drops a lot
in patients with long term glucocorticoid use
patients with hyperthyroidism and hyperparathyroidism

124
Q

In postmenopausal women, the drop in estrogen slows bone deposition
by (blank). Osteoclast activity is greater than (blank) resulting in a decrease in bone mass.

A

osteoblasts; bone deposition

125
Q

the first clinical signs of underlying osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.

A

Kyphosis (due to compression fractures of the vertebrae), hip and wrist fractures

126
Q

Which bones have high concentrations of cancellous bone, thus are among the first bones to show signs of thinning and fracture?

A

vertebrae and the epiphysis of the femur

Block 4 Week 1 Meg (13 decks)

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