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PHYSICIAN LICENSURE EXAM > HIGHEST YIELD PHYSIO > Flashcards

HIGHEST YIELD PHYSIO Flashcards

1
Q

What’is/are’the’BEST’ index/indices’of’left’ ventricular’pre-load?’

A
  • The best indices of left ventricular preload are ventricular EDV and EDP.
  • Less reliable indices include left atrial pressure, pulmonary venous pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure.
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2
Q

Premature’ventricular’ contractions’(PVCs)’ causes’the’following’ECG’ changes,’

A

A.’QRS’complex’ prolongation’
B.’Large’QRS’complexes’
C.’T wave’inversion’ immediately’after’a’ premature’beat’

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3
Q

The basic rhythm of respiration

A

is generated mainly in the dorsal respiratory group of neurons.

The neurons of the ventral respiratory group remain almost totally inactive during normal quiet respiration. Therefore, normal quiet breathing is caused only by repetitive inspiratory signals from the dorsal respiratory group transmitted mainly to the diaphragm, and expiration results from elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic cage.

They are especially important in providing the powerful expiratory signals to the abdominal muscles during very heavy expiration.

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4
Q

The function of the pneumotaxic center

A

is primarily to limit inspiration.

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5
Q

A’normal’25 year’old’ man’has’a’respiratory’ rate’of’14’breaths’per’ minute.’‘What’is’his’ alveolar’ventilation?’

A

Computation is 500ml (normal tidal volume) – 150ml (normal anatomic dead space, assuming that this subject has 0 physiologic dead space) = 350ml x 14 = 4,900 ml, rounded off to 5L.

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6
Q

voltage-gated’ sodium’ion’channels?’

A

Voltage-gated Na channels are opened during depolarization. Na- K ATPase pump is the one pumping 3 Na out and 2 K in. There is virtually minimal/negligible conductance of sodium in a resting membrane.

They’are’virtually’ closed’when’the’cell’is’at’ rest.’

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7
Q

The’triggering’ mechanism’for’the’ genesis’of’REM’sleep’ depends’on’neurons’that’ release:’

A

Acetylcholine is released in high levels as a result of wakefulness and alertness, but it is also found in high levels during REM sleep. Its lowest levels have been found in slow wave sleep when there is no cortical arousal, but relaxation.

The release of certain neurotransmitters, the monoamines(norepinephrine, serotonin and histamine), is completely shut down during REM

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8
Q

acromegaly

A

which is a result of increased growth hormone release from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND after the epiphyseal plates have already closed. In over 90 percent of acromegaly patients, the overproduction of growth hormones is caused by a benign tumor of the pituitary gland, called an adenoma.

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9
Q

Prolonged diastole

A

permits more time for ventricular filling, hence better filling of the ventricle.

Prolonging the diastole will result in decreased heart rate and increased stroke volume.

Duration of diastole has no effect on peripheral resistance.

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10
Q

The’sympathetic’nervous’ system’modulates’the’ output’of’the’pacemaker’ cells’of’the’heart’by:’

A

Sympathetic activation, which releases norepinephrine (NE), increases pacemaker rate by decreasing gK+ and increasing slow inward gCa++ and gNa+; the pacemaker current (If) is enhanced. These changes increase the slope of PHASE 4 so that the pacemaker potential more rapidly reaches the threshold for action potential generation.

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11
Q

acclimatization’to’high’ altitudes’come’about?’

A

The principal means by which acclimatization comes about are (1) a great increase in pulmonary ventilation,

(2) increased numbers of red blood cells,
(3) increased diffusing capacity of the lungs,
(4) increased vascularity of the peripheral tissues, and
(5) increased ability of the tissue cells to use oxygen despite low PO2.

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12
Q

In’the’sarcomere,’which’ of’the’following’keep/s’ the’myosin’and’actin’in’ place?’

A

The side-by-side relationship between the myosin and actin filaments is difficult to maintain. This is achieved by a large number of filamentous molecules of a protein called TITIN

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13
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

This is manifested by abnormally elevated levels of cortisol.

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14
Q

Hirschprung’s disease

CASE:

A’newborn’male’was’held’ at’the’NICU’because’he’ did’not’pass’out’ meconium’after’48’hours’ of’life.’‘Plain’abdominal’ radiographs’showed’ distended’bowel’loops’ with’a’paucity’of’air’in’ the’rectum.’‘Absence’of’ which’of’the’following’ is/are’expected’to’be’ seen’in’the’biopsy’of’the’ affected’segment?’

A

Both the myenteric (Auerbach) plexus and the submucosal (Meissner) plexus are absent from the muscular layer of the bowel wall in

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15
Q

The’concentrating’ mechanism’of’the’ nephron’depends’upon’ the’maintenance’of’a’ gradient’of’increasing’ osmolality’along’the’ medullary’pyramids.’

A

This gradient is produced by the operation of the loops of Henle as countercurrent multipliers and maintained by the operation of the vasa recta as countercurrent exchangers.

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16
Q

Hunger pangs

A

are strongest in the 3rd- 4th day.

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17
Q

All’of’the’following’lung’ volume’and’lung’ capacities’cannot’be’ measured’clinically’ except?’

A

TIDAL VOLUME

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18
Q

All’of’the’following’are’ muscles’for’inspiration’ except?’

A

‘Internal’Intercostals’

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19
Q

All’of’the’following’are’ muscles’for’inspiration’

A

A.’’'’External’Intercostals’
B.’’’'’SCM’
C.’’’'’Anterior’Serrati’
D.’’’'’Scalene’

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20
Q

Slow waves

A

are SLOWEST in the STOMACH and FASTEST in the SMALL INTESTINE

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21
Q

10, 000 feet:

A

most impt effect is Decreased mental proficiency

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22
Q

12,000 feet.

A

A.’’'’Drowsiness’
B.’’'’Lassitude’
C.’’'’Headache’
E.’’’'’Euphoria’

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23
Q

All’of’the’following’are’ characteristics’of’ isovolumetric’ventricular’ contraction’phase’of’the’ cardiac’cycle

EXCEPT END SYSTOLIC VOLUME

A

A.’’'’It’is’a’period’between’ closure’of’the’AV’valves’ and’opening’of’Semilunar’ valves’
B.’’’'’There’is’an’abrupt’ increase’in’the’ ventricular’pressure’ more’than’the’atrial’ pressure’ C.’’’'’All’valves’are’closed’ in’this’phase’ D.’’’'’In’this’phase,’the’1st’ heart’sound’is’produced’
E. End diastolic volume

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24
Q

A.’’'’S1’

A

closure’of’AV’ valves’

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25
Q

B.’’’'’S2

A

closure’of’SL’ valves’

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26
Q

C.’’’'’S3

A

rapid’filling’ phase’(flow’of’blood’from’ atria’to’ventricle)’

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27
Q

D.’’’'’S4

A

atrial’systole’

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28
Q

Phase 4- slow DEPOLARIZATION conduction, inward Na current

A

is responsible for SA nodal automaticity

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29
Q

Bradykinin and histamine

A

are vasodilators

30
Q

Serotonin and Endothelin

A

are vasoconstrictors

31
Q

erythropoietin’ produced’in’a’normal’ kidney?’

A

Peritubular’ Capillaries’(Interstitial’ cells)’

32
Q

Dilation’of’the’ afferent’arteriole’ would cause a

A

increase’ in’both’glomerular’ filtration’rate’and’renal’ plasma’flow?’’

33
Q

hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkaLOSIS , ELEVATED ALDOSTERONE AND LOW RENIN ARE ALL CONSISTENT TO

A

CONN’S SYNDROME.

34
Q

AV node

A

slowest

35
Q

purkinje fibers

A

Fastest

36
Q

are the least common among the granulocytes. In the tissues, they are called Mast cells and are responsible for release of Histamine during Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction.

A

Basophils

37
Q

histamine

A

basophil

38
Q

Cornea’

A

This’is’the’most’powerful’ structure’of’the’optical’ system

39
Q

stimulates the sertoli cells and initiates the spermatogenesis.

A

FSH

40
Q

directly stimulates the semiferous tubules to produce sperm cells.

A

Testosterone

41
Q

What’is’the’function’of’ this’lung’volume?’

A

A.’’'’Prevents’collapse’of’ the’lungs’

C.’’'’Provides’the’oxygen’ needed’in’between’ breaths’

42
Q

Paccinian’Corpuscle’

A

onion-like’ mechanoreceptor’present’ on’skin’surface’which’ primarily’function’is’to’ detect’vibration’and’ pressure.’

43
Q

first’heart’sound’is’ created’by’the’closure’of?’

A

A.’’'’AV’Valves’

C.’’'’Mitral’and’Tricuspid’ Valves’

44
Q

Interstitial’cells’of’ Cajal’

A

‘is’the’pacemaker’of’ peristalsis?’

45
Q

Dubin and Rotor

A

Conjugated bilirubin

jaundice

46
Q

an’error’of’refraction

A

Astigmatism’

47
Q

The’opercular/triangular’ parts’of’the’inferior’ frontal’gyrus’is’also’called’

A

A.’’'’Broca’s’area’

B.’’'’Brodmann’44,45’

48
Q

Intermediate’filament

A

link’between’the’ extracellular’matrix,’ cytoplasm’and’nucleus.’ This’also’serves’as’tumor’ marker.’

49
Q

This’shifts’the’ hemoglobin’oxygen’ dissociation’curve’to’the’ LEFT

A 
Alkalosis'
decrease temperature
increase pH
decrease 2,3 DPG
carbon monoxide poisoning
decrease Carbon dioxide
50
Q

This’shifts’the’ hemoglobin’oxygen’ dissociation’curve’to’the’ RIGHT

A

increase Carbon dioxide
increase 2,3 DPG
Exercise
Increase in temperature

51
Q

The’increase’of’stroke’ volume’during’exercise’is’ primarily’due’to’an’ increase’in’

A

Venous’return’

52
Q

CASE:

A’57’year’old’patient’had’ an’acute’myocardial’ infarction.’BP’was’70/40’ and’cardiac’output’is’1/3’ of’normal.’The’central’ venous’should’be’

A

‘Decrease’due’to’ decrease’venous’return’

53
Q

This’best’describes’gap’ junctions:’

A

They’are’attachments’ between’cells’that’permit’ intercellular’ communication’

54
Q

Na/K’ATPase’pump’is’an’ example’of’what’type’of’ cellular’transport?’

A

Primary active transport, also called direct active transport, directly uses energy to transport molecules across a membrane.

55
Q

This’is’true’of’action’ potentials:’

A

Hyperpolarization further makes the RMP more negative. RMP of skeletal muscles = -95mV

56
Q

In’active’adults,’this’type’ of’Eeg’tracing’ predominates:’

A

beta’

57
Q

is produced by rapid ventricular filling.

A

S3

58
Q

Is produced by atrial contraction.

A

S4

59
Q

The Frank–Starling law of

the heart states that

A

‘an’increased’in’SV’ and’CO’occurs’in’ response’to’increased’ venous’return’’

the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (the end diastolic volume) when all other factors remain constant.

60
Q

Which’of’the’following’ can’be’measured’by’ spirometry?’

A

Tidal’Volume’

61
Q

cannot be measured by spirometry.

A

Residual volume,
functional residual capacity
total lung capacity

62
Q

Factors that causes intracellular shift of potassium includes:

A

Insulin, B- agonists, Alkalosis, Hyposmolarity.

63
Q

serum’ anion’gap:’

A

Represents’ unmeasured’anions’in’ serum’

The’normal’value’for’ the’anion’gap’is’12’+/-4.’

64
Q

Which’of’the’following’is’ a’direct’action’of’growth’ hormone?’

A

‘Glucose’uptake’into’ cells’(diabetogenic)’

65
Q

Charles’‘Law’

A

Describe’the’relationship’ between’volume’of’gas’ and’temperature?’

66
Q

HYPOGLYCEMIA

A
  • 50-70 mg/100ml: hallucinations, extreme nervousness, trembles all over, breaks out in a sweAt.
  • 20-50 mg/100ml and lower: clonic seizures, LOC, coma
67
Q

Characteristics’of’ humoral’immunity’ include’the’following:’

A

The body develops circulating antibodies which are globin molecules in the blood that are capable of attacking the invading agent

68
Q

T wave

A
  • repolarization
69
Q

Some’varieties’of’cabbage’ block’peroxidase’enzyme’ required’for’iodination’of’ tyrosine’leading’to’ growth’of’glandular’ tissues’and’forming’a’ goiter.’This’effect’is’ similar’to’which’anti- thyroid’substance?’

A

Propylthiouracil’

70
Q

What’is’the’main’ difference’between’ voltage-gated’and’ligand- gated’ion’channels?’

A

Voltage-gated are activated by membrane potential changes whereas ligand-gated channels are by chemical messenger binding

71
Q

Which’of’the’ following’statements’ regarding’second’ messenger’system’is’ true?’

A

IP3’‘greatly’increases’ cytoplasmic’calcium’ concentrations.’

PHYSICIAN LICENSURE EXAM (6 decks)

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