HIGHEST YIELD PHYSIO Flashcards
What’is/are’the’BEST’ index/indices’of’left’ ventricular’pre-load?’
- The best indices of left ventricular preload are ventricular EDV and EDP.
- Less reliable indices include left atrial pressure, pulmonary venous pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure.
Premature’ventricular’ contractions’(PVCs)’ causes’the’following’ECG’ changes,’
A.’QRS’complex’ prolongation’
B.’Large’QRS’complexes’
C.’T wave’inversion’ immediately’after’a’ premature’beat’
The basic rhythm of respiration
is generated mainly in the dorsal respiratory group of neurons.
The neurons of the ventral respiratory group remain almost totally inactive during normal quiet respiration. Therefore, normal quiet breathing is caused only by repetitive inspiratory signals from the dorsal respiratory group transmitted mainly to the diaphragm, and expiration results from elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic cage.
They are especially important in providing the powerful expiratory signals to the abdominal muscles during very heavy expiration.
The function of the pneumotaxic center
is primarily to limit inspiration.
A’normal’25 year’old’ man’has’a’respiratory’ rate’of’14’breaths’per’ minute.’‘What’is’his’ alveolar’ventilation?’
Computation is 500ml (normal tidal volume) – 150ml (normal anatomic dead space, assuming that this subject has 0 physiologic dead space) = 350ml x 14 = 4,900 ml, rounded off to 5L.
voltage-gated’ sodium’ion’channels?’
Voltage-gated Na channels are opened during depolarization. Na- K ATPase pump is the one pumping 3 Na out and 2 K in. There is virtually minimal/negligible conductance of sodium in a resting membrane.
They’are’virtually’ closed’when’the’cell’is’at’ rest.’
The’triggering’ mechanism’for’the’ genesis’of’REM’sleep’ depends’on’neurons’that’ release:’
Acetylcholine is released in high levels as a result of wakefulness and alertness, but it is also found in high levels during REM sleep. Its lowest levels have been found in slow wave sleep when there is no cortical arousal, but relaxation.
The release of certain neurotransmitters, the monoamines(norepinephrine, serotonin and histamine), is completely shut down during REM
acromegaly
which is a result of increased growth hormone release from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND after the epiphyseal plates have already closed. In over 90 percent of acromegaly patients, the overproduction of growth hormones is caused by a benign tumor of the pituitary gland, called an adenoma.
Prolonged diastole
permits more time for ventricular filling, hence better filling of the ventricle.
Prolonging the diastole will result in decreased heart rate and increased stroke volume.
Duration of diastole has no effect on peripheral resistance.
The’sympathetic’nervous’ system’modulates’the’ output’of’the’pacemaker’ cells’of’the’heart’by:’
Sympathetic activation, which releases norepinephrine (NE), increases pacemaker rate by decreasing gK+ and increasing slow inward gCa++ and gNa+; the pacemaker current (If) is enhanced. These changes increase the slope of PHASE 4 so that the pacemaker potential more rapidly reaches the threshold for action potential generation.
acclimatization’to’high’ altitudes’come’about?’
The principal means by which acclimatization comes about are (1) a great increase in pulmonary ventilation,
(2) increased numbers of red blood cells,
(3) increased diffusing capacity of the lungs,
(4) increased vascularity of the peripheral tissues, and
(5) increased ability of the tissue cells to use oxygen despite low PO2.
In’the’sarcomere,’which’ of’the’following’keep/s’ the’myosin’and’actin’in’ place?’
The side-by-side relationship between the myosin and actin filaments is difficult to maintain. This is achieved by a large number of filamentous molecules of a protein called TITIN
Cushing’s syndrome
This is manifested by abnormally elevated levels of cortisol.
Hirschprung’s disease
CASE:
A’newborn’male’was’held’ at’the’NICU’because’he’ did’not’pass’out’ meconium’after’48’hours’ of’life.’‘Plain’abdominal’ radiographs’showed’ distended’bowel’loops’ with’a’paucity’of’air’in’ the’rectum.’‘Absence’of’ which’of’the’following’ is/are’expected’to’be’ seen’in’the’biopsy’of’the’ affected’segment?’
Both the myenteric (Auerbach) plexus and the submucosal (Meissner) plexus are absent from the muscular layer of the bowel wall in
The’concentrating’ mechanism’of’the’ nephron’depends’upon’ the’maintenance’of’a’ gradient’of’increasing’ osmolality’along’the’ medullary’pyramids.’
This gradient is produced by the operation of the loops of Henle as countercurrent multipliers and maintained by the operation of the vasa recta as countercurrent exchangers.
Hunger pangs
are strongest in the 3rd- 4th day.
All’of’the’following’lung’ volume’and’lung’ capacities’cannot’be’ measured’clinically’ except?’
TIDAL VOLUME
All’of’the’following’are’ muscles’for’inspiration’ except?’
‘Internal’Intercostals’
All’of’the’following’are’ muscles’for’inspiration’
A.’’'’External’Intercostals’
B.’’’'’SCM’
C.’’’'’Anterior’Serrati’
D.’’’'’Scalene’
Slow waves
are SLOWEST in the STOMACH and FASTEST in the SMALL INTESTINE
10, 000 feet:
most impt effect is Decreased mental proficiency
12,000 feet.
A.’’'’Drowsiness’
B.’’'’Lassitude’
C.’’'’Headache’
E.’’’'’Euphoria’
All’of’the’following’are’ characteristics’of’ isovolumetric’ventricular’ contraction’phase’of’the’ cardiac’cycle
EXCEPT END SYSTOLIC VOLUME
A.’’'’It’is’a’period’between’ closure’of’the’AV’valves’ and’opening’of’Semilunar’ valves’
B.’’’'’There’is’an’abrupt’ increase’in’the’ ventricular’pressure’ more’than’the’atrial’ pressure’ C.’’’'’All’valves’are’closed’ in’this’phase’ D.’’’'’In’this’phase,’the’1st’ heart’sound’is’produced’
E. End diastolic volume
A.’’'’S1’
closure’of’AV’ valves’
B.’’’'’S2
closure’of’SL’ valves’
C.’’’'’S3
rapid’filling’ phase’(flow’of’blood’from’ atria’to’ventricle)’
D.’’’'’S4
atrial’systole’
Phase 4- slow DEPOLARIZATION conduction, inward Na current
is responsible for SA nodal automaticity
Bradykinin and histamine
are vasodilators
Serotonin and Endothelin
are vasoconstrictors
erythropoietin’ produced’in’a’normal’ kidney?’
Peritubular’ Capillaries’(Interstitial’ cells)’
Dilation’of’the’ afferent’arteriole’ would cause a
increase’ in’both’glomerular’ filtration’rate’and’renal’ plasma’flow?’’
hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkaLOSIS , ELEVATED ALDOSTERONE AND LOW RENIN ARE ALL CONSISTENT TO
CONN’S SYNDROME.
AV node
slowest
purkinje fibers
Fastest
are the least common among the granulocytes. In the tissues, they are called Mast cells and are responsible for release of Histamine during Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction.
Basophils
histamine
basophil
Cornea’
This’is’the’most’powerful’ structure’of’the’optical’ system
stimulates the sertoli cells and initiates the spermatogenesis.
FSH
directly stimulates the semiferous tubules to produce sperm cells.
Testosterone
What’is’the’function’of’ this’lung’volume?’
A.’’'’Prevents’collapse’of’ the’lungs’
C.’’'’Provides’the’oxygen’ needed’in’between’ breaths’
Paccinian’Corpuscle’
onion-like’ mechanoreceptor’present’ on’skin’surface’which’ primarily’function’is’to’ detect’vibration’and’ pressure.’
first’heart’sound’is’ created’by’the’closure’of?’
A.’’'’AV’Valves’
C.’’'’Mitral’and’Tricuspid’ Valves’
Interstitial’cells’of’ Cajal’
‘is’the’pacemaker’of’ peristalsis?’
Dubin and Rotor
Conjugated bilirubin
jaundice
an’error’of’refraction
Astigmatism’
The’opercular/triangular’ parts’of’the’inferior’ frontal’gyrus’is’also’called’
A.’’'’Broca’s’area’
B.’’'’Brodmann’44,45’
Intermediate’filament
link’between’the’ extracellular’matrix,’ cytoplasm’and’nucleus.’ This’also’serves’as’tumor’ marker.’
This’shifts’the’ hemoglobin’oxygen’ dissociation’curve’to’the’ LEFT
Alkalosis' decrease temperature increase pH decrease 2,3 DPG carbon monoxide poisoning decrease Carbon dioxide
This’shifts’the’ hemoglobin’oxygen’ dissociation’curve’to’the’ RIGHT
increase Carbon dioxide
increase 2,3 DPG
Exercise
Increase in temperature
The’increase’of’stroke’ volume’during’exercise’is’ primarily’due’to’an’ increase’in’
Venous’return’
CASE:
A’57’year’old’patient’had’ an’acute’myocardial’ infarction.’BP’was’70/40’ and’cardiac’output’is’1/3’ of’normal.’The’central’ venous’should’be’
‘Decrease’due’to’ decrease’venous’return’
This’best’describes’gap’ junctions:’
They’are’attachments’ between’cells’that’permit’ intercellular’ communication’
Na/K’ATPase’pump’is’an’ example’of’what’type’of’ cellular’transport?’
Primary active transport, also called direct active transport, directly uses energy to transport molecules across a membrane.
This’is’true’of’action’ potentials:’
Hyperpolarization further makes the RMP more negative. RMP of skeletal muscles = -95mV
In’active’adults,’this’type’ of’Eeg’tracing’ predominates:’
beta’
is produced by rapid ventricular filling.
S3
Is produced by atrial contraction.
S4
The Frank–Starling law of
the heart states that
‘an’increased’in’SV’ and’CO’occurs’in’ response’to’increased’ venous’return’’
the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (the end diastolic volume) when all other factors remain constant.
Which’of’the’following’ can’be’measured’by’ spirometry?’
Tidal’Volume’
cannot be measured by spirometry.
Residual volume,
functional residual capacity
total lung capacity
Factors that causes intracellular shift of potassium includes:
Insulin, B- agonists, Alkalosis, Hyposmolarity.
serum’ anion’gap:’
Represents’ unmeasured’anions’in’ serum’
The’normal’value’for’ the’anion’gap’is’12’+/-4.’
Which’of’the’following’is’ a’direct’action’of’growth’ hormone?’
‘Glucose’uptake’into’ cells’(diabetogenic)’
Charles’‘Law’
Describe’the’relationship’ between’volume’of’gas’ and’temperature?’
HYPOGLYCEMIA
- 50-70 mg/100ml: hallucinations, extreme nervousness, trembles all over, breaks out in a sweAt.
- 20-50 mg/100ml and lower: clonic seizures, LOC, coma
Characteristics’of’ humoral’immunity’ include’the’following:’
The body develops circulating antibodies which are globin molecules in the blood that are capable of attacking the invading agent
T wave
- repolarization
Some’varieties’of’cabbage’ block’peroxidase’enzyme’ required’for’iodination’of’ tyrosine’leading’to’ growth’of’glandular’ tissues’and’forming’a’ goiter.’This’effect’is’ similar’to’which’anti- thyroid’substance?’
Propylthiouracil’
What’is’the’main’ difference’between’ voltage-gated’and’ligand- gated’ion’channels?’
Voltage-gated are activated by membrane potential changes whereas ligand-gated channels are by chemical messenger binding
Which’of’the’ following’statements’ regarding’second’ messenger’system’is’ true?’
IP3’‘greatly’increases’ cytoplasmic’calcium’ concentrations.’
