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PHYSICIAN LICENSURE EXAM > HIGHEST YIELD 2 > Flashcards

HIGHEST YIELD 2 Flashcards

1
Q

rate limiting step in catecholamine biosynthesis

A
  • hydroxylation of tyrosine
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2
Q

aldolase B deficiency

A
  • Sucrose
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3
Q

cataract development in uncontrolled DM

A
  • glucose to sorbitol
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4
Q 
7 y/o M
metral retardation
vision problem
autopsy middle cerebral artery thrombosis
old renal infarct
A
  • PYRIDOXINE
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5
Q

D-glucose and L-glucose

A
  • Enantiomers
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6
Q

linkage between UREA CYCLE and CITRIC ACID CYCLE

A
  • FUMARATE
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7
Q

starvation diet for 4 months lost 50lbs

A
  • increase ACETOACETIC ACID
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8
Q

URINE TEST FOR KETONE does not detect

A
  • beta hydroxybutyrate
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9
Q

tibial periostoma hematomas

painful gums

A
  • ascorbic acid deficiency
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10
Q

tropocollagen molecules

A
  • collagen
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11
Q 
6 y/o F
pot bellied
pale
puffy face
enlarge tongue
A
  • IODINE DEFICIENCY
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12
Q

glucose uptake in non exercising muscle GLUT 4

A
  • facilitated diffusion
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13
Q

inverted P wave after QRS

A
  • supra nodal premature contraction coming from the bundle of His
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14
Q

sheer stress, increase in REYNOLDS number, TURBULENCE in an arteriole

A
  • induction of NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE
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15
Q

the primary/largest determinant of arterial pressure gradient during systole

A
  • ARTERIOLES
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16
Q

INCREASE BP

A
  • increase glomerular pressure
  • increase peritubular capillary pressure
  • decrease filtration fraction
  • increase peritubular hydrostatic pressure leading to decrease reabsorption
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17
Q

ACEI

A
  • will decrease efferent arteriole constriction
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18
Q

DKA

A
  • removal of HYDROGEN IONS and ABSORPTION OF HCO3 ions in the PROXIMAL TUBULE
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19
Q

VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA OF TSAI

A
  • DOPAMINE
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20
Q

PERIAQUEDACTAL GRAY REGION

A
  • enkephalin producing neurons
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21
Q

INFERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS

A
  • AUDITORY SYSTEM
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22
Q

NUCLEUS RAPHES MAGNUS

A
  • SEROTONIN for suppression of the pain pathways
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23
Q

LIMBIC CORTEX

A
  • orbitofrontal gyrus
  • cingulate gyrus
  • parahippocampal gyrus
  • subcallosal gyrus
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24
Q

damage to THALAMUS will cause

A

-RETROGRADE amnesia

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25
Q

body floats during drowning

A
  • 22 hours
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26
Q

heart sounds

A
  • S2 has the higher frequency, greater elastic coefficient, longer duration than S1
  • S2>S1
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27
Q

rheumatic fever most damage valve

A
  • primary MITRAL VALVE

- secondary AORTIC VALVE

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28
Q

ventral respiratory group

A
  • function in both inspiration and expiration
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29
Q

GASTRIC SECRETION

A
  • 20% CEPHALIC PHASE
  • 70% GASTRIC PHASE
  • no such thing as esophageal phase
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30
Q

bile acids are conjugated with

A
  • glycine

- taurine

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31
Q

obesity increases

A
  • insulin secretion
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32
Q

resting membrane potential, sodium channel configuration

A
  • M gate ACTIVATION GATE close

- H gate INACTIVATION GATE open

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33
Q

calcium binds with

A
  • calmodulin
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34
Q

acetycholine transmission

A
  • all autonomic ganglionic synapse
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35
Q

SP: AP to void surgeon must give

A
  • M3 agonist to contract the bladder wall and relax urinary sphincter
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36
Q

INCREASE AFTERLOAD

A
  • decrease SV
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37
Q

a wave

A

corresponds to right atrial contraction

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38
Q

c wave

A
  • corresponds to right ventricular contraction causing the closed tricuspid valve to bulge into the right atrium
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39
Q

v wave

A
  • corresponds to the filling of the right atrium during late systole or early diastole during which the tricuspid valve should still be closed
  • tricuspid regurgitation
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40
Q

Tricuspid insufficiency

A
  • would cause increase in v waves or in more severe cases a c-v wave
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41
Q

inspiratory right sided cardiac events

A
  • increase preload
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42
Q

during exercise

A
  • decrease TPR
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43
Q

loop of henle impermeable to water but permeable to solutes

A
  • ascending limb
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44
Q

loop of henle permeable to water but permeable to solutes

A
  • descending limb
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45
Q

vomiting

A
  • metabolic alkalosis
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46
Q

opsonization

A
  • C3b
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47
Q

anaphylactic

A
  • C3a

- C5a

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48
Q

MAC

A
  • Cb5-9
49
Q

surfactant La Place law

A
  • decrease surface tension
50
Q

main site of concentration of urine

A
  • collecting duct
51
Q

main site of secretion and reabsorption

A
  • PCT
52
Q

pyrrole ring

A
  • glycine
53
Q

live attenuated vaccine

A
  • measles
54
Q

alveolar ventilation is proportional to pH

pH is inverse to

A
  • pCO2
55
Q

most powerful stimulator for increasing RR

A
  • carbon dioxide
56
Q

concentration of carbon dioxide is lowest

A
  • alveoli at the end of expiration
57
Q

cimetidine

A
  • Creatinine clearance exceeds GFR due to creatinine secretion, which can be blocked by cimetidine
58
Q

GFR

A

urine concentration x urine flow/ plasma concentration

59
Q

above the pons

A
  • medulla
60
Q

saliva has low

A
  • sodium
61
Q

pepsinogen

A
  • chief cells
62
Q

renal osteodystrophy

A
  • INCREASED PTH, DECREASED VIT D
63
Q

increase during menopause

A
  • FSH
64
Q

slow waves fastest

A
  • duodenum
65
Q

anterior pituitary

A
  • FSH
66
Q

posterior pituitary

A
  • vasopressin
67
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • GnRH
68
Q

ovary

A
  • estrogen highest in follicular phase
69
Q

thyroid hormone would increase

A
  • HR
  • MAP
  • RR
70
Q

secreted by medulla

A
  • epinephrine
71
Q

spematogenesis

A
  • seminiferous tubules
72
Q

testosterone secretion in male

A
  • LH
73
Q

suppression of prolactin

A
  • dopamine
74
Q

arginine vasopressin aka

A
  • ADH
75
Q

oxytocin secreted by

A
  • neurohypophysis

- paraventricular nuclei

76
Q

somatostatin secreted by

A
  • delta cell
77
Q

primary bile acids

A
  • cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid
78
Q

The’binding’of’oxygen’ with’hemoglobin’tends’to’ displace’carbon’dioxide’ in’the’lungs.’This’is’ known’as’the

A

Haldane’effect’

79
Q

states,that,an,increase,in,blood,CO2 which,in,turn,decreases,blood,pH,, promotes,unloading,of,oxygen,or, decreased,affinity,of,oxygen,for, hemoglobin.,

A

The,Bohr,effect

80
Q

EDEMA

A
  • INCREASED CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
81
Q

most’important’ factor’in’influencing’the’ closure’of’the’ductus’ arteriosus’is

A
  • Increase’in’O2’tension’
82
Q

type I motor fiber

A
  • marathon
83
Q

major’urinary’buffer’ excreted’during’ metabolic’acidosis’is

A

Ammonia’

84
Q

Tetraethylammonium’ (TEA)’is’a’poison’found’in’ the’ovaries’of’certain’ species’of’puffer’fish

A

‘TEA’blocks’the’ potassium’voltage’gated’ channels’inhibiting’action’ potential’generation’

85
Q

pulmonary edema

A

‘Increased’capillary’ hydrostatic’pressure’

86
Q

limits inspiration

A
  • activation of HERING -BREUER REFLEX

- stretching of the smooth muscle airways

87
Q

Proopiomelanocortin

A
  • ACTH
  • MSH
  • γ Lipotropin
  • β endorphin
88
Q

Major,stimuli,for,aldosterone, production,are,

A

a,rise,in,angiotensin,II, and,a,rise,in,serum,[K+].

89
Q

The’major’inhibitory’ signal’for’aldosterone’ release’is

A
  • ANP
90
Q

histamine,

A

is,the,strongest,agonist,of,H+,secretion,,

91
Q

Phase,0

A

:,sodium,influx,,depolarization;,

92
Q

Phase,1:

A

,Early,repolarization,, potassium,efflux;

93
Q

,Phase,2:

A

,Plateau,, calcium,influx,,continuing,potassium, efflux;,

94
Q

Phase,3:,

A

Final,repolarization,, potassium,efflux,>,potassium,influx,, decreasing,calcium,influx;

95
Q

,Phase,4:,

A

Restoration,of,ionic,concentrations,, potassium,influx,very,SLIGHTLY, exceed,potassium,efflux

96
Q

S1

A

,isovolumic,contraction,,

97
Q

second’heart’sound S2

A

Isovolumic’relaxation’

98
Q

What’allows’calcium’to’ be’stored’at’high’ concentrations’inside’the’ sarcoplasmic’reticulum

A

Calsequestrin’

99
Q

D,cells:,

A

somatostatin;

100
Q

,G,cells

A

:,gastrin;,

101
Q

ECL,cells Enterochromaffin-like’ cells’’’

A

,histamine;

102
Q

,Parietal,cells:

A

,HCl;

103
Q

ICCs,areI nterstitial’cells’of’Cajal’

A

, “pacemaker”,cells,that,have, the,capacity,to,generate,the,basic, electrical,rhythm,,or,slow,wave,activity,

104
Q

jejunum

A

Fats,and,cholesterol,are,released,by, bile,salts,and,reabsorbed,in,the, ,

105
Q

ileum.

A

.,Bile,salts,are,then,reabsorbed, in,the,,Other,substances,that,are, absorbed,in,the,ileum,include,vitamins, A,,D,,E,,K,and,B12.

106
Q

inspiratory’ muscle?

A

’ A.’External’intercostal’ muscles’’’’ B.’Innermost’intercostal’ muscles’’’’ C.’Sternocleidomastoid’’’’ E.’Serratus’anterior’’’

107
Q

expiratory muscles

A

D.’Serratus’posterior’ inferior’’’’

108
Q

most’common’cause’ of’female’infertility?’

A

Failure’to’ovulate’

109
Q

,inferior,wall

A

II,,III,,aVF,

110
Q

septal,wall.,

A

.,V1,,V2

111
Q

anterior,wall.,

A

V3,,V4

112
Q

lateral,wall.,

A

V5,, V6

113
Q

‘most’potent’naturally’ occurring’vasocontrictor’ in’the’body?’

A

Vasopressin’’’

114
Q

A’19-year’old’male’was’ caught’in’a’gang’war’and’ was’hit’in’the’epigastric’ area’with’strong’direct’ punch.’He’suddenly’ developed’hypotension,’ bradycardia’and’weak’ pulses.

A

‘Vaso-vagal’reflex’ stimulation’’’

115
Q

The’intrinsic’and’ extrinsic’pathways’of’the’ coagulation’cascade’ converge’at’which’of’the’ following’clotting’factor

A

,factor,X,(Stuart, factor)

116
Q

increased’ in’COPD?’

A

Functional’residual’ capacity’’’’

117
Q

Overcorrection,of,hypernatremia, causes

A

,cerebral,edema

118
Q

Overcorrection, of,hyponatremia,causes,

A

central,pontine, myelinolysis.,

119
Q

Diagnosis:,pulmonary,embolism.

A

,Chest, radiograph,describes,the,Westermark, sign.,Respiratory,alkalosis,secondary,to, hyperventilation,(tachypnea),would,be, expected.,

PHYSICIAN LICENSURE EXAM (6 decks)

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