HIGHEST YIELD 2 Flashcards
rate limiting step in catecholamine biosynthesis
- hydroxylation of tyrosine
aldolase B deficiency
- Sucrose
cataract development in uncontrolled DM
- glucose to sorbitol
7 y/o M metral retardation vision problem autopsy middle cerebral artery thrombosis old renal infarct
- PYRIDOXINE
D-glucose and L-glucose
- Enantiomers
linkage between UREA CYCLE and CITRIC ACID CYCLE
- FUMARATE
starvation diet for 4 months lost 50lbs
- increase ACETOACETIC ACID
URINE TEST FOR KETONE does not detect
- beta hydroxybutyrate
tibial periostoma hematomas
painful gums
- ascorbic acid deficiency
tropocollagen molecules
- collagen
6 y/o F pot bellied pale puffy face enlarge tongue
- IODINE DEFICIENCY
glucose uptake in non exercising muscle GLUT 4
- facilitated diffusion
inverted P wave after QRS
- supra nodal premature contraction coming from the bundle of His
sheer stress, increase in REYNOLDS number, TURBULENCE in an arteriole
- induction of NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE
the primary/largest determinant of arterial pressure gradient during systole
- ARTERIOLES
INCREASE BP
- increase glomerular pressure
- increase peritubular capillary pressure
- decrease filtration fraction
- increase peritubular hydrostatic pressure leading to decrease reabsorption
ACEI
- will decrease efferent arteriole constriction
DKA
- removal of HYDROGEN IONS and ABSORPTION OF HCO3 ions in the PROXIMAL TUBULE
VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA OF TSAI
- DOPAMINE
PERIAQUEDACTAL GRAY REGION
- enkephalin producing neurons
INFERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS
- AUDITORY SYSTEM
NUCLEUS RAPHES MAGNUS
- SEROTONIN for suppression of the pain pathways
LIMBIC CORTEX
- orbitofrontal gyrus
- cingulate gyrus
- parahippocampal gyrus
- subcallosal gyrus
damage to THALAMUS will cause
-RETROGRADE amnesia
body floats during drowning
- 22 hours
heart sounds
- S2 has the higher frequency, greater elastic coefficient, longer duration than S1
- S2>S1
rheumatic fever most damage valve
- primary MITRAL VALVE
- secondary AORTIC VALVE
ventral respiratory group
- function in both inspiration and expiration
GASTRIC SECRETION
- 20% CEPHALIC PHASE
- 70% GASTRIC PHASE
- no such thing as esophageal phase
bile acids are conjugated with
- glycine
- taurine
obesity increases
- insulin secretion
resting membrane potential, sodium channel configuration
- M gate ACTIVATION GATE close
- H gate INACTIVATION GATE open
calcium binds with
- calmodulin
acetycholine transmission
- all autonomic ganglionic synapse
SP: AP to void surgeon must give
- M3 agonist to contract the bladder wall and relax urinary sphincter
INCREASE AFTERLOAD
- decrease SV
a wave
corresponds to right atrial contraction
c wave
- corresponds to right ventricular contraction causing the closed tricuspid valve to bulge into the right atrium
v wave
- corresponds to the filling of the right atrium during late systole or early diastole during which the tricuspid valve should still be closed
- tricuspid regurgitation
Tricuspid insufficiency
- would cause increase in v waves or in more severe cases a c-v wave
inspiratory right sided cardiac events
- increase preload
during exercise
- decrease TPR
loop of henle impermeable to water but permeable to solutes
- ascending limb
loop of henle permeable to water but permeable to solutes
- descending limb
vomiting
- metabolic alkalosis
opsonization
- C3b
anaphylactic
- C3a
- C5a
MAC
- Cb5-9
surfactant La Place law
- decrease surface tension
main site of concentration of urine
- collecting duct
main site of secretion and reabsorption
- PCT
pyrrole ring
- glycine
live attenuated vaccine
- measles
alveolar ventilation is proportional to pH
pH is inverse to
- pCO2
most powerful stimulator for increasing RR
- carbon dioxide
concentration of carbon dioxide is lowest
- alveoli at the end of expiration
cimetidine
- Creatinine clearance exceeds GFR due to creatinine secretion, which can be blocked by cimetidine
GFR
urine concentration x urine flow/ plasma concentration
above the pons
- medulla
saliva has low
- sodium
pepsinogen
- chief cells
renal osteodystrophy
- INCREASED PTH, DECREASED VIT D
increase during menopause
- FSH
slow waves fastest
- duodenum
anterior pituitary
- FSH
posterior pituitary
- vasopressin
hypothalamus
- GnRH
ovary
- estrogen highest in follicular phase
thyroid hormone would increase
- HR
- MAP
- RR
secreted by medulla
- epinephrine
spematogenesis
- seminiferous tubules
testosterone secretion in male
- LH
suppression of prolactin
- dopamine
arginine vasopressin aka
- ADH
oxytocin secreted by
- neurohypophysis
- paraventricular nuclei
somatostatin secreted by
- delta cell
primary bile acids
- cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid
The’binding’of’oxygen’ with’hemoglobin’tends’to’ displace’carbon’dioxide’ in’the’lungs.’This’is’ known’as’the
Haldane’effect’
states,that,an,increase,in,blood,CO2 which,in,turn,decreases,blood,pH,, promotes,unloading,of,oxygen,or, decreased,affinity,of,oxygen,for, hemoglobin.,
The,Bohr,effect
EDEMA
- INCREASED CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
most’important’ factor’in’influencing’the’ closure’of’the’ductus’ arteriosus’is
- Increase’in’O2’tension’
type I motor fiber
- marathon
major’urinary’buffer’ excreted’during’ metabolic’acidosis’is
Ammonia’
Tetraethylammonium’ (TEA)’is’a’poison’found’in’ the’ovaries’of’certain’ species’of’puffer’fish
‘TEA’blocks’the’ potassium’voltage’gated’ channels’inhibiting’action’ potential’generation’
pulmonary edema
‘Increased’capillary’ hydrostatic’pressure’
limits inspiration
- activation of HERING -BREUER REFLEX
- stretching of the smooth muscle airways
Proopiomelanocortin
- ACTH
- MSH
- γ Lipotropin
- β endorphin
Major,stimuli,for,aldosterone, production,are,
a,rise,in,angiotensin,II, and,a,rise,in,serum,[K+].
The’major’inhibitory’ signal’for’aldosterone’ release’is
- ANP
histamine,
is,the,strongest,agonist,of,H+,secretion,,
Phase,0
:,sodium,influx,,depolarization;,
Phase,1:
,Early,repolarization,, potassium,efflux;
,Phase,2:
,Plateau,, calcium,influx,,continuing,potassium, efflux;,
Phase,3:,
Final,repolarization,, potassium,efflux,>,potassium,influx,, decreasing,calcium,influx;
,Phase,4:,
Restoration,of,ionic,concentrations,, potassium,influx,very,SLIGHTLY, exceed,potassium,efflux
S1
,isovolumic,contraction,,
second’heart’sound S2
Isovolumic’relaxation’
What’allows’calcium’to’ be’stored’at’high’ concentrations’inside’the’ sarcoplasmic’reticulum
Calsequestrin’
D,cells:,
somatostatin;
,G,cells
:,gastrin;,
ECL,cells Enterochromaffin-like’ cells’’’
,histamine;
,Parietal,cells:
,HCl;
ICCs,areI nterstitial’cells’of’Cajal’
, “pacemaker”,cells,that,have, the,capacity,to,generate,the,basic, electrical,rhythm,,or,slow,wave,activity,
jejunum
Fats,and,cholesterol,are,released,by, bile,salts,and,reabsorbed,in,the, ,
ileum.
.,Bile,salts,are,then,reabsorbed, in,the,,Other,substances,that,are, absorbed,in,the,ileum,include,vitamins, A,,D,,E,,K,and,B12.
inspiratory’ muscle?
’ A.’External’intercostal’ muscles’’’’ B.’Innermost’intercostal’ muscles’’’’ C.’Sternocleidomastoid’’’’ E.’Serratus’anterior’’’
expiratory muscles
D.’Serratus’posterior’ inferior’’’’
most’common’cause’ of’female’infertility?’
Failure’to’ovulate’
,inferior,wall
II,,III,,aVF,
septal,wall.,
.,V1,,V2
anterior,wall.,
V3,,V4
lateral,wall.,
V5,, V6
‘most’potent’naturally’ occurring’vasocontrictor’ in’the’body?’
Vasopressin’’’
A’19-year’old’male’was’ caught’in’a’gang’war’and’ was’hit’in’the’epigastric’ area’with’strong’direct’ punch.’He’suddenly’ developed’hypotension,’ bradycardia’and’weak’ pulses.
‘Vaso-vagal’reflex’ stimulation’’’
The’intrinsic’and’ extrinsic’pathways’of’the’ coagulation’cascade’ converge’at’which’of’the’ following’clotting’factor
,factor,X,(Stuart, factor)
increased’ in’COPD?’
Functional’residual’ capacity’’’’
Overcorrection,of,hypernatremia, causes
,cerebral,edema
Overcorrection, of,hyponatremia,causes,
central,pontine, myelinolysis.,
Diagnosis:,pulmonary,embolism.
,Chest, radiograph,describes,the,Westermark, sign.,Respiratory,alkalosis,secondary,to, hyperventilation,(tachypnea),would,be, expected.,
