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PHYSICIAN LICENSURE EXAM > HIGHEST YIELD 4 > Flashcards

HIGHEST YIELD 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How’many’oxygen’ molecules’can’1’ myoglobin’molecule’ bind?

A
  • 1
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2
Q

Hemoglobin,can,carry,

A
  • 4, molecules,of,oxygen,
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3
Q

lesion’on’the’ right’visual’cortex’ posterior’to’the’lateral’ geniculate’body,’which’of’ the’following’visual’ defects’would’be’ expected?’

A
  • Left hemianopia with macular sparing
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4
Q

Lesions of the optic tract will present with

A
  • homonymous hemianopia
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5
Q

On’a’NORMAL’individual,’ What’is’the’alveolar’ ventilation,’given’the’ following:’Tidal’Volume’:’ 500mL,’RR:22cpm?’
A.’’'’7.7’L’
B.’’'’8.8’L’ C.’'’9.9’‘L’’ D.’'’10.0’L’ E.’’'’11.0’L’

A

AV=,(TV

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6
Q

Majority’of’Carbon’ dioxide’is’transported’in’ the’body’thru’which’ form?’

A
  • HCO3
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7
Q

Pulmonary,embolism

A

there,is,good, ventilation,but,zero,perfusion,

  • hence, V/Q,ratio,is,infinite,,there,is,continuous, ventilation,with,no,perfusion.,
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8
Q

The,hemoglobin,Dissociation,curve, shifts,to,the,right,in

A
  • Increased,CO2,,
  • ACIDOSIS,(low,pH),,
  • Increased,2,3, BPG,,
  • Exercise,,
  • Increased,Temperature.,
    (similar,to,SIMILAR,TO,PREVIOUS, BOARD,EXAM,CONCEPT/PRINCIPLE,, came,out,3x!!!),
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9
Q

Which’of’the’following’ combination’of’hormones’ is’synergistic’with’each’ other’to’promote’HCl’ secretion?’

A

Ach,,Histamine,,and,Gastrin,are,all, involved,in,the,several,mechanisms,of, HCl,secretion.,

-Histamine,is,the,most, important,of,the,3.,

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10
Q

Basophilic,Cells,of,the,Anterior, Pituitary,Gland,secretes,the,ff:

A
  • FSH
  • LH
  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • MSH
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11
Q

Locus’Ceruleus’of’the’ Pons’

A
  • NE
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12
Q

Ventral, tegmentum,of,Substantia,Nigra

A
  • dopamine
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13
Q

Nucleus’Accumbens’

A
  • GABA
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14
Q

Raphe’Nucleus’

A

Serotonin

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15
Q

Alzheimer’s’Disease.’ Where’is’Acetylcholine’ produced’in’the’brain?

A
  • Basal’Nucleus’of’ Meynert
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16
Q

The,action,potential,of,the,SA,node, starts,at,

A
  • phase 4

- The,more,steeper,the, phase,4,the,easier,it,is,to,reach,the, threshold,,hence,a,faster,cardiac,rate.,

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17
Q

Erection’

A

Parasympathetic,

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18
Q

normal’Alveolar-arterial’Gradient?’

A

High’altitude’

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19
Q

carotid’massage’to’ decrease’the’HR.’Which’ of’the’following’is’ responsible’for’the’ transmition’of’afferent’ signals’from’the’carotid’ sinus’to’the’medulla

A

CN,IX/,Glossopharyngeal,nerve,is, responsible,for,transmitting,the, afferent,signal,from,the,carotid,sinus,, its,branch,is,specifically,termed,as,the, Herring’s,Nerve.,

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20
Q

2nd’ heart’sound’is’heard

A
  • Isovolumic’Relaxation’
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21
Q

large’amount’of’ Calcium’gluconate

A

Arrhythmia’

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22
Q

A

A

does,not,change,its,length

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23
Q

,I

A

shorten.,This,also,causes,the,Z,lines,to, come,closer,together.,

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24
Q

How’much’body’water’is’ lost’in’the’feces’during’ prolonged’heavy’ exercise?’

A

,set,at,350, and,100,ml/day,,respectively

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25
Q

How’much’body’water loss,from,respiration, increases,from,

A

350,to,650,ml/day

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26
Q

sweat,

A

,from,100,to,5000,ml/day.

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27
Q

Urine,finally,decreases,

A

from,1400,to,as, little,as,500,ml/day.,

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28
Q

‘responsible’ for’the’adhesion,’arrest’ and’transmigration’of’all’ leukocytes?’

A

ICAM’

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29
Q

Ventromedial’nuclei’ of’hypothalamus

A

satiety,center;, stimulation,of,which,results,in,aphagia, (refuses,to,eat),,and,conversely,,its, destruction,leads,to,voracious,eating

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30
Q

This’refers’to’the’extra’ osmotic’pressure’caused’ by’cations,’primarily’Na’ and’K,’held’in’the’plasma’ by’the’proteins’ contributing’to’the’total’ plasma’colloid’osmotic’ pressure

A

Donnan’effect’

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31
Q

Among’the’‘following’ cellular’organelles,’this’ organelle’has’the’greatest’ potential’for’self8 replication’

A

Mitochondria’

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32
Q

A’24’year8old’woman’was’ diagnosed’with’ myasthenia’gravis.’She’ was’prescribed’with’ Pyridostigmine’and’she’ noted’increased’muscle’ strength’when’she’took’ the’prescribed’medicine.’ The’basis’for’this’ improvement’is’increased’ in’the:’

A

‘Levels’of’ acetylcholine’at’the’ motor’end’plates’

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33
Q

resting’membrane’ potential’is’determined’ largely’by:’

A

‘Potassium’efflux’ through’the’Na8K’leak’ channels’

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34
Q

inhibits the firing of action potentials in nerves by binding to the voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve cell membranes and blocking the passage of sodium ions (responsible for the rising phase of an action potential) into the nerve cell.

A

Tetrodotoxin

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35
Q

,conditions,is,mainly, caused,by,roughened,endothelial, surface,of,vessels

A

Thromboembolic

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36
Q

,is,virtually,the, pacemaker,of,a,normal,heart,because,it, has,the,highest,frequency,of,impulse, generation

A

Sinoatrial,Node

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37
Q

Pulmonary’circulation’ has’a’lower’pressure’due’ to’

A

‘Dilatable’vessels’

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38
Q

disappearance’of’ Korotkoff’sounds

A

‘at’the’level’above’the’ diastolic’pressure’

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39
Q

Rh’hemolytic’ disease’of’the’newborn

A
  • The,mother,is, Rh,negative,while,the,fetus,is,Rh, positive
  • Rh,hemolytic,disease,of,the,newborn, occurs,when,preformed,maternal, antibodies,cross,the,placenta,to,react, with,fetal,Rh+,cells.
  • ,Subsequent, pregnancies,are,severely,affected, compared,to,first,child
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40
Q

Physiologic,effects,of,testosterone are:,

A
  • growth,and,differentiation,of,internal, and,external,genitalia,,
  • increased,bone, and,muscle,mass,,
  • calcium,deposition,,
  • epiphyseal,closure,,RBC,production,,
  • increased,BMR,and,pubertal,growth, spurt.,
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41
Q

three,basic,renal,processes,are,

A
  • glomerular,filtration,
  • tubular, reabsorption,
  • tubular,secretion.,
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42
Q

median,raphe,of, brainstem,

A
  • Serotonin,is,a,monoamine,neurotransmitter,that,is,
    biochemically, derived,from,tryptophan
  • involved,in, regulation,of,mood,,appetite,and,sleep
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43
Q

parieto-occipitotemporal,association, area

A
  • The,association,area,of,the,central, cortex,that,provides,a,high,level,of, interpretive,meaning,from,the, surrounding,sensory,areas,
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44
Q

middle’ear’ossicles

A

Amplify’the’sound

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45
Q

The,decrease,in,oxygen,affinity,of, hemoglobin,with,high,concentration,of, carbon,dioxide,is,called,

,which, happens,in,the,peripheral,tissues., There,is,unloading,of,O2,due,to, increased,hydrogen,from,tissue, metabolism

A

Bohr,effect.,

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46
Q

the,decrease,in,the, amount,of,carbaminohemoglobin,due, to,increased,oxygenation.,is called

In’the’lungs,’oxygenation’ of’hemoglobin’promotes’ dissociation’of’H+’from’ hemoglobin.’This’shifts’ equilibrium’toward’CO2’ formation,’therefore’CO2’ is’released’from’RBC.’

A

Haldane,effect,

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47
Q

the,exchange,of,chloride,and, bicarbonate,in,the,RBC.,is called

A

Chloride,shift, ,

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48
Q

In’Cushing’syndrome,’ dorsocervical’fat’pad’is’ due’to:’

A

Fat’generation’is’ faster’than’metabolism’

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49
Q

Hormones’and’ neurotransmitters’‘are’ synthesized’by:

A

Ribosomes’of’the’RER’

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50
Q

Free,floating,ribosomes, synthesized,proteins,bound,for,the,

A

cytoplasm,and,mitochondria

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51
Q

synthesized,lipids

A

SER,

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52
Q

for,autolysis.,,

A

Lysosomes,

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53
Q

The’“happy’hormone”’ involved’in’mood’and’ sleep’is’mainly’produced’ by

A
  • ‘Median’raphe’of’the’ brainstem’
  • serotonin,is,the,happy,hormone, involved,in,mood,and,sleep,which,is, mainly,secreted,by,the,median,raphe,of, the,brainstem
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54
Q

tuberomammillary,nucleus, of,the,hypothalamus,secretes,mainly,

A

histamine

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55
Q

nucleus,basalis,of,Meynert, secretes,mainly,

A

acetylcholine;,

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56
Q

substantia,nigra,secretes,

A

dopamine,,

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57
Q

Type,A fibers,

A

is,the,fastest,which,is,further, subdivided,into,4.,

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58
Q

Type, B,fiber,

A

is,used,by,all,preganglionic, autonomic,sytem.,

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59
Q

Type,C,is,for,

A

slow, pain,,temperature,,and,postganglionic, sympathetic.,,

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60
Q

type,A,alpha,fiber.,

A

Proprioception,,and, motor,use

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61
Q

jet’lag.’ What’is’the’treatment?

A
  • melatonin’and/or’ sunlight’exposure’
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62
Q

How’many’ percent’of’blood’flows’to’,the,brain;

A

15%,

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63
Q

How’many’ percent’of’blood’flows’to’ the,heart;,

A

,5%,

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64
Q

How’many’ percent’of’blood’flows’to’ the,skin;

A

5%

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65
Q

How’many’ percent’of’blood’flows’to each,to,the,kidney,, GIT,,and,skeletal,muscle.,

A

,25%

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66
Q

1st,heart,sound,

A

is,heard,during, isovolumic,contraction.,

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67
Q

2nd,heart, sound,

A

is,heard,during,isovolumic, relaxation.,

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68
Q

3rd,heart,sound,

A

is,heard, during,rapid,inflow.,

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69
Q

4th,heart,sound,

A

maybe,heard,during,atrial,systole,,

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70
Q

A’19’year’old’male’ lacerated’his’wrist’cutting’ a’major’blood’vessel’was’ bleeding’profusely.’Heart’ rate’was’120bpm’and’BP’ was’80/60mmHg.’The’ decreased’BP’is’detected’ by’MACULA DENSA ‘which’is’ found’in:

A

,is,part,of,the,JG, apparatus.,

It,is,found,in,the, DISTAL TUBULE ,of, the,kidney.,

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71
Q

During,skeletal,muscle,contraction

A

There’is’shortening’of’ sarcomere,’but’not’of’ actin’and’myosin’

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72
Q

physical,activities,which,last,for,10,sec.,

A

use,phosphagen,energy

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73
Q

Those, activities,lasting,for,1.6min,like, badminton

A

,use,glycogen-lactic,acid.,

74
Q

Those,lasting,for,more,than,2,min,or, more,use,

A

aerobic,system.,

75
Q

In’a’patient’with’ hypovolemic’shock,’what’ part’of’the’kidney’is’the’ most’susceptible’to’ hypoxia?’

A

‘Proximal’convoluted’ tubule’

PCT,is,the,workhorse,of,the,nephron, which,is,higly,metabolic,,thus, considered,to,be,the,most,susceptible, to,hypoxia.,

76
Q

Bone’marrow’starts’to’ form’blood’cells’at’what’ age?’

A

'’4th’month’of’fetal’ development’

77
Q

clotting’factor’ IV?’

A

'’Calcium’’

78
Q

A’408year8old’male’was’ stabbed’by’an’assailant.’ He’was’found’to’have’ continuous’bleeding.’At’ the’ER,’his’bp’was’found’ to’be’80/60’mmHg.’ Which’of’the’following’is’ expected’in’this’patient?’’

A

Hypovolemic,shock,,like,in,massive, hemorrhage,,will
,increase,renin, activity,and,
increase,conversion,of, angiotensin,I,to,angiotensin,II.,
Urine, osmolality,will,increase,because,the, body’s,tendency,is,to,conserve,water, (due,to,increased,aldosterone).,

79
Q

Which’among’the’ anterior’pituitary’ hormone’is’under’tonic’ inhibitory’control?’

A

prolactin,is,under,tonic,inhibition

80
Q

pancreatitis

A

lipase,is,more,specific,for, pancreatitis,compared,to,serum, amylase.,

81
Q

The,QRS,complex;,;,

A

,represents:, ventricular,depolarization

82
Q

P,wave:,

A

atrial,depolarization

83
Q

,QRS, complex.,

A

atrial, repolarization,is,buried,under,the

84
Q

The’T’wave’in’the’ electrocardiogram’ represents

A

Ventricular’ repolarization’

85
Q

Iron,is,absorbed,

A

mainly,in,the, duodenum,and,upper,jejunum.,

86
Q

The’following’are’ absorbed’in’the’ileum,

A

A.’’'’Bile’salts’
B.’’'’Vitamin’B12’
C.’’'’Vitamin’K’

87
Q

Secretin,

A

increases,pancreatic, bicarbonate,and,bile,secretion,,while,it, decreases,gastric,acid,secretion.,

88
Q

A,decrease,in,ESR,is,expected,in,

A

polycythemia,,
sickle,cell,anemia,,
congestive,heart,failure,
hypofibrinogenemia.,

89
Q

Type,1,muscle,fibers,

A

are,slow,twitch, red,fibers,resulting,from,increased, mitochondria,and,myoglobin, concentration.,

90
Q

BP

A

= CO,x,TPR;,

91
Q

CO

A

=, HR,x,SV,

92
Q

Continued’production’of’ this’estrogen’depends’on’ the’living’fetus,’hence’is’ used’as’a’marker’of’fetal’ well-being

A

Estriol’

93
Q

Hyperpolarization,

A

Depolarization,is,making,the, mambrane,potential,more,negative.,

94
Q

Threshold,

A

Depolarization,is,the,membrane, potential,in,which,occurrence,of,action, potential,is,inevitable

95
Q

Refractory,period,

A

Depolarization,is,the,period,in, which,a,new,action,potential,can,not,be, elicited.,

96
Q

no,answer,

A

Depolarization,is,the,period,in, which,a,new,action,potential,can,be, elicited.

97
Q

depolarization

A

‘Depolarization’is’ making’the’membrane’ potential’less’negative

98
Q

Which’of’the’following’ nerve’fiber’type’conducts’ action’potential’the’ fastest?

A

‘Type’Aα’

99
Q

slowest,,non-myelinated,

A

Type,C

100
Q

Thalamic,lesions

A

cause, retrograde, amnesia

101
Q

Hippocampal,lesions

A

cause, anterograde,amnesia

102
Q

Alpha,waves

A
103
Q

Beta,waves

A
104
Q

Theta,waves

A
105
Q

Delta,waves

A
106
Q

Ruffini’s,end,organs

A
107
Q

Merkel’s,Disc

A
108
Q

Meissner’s,corpuscle

A
109
Q

Free,nerve,endings

A
110
Q

‘Pacinian’corpuscle’

A

This’tactile’receptor’is’an’ onion-like’structure’in’ the’skin’and’deep’fascia’ that’detects’high- frequency’vibration

111
Q

also’known’as’ capacitance’vessels’ because’of’its’function’as’ reservoir’of’blood

A
  • Veins holds more than 60% of blood volume
112
Q

Hypercalcemia

A
113
Q

Hypokalemia

A
114
Q

Hypocalcemia

A
115
Q

What’does’Tall’T’waves’ in’contiguous’leads’in’an’ ECG’tracing’imply?’

A

‘Hyperkalemia’

116
Q

Cushing,reflex:,

A

HPN,,
Bradycardia,,
Irregular,respiration,

117
Q

Serotonin

A
118
Q

fast

A

=glycolytic;

119
Q

, slow

A
  • oxidative
  • Smaller’in’size’
  • Slower’Calcium’ reuptake’by’sarcoplasmic’ reticulum’’
  • Has’more’numerous’ mitochondria’
  • For’endurance’ activities’
120
Q

Troponin,T

A
121
Q

Troponin,I

A
122
Q

Troponin,C

A
123
Q

right kidney is lower than

A
  • left kidney because of the liver
124
Q

Glomerulotubular,balance

A
125
Q

Tubuloglomerular,feedback

A
126
Q

Factors,that,shift,potassium,out,of, cells:

A 
,insulin,deficiency,,
addison's,,
B-blockers,,
acidosis,,
cell,lysis,,
strenuous, exercise,,
increased,ECF,osmolality,
127
Q

A’newborn’infant’is’born’ with’58alpha’reductase’ deficiency

A

Dihydrotestosterone’

128
Q

The Jod-Basedow effect (also Jod-Basedow syndrome and Jod-Basedow phenomenon)

A
  • is hyperthyroidism following administration of iodine or iodide,[1] either as a dietary supplement or as contrast medium.
  • This phenomenon is thus iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, typically presenting in a patient with endemic goiter (due to iodine deficiency)
  • who relocate to an iodine-abundant geographical area.
  • People who have Graves disease, toxic multinodular goiter, or various types of thyroid adenoma are also at risk of Jod-Basedow effect when they ingest extra iodine.
  • The Jod-Basedow effect also been seen as a side effect of administration of the iodine-containing contrast agents, or amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic drug.
  • iodine-induced’ hyperthyroidism,’ typically’presenting’in’a’ patient’with’endemic’ goiter’who’relocates’to’an’ iodine-abundant’ geographical area
129
Q

The Bainbridge reflex,

A
  • also called the atrial reflex, is an increase in heart rate due to an increase in central venous pressure.[1] Increased blood volume is detected by stretch receptors (baroreceptors) located in both atria at the venoatrial junctions.
130
Q

Wolff–Chaikoff effect

A
  • is a reduction in thyroid hormone levels caused by ingestion of a large amount of iodine.
  • inhibits organification in the thyroid gland, the formation of thyroid hormones inside the thyroid follicle, and the release of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream.
131
Q

countercurrent’multiplier’ system’

A
  • Vasa’recta’
132
Q

Which’of’the’following’ refers’to’the’intrinsic’ ability’of’tubules’to’ increase’their’ reabsorption’rate’in’ response’to’increased’ tubular’load?’

A

‘Glomerulotubular’ Balance’

133
Q

The’affinity’of’oxygen’for’ hemoglobin’increases’in’ which’of’the’following’ situations?

A

‘Hypothermia’

134
Q

orthostatic’hypotension

A

A’suppressed’response’ of’the’baroreceptor’ mechanism’

135
Q

Which’among’the’ following’transport’ mechanisms’is’limited’by’ a’saturable’transport’ maximal?’

A

Facilitated’diffusion’

136
Q

Why’is’atrial’ repolarization’not’visible’ in’a’normal’ECG’tracing?’

A

Because’it’is’buried’in’ the’concurrent’QRS’ complex’

137
Q

Oxytocin,is,produced,in,the,

A

magnocellular,cells,of,the, paraventricular,nuclei,

138
Q

function’of’ vasopressin’in’the’ following’organ’systems?’

A

‘Cardiovascular:’ increases’peripheral’ vascular’resistence’ therefore’increasing’ blood’pressure’

139
Q

A’young’soccer’player’ had’an’accidental’ collision’with’his’ opponent’during’the’ game.’After’the’collision,’ the’player’suddenly’ dropped’down’dead’due’ to’a’fatal’arrythmia.’This’ condition’is’triggered’by’ a’a’blunt’trauma’to’the’ heart’during’the’ susceptible’phase’of’the’ heart.’This’MOST’ COMMONLY’occurs’if’the’ blunt’trauma’occurs:’

A

commotio,cordis,

140
Q

An’average’individual’has’ a’respiratory’rate’of’16’ breaths’per’minute.’His’ measured’tidat’volume’is’ 500ml.’What’is’the’ alveolar’ventilation’of’ this’patient?’

A

Va,=,RR,x,(VT

141
Q

Hypoventilation’causes’ the’oxy-hemoglobin’ curve’to’shift’to’the:’

A

Right’’

142
Q

Which’of’the’following’ decreases’Cobalamin’ (vitamin’b12)’in’the’ body?’

A

Vitamin’C’ Ascorbic,acid,decreases,the,absorption, of,cobalamin,

143
Q

A’patient’with’congestive’ heart’failure’with’ EF

A

Spironolactone,

144
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness
145
Q

‘bilateral’ lesion’in’one’of’the’ structures’of’the’limbic’ system

A

Recognizing’severe’ pain’and’fear’

146
Q

Tryptophan (IUPAC-IUBMB abbreviation: Trp or W; IUPAC abbreviation: L-Trp or D-Trp; sold for medical use as Tryptan)[2]

A

Serotonin (a neurotransmitter), synthesized via tryptophan hydroxylase.[10][11] Serotonin, in turn, can be converted to melatonin (a neurohormone), via N-acetyltransferase and 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activities.[12]

147
Q

Tryptophan (IUPAC-IUBMB abbreviation: Trp or W; IUPAC abbreviation: L-Trp or D-Trp; sold for medical use as Tryptan)[2]

A

is one of the 22 standard amino acids and an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG. Only the L-stereoisomer of tryptophan is used in structural or enzyme proteins, but the R-stereoisomer is occasionally found in naturally produced peptides (for example, the marine venom peptide contryphan).[3] The distinguishing structural characteristic of tryptophan is that it contains an indole functional group.

148
Q

Fast’pain,’usually’ described’as’sharp’and’ localized,’is’carried’by’ which’of’the’following?’

A

small,’myelinated’A-delta’fibers’

149
Q

Growth hormone (GH or HGH), also known as somatotropin or somatropin

A

GH is a stress hormone that raises the concentration of glucose and free fatty acids. It also stimulates production of IGF-1.

150
Q

Growth hormone (GH or HGH), also known as somatotropin or

A

Secretion of growth hormone (GH) in the pituitary is regulated by the neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus.
These cells release the peptides Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH or somatocrinin) and Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH or somatostatin) into the hypophyseal portal venous blood surrounding the pituitary.
GH release in the pituitary is primarily determined by the balance of these two peptides, which in turn is affected by many physiological stimulators (e.g., exercise, nutrition, sleep) and inhibitors (e.g., free fatty acids) of GH secretion.

151
Q

physiologic’action’of’ progesterone

A

Stimulate’the’ development’of’lobules’ and’alveoli’in’the’breast’

152
Q

Active,transport,

A

is,the,process,of, moving,substances,uphill,against, concentration,gradient.,,

153
Q

The’process’of’gas’ exchange’in’the’lungs’is’ by’’

A

simple’diffusion’

154
Q

The’following’have’direct’ effects’on’the’respiratory’ center’in’the’medulla’

A

Both,CO2,and,H+,exert,their,effects,in, the,Respiratory,center,

155
Q

substances’would’have’a’ renal’clearance’of’0

A

glucose’

156
Q

P’ wave’corresponds’to

A

Atrial,depolarization,is,the, upstroke,seen,in,P,wave,associated, almost,immediately,with,mechanical, contraction,of,the,atrium

Atrial’contraction’

157
Q

Chloride,ion

A

,is,the,main,extracellular, anion,

158
Q

,organic,anions,such,as,porteins,

A

are,the,main,intracellular,anion.,

159
Q

,Resting,State,

A

A.’’'’N’gates’closed;’M’ gates’closed;’H’gates’ open’

160
Q

,Depolarization,

A

B.’’'’N’gates’closed;’M’ gates’open;’H’gates’open’

161
Q

Repolarization,

A

C.’’'’N’gates’open;’M’gates’ open;’H’gates’closed’

162
Q

Undershoot

A

D.’’'’N’gates’open;’M’gates’ closed;’H’gates’closed’

163
Q

A’patient’bleeding’ profusely’was’rushed’to’ the’ER.’A’powerful’ vasoconstrictor’in’ response’to’the’ hemorrhage’is’being’ secreted’by’what’organ?

A

Vasopressin, also known as arginine vasopressin (AVP), antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or argipressin, is a neurohypophysial hormone found in most mammals.

Its two primary functions are to retain water in the body and to constrict blood vessels.

Vasopressin regulates the body’s retention of water by acting to increase water reabsorption in the kidney’s collecting ducts, the tubules which receive the very dilute urine produced by the functional unit of the kidney, the nephrons.

Vasopressin is a peptide hormone that increases water permeability of the kidney’s collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule by inducing translocation of aquaporin-CD water channels in the plasma membrane of collecting duct cells.

It also increases peripheral vascular resistance, which in turn increases arterial blood pressure.

It plays a key role in homeostasis, by the regulation of water, glucose, and salts in the blood.

It is derived from a preprohormone precursor that is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in vesicles at the posterior pituitary.

Most of it is stored in the POSTERIOR PITUITARY to be released into the bloodstream. However, some AVP may also be released directly into the brain, and accumulating evidence suggests it plays an important role in social behavior, sexual motivation and pair bonding, and maternal responses to stress. It has a very short half-life between 16–24 minutes.

Vasopressin increases peripheral vascular resistance (vasoconstriction) and thus increases arterial blood pressure. This effect appears small in healthy individuals; however it becomes an important compensatory mechanism for restoring blood pressure in hypovolemic shock such as that which occurs during hemorrhage.

164
Q

Which’of’the’following’ proteins’connects’myosin’ to’the’Z’lines?’

A

Titin

165
Q

Titin

A

is important in the contraction of striated muscle tissues. It connects the Z line to the M line in the sarcomere.

The protein contributes to force transmission at the Z line and resting tension in the I band region.

It limits the range of motion of the sarcomere in tension, thus contributing to the passive stiffness of muscle.

After myosin and actin, titin is the third most abundant protein in muscle and an adult human contains approximately 0.5 kg of titin.

166
Q

Which’of’the’following’ parameters’should’ increase’to’decrease’the’ blood’flow?’

A

Poiseuille’s,Law,states,that,Blood,flow, is,directly,proportional,to,pressure, difference,,radius,of,the,vessel,and, inversely,proportional,to,fliud,viscosity, and,length,of,the,vessel,(determinants, of,resistance).,So,to,decrease,flow,,we, should,increase,the,determinants,of, resistance.,

167
Q

In’the’cardiac’action’ potential,’phase’2’is’ predominantly’attributed’ to’which’electrolyte?’

A

Phase,2,of,the,cardiac,action,potential, is,the,plateau,phase,,the,primary, electrolyte,responsible,for,plateauing, of,the,action,potential,is,Ca,influx, occuring,together,with,K,efflux.,K,efflux, however,,is,the,main,electrolyte, responsible,for,the,downsloping,of, phase,3.,

168
Q

Most,electrolytes,are

A

filtered,and, partially,reabsorbed.,

- MOSTLY SODIUM

169
Q

fully,reabsorbed.,

A

are,Glucose,and,AA,

170
Q

Vitamin,C,is,

A

secreted.,

171
Q

is,filtered,,slightly, secreted,and,not,reabsorbed.,

A

Creatinine,

172
Q

Which’ mechanism’of’vascular’ regulation’would’increase’ renal’blood’flow’at’the’ cost’of’glomerular’ filtration’rate?’

A

Dilating,the,efferent,arteriole,would, increase,RBF,while,decreasing,GFR.,

173
Q

ABG’ results’of’pH=7.46;’ PaO2=80’mmHg;’ HCO3=29’mEq/L;’ PaCO2=51mmHg;’ SaO2=95%’are’ compatible’with’what’ abnormality?’

A

Patient,has,a,pH,of,7.46,(not,between, 7.35

174
Q

What’is’responsible’for’ normal’expiration?’

A

Normal,expiration,is,a,passive,process, that,is,caused,by,the,elastic,recoil, forces,of,the,lungs,and,chest,wall.,

175
Q

A’25’year’old’woman’is’ enjoying’herself’to’a’ buffet,’celebrating,’after’ having’passed’the’board’ examination.’She’is’ enjoying’herself’to’a’well8 deserved’sumptuous’ meal,’which’of’the’ following’GI’hormones’ are’active’a’few’minutes’ after’having’the’first’bite?’

A

Histamine,and,Gastrin,would,increase, stomach,acid,secretion.,

176
Q

Secretin,and, cholecystokinin,

A

are,active,only,once, chyme,enters,the,duodenum.,

177
Q

Motilin,is, active,only,during,

A

fasting

178
Q

What’is’the’composition’ of’the’pancreatic’fluid’ with’regards’to’plasma?’

A

Na+=plasma;’ K+=plasma;’HCO3->plasma;’Cl-

179
Q

Thyroid,hormones,

A

bound,to,nuclear, receptors.,Thyroid,hormone,receptors, regulate,gene,expression,by,binding,to, hormone,response,elements,(HREs),in, DNA,

180
Q

The,most,important,factor,in,the, development,of,the,female,external, genitalia,is,the,

A

absence,of,testosterone.,

181
Q

The,chromosome,X,and,Y,is, responsible,for,

A

the,development,of,the, gonads.,

182
Q

The,mullerian,inhibiting,factor, is,responsible,for,

A

development,of, internal,gentalia.,

PHYSICIAN LICENSURE EXAM (6 decks)

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