Higher mental function Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Which area of the brain is the primary visual cortex?

A

Area 17

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2
Q

What cortex recognises where an object is?

A

Posterior parietal association cortex

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3
Q

What cortex recognises what an object is?

A

Inferotemporal association cortex

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4
Q

How is primary visual cortex connected to posterior parietal association cortex?

A

Superior longitudinal fasciculus

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5
Q

How is primary visual cortex connected to inferotemporal association cortex?

A

Inferior longitudinal fasciculus

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6
Q

What shape receptive fields do ganglion cells in the retina have?

A

Circular

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7
Q

What do you call ganglion cells with an excitatory centre?

A

On-centre cells

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8
Q

How do on centre ganglion cells respond if a spot of light is shone in the centre of their field?

A

They fire action potentials

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9
Q

What happens if a spot of light is shone on the surrounding region of on-centre cells?

A

Firing of action potentials is reduced?

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10
Q

What is the effect of diffuse light which illuminates both areas?

A

No effect

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11
Q

What do you call a ganglion cell with inhibitory centre and excitatory surround?

A

Off-centre, on-surround cell

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12
Q

What happens is light is shone on the centre of an off-centre, on-surround cell?

A

Firing of action potentials is inhibited

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13
Q

What happens if light is shone on surrounding region of off-centre, on-surround cell

A

Cell firing is increased

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14
Q

How do receptive fields in lateral geniculate nucleus appear?

A

Similar shape to those in the retina

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15
Q

What stimulation do cells in the primary visual cortex respond best to?

A

Binocular stimulation with bars or edges of a particular orientation: simple visual receptive field

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16
Q

In cells with simple receptive fields, what is the effect of bars of light having incorrect orientation?

A

Stimulates both excitatory and inhibitory so fails to excite cell

17
Q

How can simple cells be formed by convergence of centre surround cells?

A

Particular set of afferents with circular receptive fields converge onto a cortical cell giving it a bar-shaped receptive field

18
Q

How can a bar shaped receptive field anywhere within large area of retina be produced?

A

Particular set of cortical cells with bar shaped receptive fields converge onto another cortical cell

19
Q

What information do complex cells have in terms of orientation and position?

A

Orientation information maintained: orientation specific

Position information discarded: position independent

20
Q

What are V4 and V8 sensitive to?

A

Colour of objects

21
Q

What are V3 cells sensitive to?

A

Movement of objects

22
Q

What are V7 cells sensitive to?

A

Size of objects

23
Q

What is meant by feature detection theory of visual perception

A

When an object is recognised, hierarchy of cells is active
V1 cells: edges and corners of object
Simultaneously active set of these cells feed into gnostic cells that responds to basic outline of shape

24
Q

Where do the neurones that recognise colour size and movement have inputs into

A

Inferotemporal cortex

25
Q

How is inferotemporal cortex involved in recognition of an object?

A

Activity of particular subset of neurone activates one or a small group of cells in inferotemporal cortex. This generates concious recognition of the object

26
Q

What is meant by bottom up perceptual processing?

A

Information passing up through a hierarchy of neurones with ever-increasing specificity of receptive field to final cell(s) that represent consciousness

27
Q

What is meant by the top down component of perception?

A

The brain can set thresholds for activations of cells in different hierarchies because it has a sense of expectation of what is will see

28
Q

What part of the brain computes the separation of an object from its background, and the objects relative location?

A

Right posterior parietal association cortex

29
Q

Name 5 symptoms of damage to right posterior parietal association cortex?

A
Piecemeal perception
Constructional apraxia
Optic apraxia
Discalculi
Contralateral disregard
30
Q

What is piecemeal perception?

A

Inability to observe more than one object at a time

31
Q

What is constructional apraxia?

A

Inability tto construct 3 dimentional objects using other objects

32
Q

What is optic apraxia?

A

Clumsiness in searching for objects, inability to state relative size of objects

33
Q

What is discalculi

A

Difficulty is counting objects

34
Q

What is contralateral disregard?

A

Subject ignores left side of body

35
Q

What is prosopagnosia and what is its most common cause?

A

Loss of ability to recognise faces

Bilateral damage to part of inferotemporal cortex

36
Q

Neurons in what area of the brain are activation during facial recognition?

A

Fusiform gyrus

37
Q

How to the brain work to recognise faces and put names to faces?

A

Right inferotemporal cortex identifies face, and information is sent to left inferotemporal cortex to put name to face

38
Q

What is the main/ general function of the dorsolateral frontal association cortex?

A

Decision making systems

39
Q

How is damage to dorsolateral frontal association cortex assessed?

A

loss of digit span memory (can you repeat back numbers)
ability to extract meaning from proverbs
Wisconsin card sorting test