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Brain and behaviour > Anatomy of the neck > Flashcards

Anatomy of the neck Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle?

A

Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
Anterior border of trapezius
Middle 1/3 of the clavicle

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2
Q

How can the posterior triangle be further divided?

A

Occipital and supraclavicular

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3
Q

4 neuronal structures contained in posterior triangle?

A

Brachial plexus, cervical plexus, phrenic nerve and spinal accessory nerve

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4
Q

Which vein is found in posterior triangle?

A

External jugular vein

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5
Q

What causes external jugular vein to be visible through its entire course?

A

Raised venous pressure (could be caused by heart failture, SVC obstruction, raised intra-thoracic pressure)

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6
Q

What does the spinal accessory nerve supply?

A

Somatic supply to trapezius and SCM

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7
Q

Which cranial nerves do the rootlets of spinal accessory travel up the neck with?

A

IX and X

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8
Q

How do rootlets of XI enter and leave cranial cavity

A

enter through foramen magnum, exit through jugular foramen

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9
Q

What are the signs of a XI nerve injury?

A

weakened shoulder shrugging
atrophy of trapezius
drooping of shoulder

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10
Q

What roots make up cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4

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11
Q

Where do the branches of the cervical plexus emerge?

A

Middle of the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid

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12
Q

How does the phrenic nerve descend the body?

A

Obliquely with the internal jugular vein across scalene and into thorax

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13
Q

What muscles is cervical plexus motor into?

A

Infrahyoid

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14
Q

What roots make up ansa cervicalis?

A

C1-C3

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15
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle?

A

midline of neck (chin- jugular notch)
anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
lower border of mandible (mastoid process)

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16
Q

3 divisions of the anterior triangle?

A

Carotid, submandibular, submental

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17
Q

Which division of the anterior triangle takes up the most room?

A

Submandibular

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18
Q

What are the borders of the carotid triangle?

A

Posterior diagastric
Superior omohyoid
Anterior sternocleidomastoid

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19
Q

2 main vascular structures found in carotid triangle?

A

Internal juguar vein

Common carotid and bifurcation

20
Q

Where does the carotid artery bifurcate within the carotid triangle?

A

Superior border of thyroid cartilage

21
Q

What type of receptors does carotid sinus contain?

A

Baroceptors which measure stretch

22
Q

Does the internal carotid branch within the carotid triangle?

A

No- only branches when it enters skull

23
Q

Name the 8 branches of the external carotid (some anatomists like frollicking others prefer scaring medics)

A 
Superior thyroid artery
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial 
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Superior temporal 
Maxillary
24
Q

7 main structures found in the carotid sheath

A 
Common carotid
Internal carotid
Internal jugular
vagus
Ansa cervicalis
Lymph node
Cervical part of sympathetic trunk
25
Q

What syndrome arises due to lesion of sympathetic trunk in neck?

A

Horner’s syndrome

26
Q

Symptoms of Horner’s syndrome?

A 
pupil contraction (miosis)
drooping of superior eyelid
sinking of eye
vasodilation and absence of sweating
all ipsilateral
27
Q

Which vein does IVJ puncture use (right or left)

A

right

28
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain

A

at venous angle on left

29
Q

Name 3 things that a raised IVJ pulse can indicate

A

mitral valve disease
increased pulmonary pressure
right sided heart failure

30
Q

What is unique about the hyoid bone?

A

doesn’t articulate with other bones- support for tongue

31
Q

what are the suprahyoid muscles?

A

mylohyoid, diagastric, stylohyoid

32
Q

function of suprahyoid muscles?

A

swallowing and tone production

33
Q

what are the infrahyoid muscles?

A

sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternthroid, omohyoid

34
Q

function of infrahyoid muscles?

A

depress hyoid and larynx during speaking and swallowing

35
Q

Name the 6 muscles of the pharynx

A 
Superior constrictor
Middle constrictor
Inferior constrictor
Palatopharyngeus
Salipigophayngeus
Stylopharyngeus
36
Q

What is the innervation of pharynx muscles?

A

All vagys except from stylopharyngeus which is IX

37
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Suprahyodi and infrahyoid muscles

38
Q

What is the rima glottidis?

A

aperture between vocal folds

39
Q

Function of intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Alter the length and tension of vocal cords, and the size/ shape of the rima glottidis

40
Q

How does larynx appear during normal respiration?

A

laryngeal muscles relaxed

rima glottidsis is narrow slit but wide enough to let air into lungs

41
Q

How does larynx appear during deep respiration

A

Vocal ligaments abducted by contraction of posterior cricoartenoid muscles
Rima glottidis opens widely

42
Q

How does larynx appear during phonation?

A

Arytenoid muscle adduct arytenoid cartilage
Cricoarytenoids adduct vocal ligaments
Air forced between vocal ligaments giving sounds

43
Q

How does larynx appear during whispering?

A

Vocal ligaments strongly adducted, but arytenoids relaxed so can’t get same levels of vibration/ amplitude

44
Q

What does the superior laryngeal innervate?

A

Sensory to larynx above vocal cords

Motor to cricothyroid

45
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal innervate?

A

Motor to all intrinsic apart from cricothyroid

Sensory to area below vocal cords

46
Q

Result of superior layngeal paralysis?

A

Loss of cough reflex

Monotonous voice as paralysed cricothryoid can’t vary in length or tension

47
Q

Result of injury to recurrent laryngeal?

A

Dysphonia/ hoarse voice

Can’t get same tension on vocal cords

Brain and behaviour (22 decks)

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