Higher Brain Functions Flashcards
List some higher brain functions
- memory
- learning
- communication
- personality
- emotions
List the 5 types of learning
- innate
- perceptual
- nonassociative
- associative
- motor
The acquisition of information, knowledge, and skills is the definition of _____________
learning
Define memory
Process by which nervous system retains, stores, and retrieves information about the past
What is an example of innate learning?
Imprinting
What is imprinting?
Acquisition of species-specific information during critical periods of early postnatal development
Involves learning of visual, auditory, olfactory, and other cues to ID a parent
The ability to learn to recognize stimuli that have been perceived before is _________________
Perceptual learning
Describe the primary function of perceptual learning
ID and categorize objects and situations
What can alter neural development and sensory development?
Early sensory deprivation in critical period
What was the amino acid used in the perceptual learning experiment of visual deprivation?
Proline
What are the consequences of an eye when deprivation occurs?
Incomplete development of the visual cortex fibers
What are 2 types of learning associated with nonassociative learning?
Habituation and sensitization
A decrease in behavioral response to a repeated non-noxious stimulus is:
Habituation
Describe sensitization
Increased response to wide variety of stimuli following an intense stimuli
Is habituation associated with what type of the neuron?
Pre-synaptic
What are the 2 conditionings associated with associative learning?
Classical and operant conditioning
Describe classical conditioning
Unimportant stimulus acquires property of an important one
What is the term used for a neutral stimulus in an experiment?
Conditioned
What is the stimulus that elicits a response?
Unconditioned
Describe Delay conditioning
When the conditioned stimulus was a delay so it overlaps with the unconditioned stimulus
When a conditioned signal/stimulus follows after the unconditioned stimulus, it is termed?
Trace conditoning
Describe an example on classical conditioning
When a 1000 Hz tone is presented before a puff of air into the eye, it will strengthen the synapse related to the tone
What is the association between an animal’s own behavior with a subsequent reinforcing event?
Operant conditoning
List 4 types of memory
- phylogenetic
- epigenetic
- individual
- collective
When there are behaviors passed through generations it is termed:
phylogenetic
A behavior, such as maternal behavior, due to methylation of promoter regions is what type of memory?
Epigenetic memory
What are the 2 individual memory system (long term) categorizations?
Declarative and Nondeclarative
Facts and events memory are associated with what type of individual memory?
Declarative
Skills, habit, and nonassociative learning are part of which individual memory?
Nondeclarative
List a part of the brain associated with declarative individual memory
Hippocampus
List a part of the brain associated with nondeclarative learning
Amygdala, cerebellum, striatum
Things you you know you can tell others explicitly is ______________ (declarative/nondeclarative) memory
Declarative
Nondeclarative memory is associated with things that you can_______________
show by doing implicit
Declarative memory is subdivided into 2:
Episodic and Semantic
Skill learning, priming, and conditioning are part of which type of long term memory?
Nondeclarative
Compare retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia
Anterograde: amnesia for events occurring after the disturbance to the brain
Retrograde: amnesia for events preceding the disturbance to the brain
Certain degenerative diseases may cause what type of amnesia?
anterograde
How can short-term memory store information ?
In the form of ongoing neural activity
What can disrupt memory consolidation needed for long-term memory?
Electric shock
protein synthesis inhibitors**
What is a change that occurs in hippocampal neurons during intense neuronal activity that is crucial for storage and information retrieval in the brain?
Dendritic spines modify synaptic proteins to enhance strength and efficiency
What is the process through which dendrites undergo changes to modify synaptic proteins called?
Long term potentiation
What happens in the neuron during long term potentiation?
Increases excitability in the postsynaptic neuron because of repeated high-frequency electrical stimulation
Which NT binds to AMPA receptor to open Sodium channels?
Glutamate
What is released via the NMDA receptor once depolarization occurs at the postsynaptic neuron?
Magnesium
What activates second messenger pathways during long-term potentiation?
Calcium
What determines if the long-term potentiation or LTD ocurrs?
Magnitude of Ca signal in the postsynaptic cell
