Higher Brain Functions

Question 1

List some higher brain functions

Answer 1

• memory
• learning
• communication
• personality
• emotions

Question 2

List the 5 types of learning

Answer 2

• innate
• perceptual
• nonassociative
• associative
• motor

Question 3

The acquisition of information, knowledge, and skills is the definition of _____________

Answer 3

learning

Question 4

Define memory

Answer 4

Process by which nervous system retains, stores, and retrieves information about the past

Question 5

What is an example of innate learning?

Answer 5

Imprinting

Question 6

What is imprinting?

Answer 6

Acquisition of species-specific information during critical periods of early postnatal development

Involves learning of visual, auditory, olfactory, and other cues to ID a parent

Question 7

The ability to learn to recognize stimuli that have been perceived before is _________________

Answer 7

Perceptual learning

Question 8

Describe the primary function of perceptual learning

Answer 8

ID and categorize objects and situations

Question 9

What can alter neural development and sensory development?

Answer 9

Early sensory deprivation in critical period

Question 10

What was the amino acid used in the perceptual learning experiment of visual deprivation?

Answer 10

Proline

Question 11

What are the consequences of an eye when deprivation occurs?

Answer 11

Incomplete development of the visual cortex fibers

Question 12

What are 2 types of learning associated with nonassociative learning?

Answer 12

Habituation and sensitization

Question 13

A decrease in behavioral response to a repeated non-noxious stimulus is:

Answer 13

Habituation

Question 14

Describe sensitization

Answer 14

Increased response to wide variety of stimuli following an intense stimuli

Question 15

Is habituation associated with what type of the neuron?

Answer 15

Pre-synaptic

Question 16

What are the 2 conditionings associated with associative learning?

Answer 16

Classical and operant conditioning

Question 17

Describe classical conditioning

Answer 17

Unimportant stimulus acquires property of an important one

Question 18

What is the term used for a neutral stimulus in an experiment?

Answer 18

Conditioned

Question 19

What is the stimulus that elicits a response?

Answer 19

Unconditioned

Question 20

Describe Delay conditioning

Answer 20

When the conditioned stimulus was a delay so it overlaps with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 21

When a conditioned signal/stimulus follows after the unconditioned stimulus, it is termed?

Answer 21

Trace conditoning

Question 22

Describe an example on classical conditioning

Answer 22

When a 1000 Hz tone is presented before a puff of air into the eye, it will strengthen the synapse related to the tone

Question 23

What is the association between an animal’s own behavior with a subsequent reinforcing event?

Answer 23

Operant conditoning

Question 24

List 4 types of memory

Answer 24

• phylogenetic
• epigenetic
• individual
• collective

Question 25

When there are behaviors passed through generations it is termed:

Answer 25

phylogenetic

Question 26

A behavior, such as maternal behavior, due to methylation of promoter regions is what type of memory?

Answer 26

Epigenetic memory

Question 27

What are the 2 individual memory system (long term) categorizations?

Answer 27

Declarative and Nondeclarative

Question 28

Facts and events memory are associated with what type of individual memory?

Answer 28

Declarative

Question 29

Skills, habit, and nonassociative learning are part of which individual memory?

Answer 29

Nondeclarative

Question 30

List a part of the brain associated with declarative individual memory

Answer 30

Hippocampus

Question 31

List a part of the brain associated with nondeclarative learning

Answer 31

Amygdala, cerebellum, striatum

Question 32

Things you you know you can tell others explicitly is ______________ (declarative/nondeclarative) memory

Answer 32

Declarative

Question 33

Nondeclarative memory is associated with things that you can_______________

Answer 33

show by doing implicit

Question 34

Declarative memory is subdivided into 2:

Answer 34

Episodic and Semantic

Question 35

Skill learning, priming, and conditioning are part of which type of long term memory?

Answer 35

Nondeclarative

Question 36

Compare retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia

Answer 36

Anterograde: amnesia for events occurring after the disturbance to the brain Retrograde: amnesia for events preceding the disturbance to the brain

Question 37

Certain degenerative diseases may cause what type of amnesia?

Answer 37

anterograde

Question 38

How can short-term memory store information ?

Answer 38

In the form of ongoing neural activity

Question 39

What can disrupt memory consolidation needed for long-term memory?

Answer 39

Electric shock protein synthesis inhibitors**

Question 40

What is a change that occurs in hippocampal neurons during intense neuronal activity that is crucial for storage and information retrieval in the brain?

Answer 40

Dendritic spines modify synaptic proteins to enhance strength and efficiency

Question 41

What is the process through which dendrites undergo changes to modify synaptic proteins called?

Answer 41

Long term potentiation

Question 42

What happens in the neuron during long term potentiation?

Answer 42

Increases excitability in the postsynaptic neuron because of repeated high-frequency electrical stimulation

Question 43

Which NT binds to AMPA receptor to open Sodium channels?

Answer 43

Glutamate

Question 44

What is released via the NMDA receptor once depolarization occurs at the postsynaptic neuron?

Answer 44

Magnesium

Question 45

What activates second messenger pathways during long-term potentiation?

Answer 45

Calcium

Question 46

What determines if the long-term potentiation or LTD ocurrs?

Answer 46

Magnitude of Ca signal in the postsynaptic cell