High Yield PTEeXAM Review Part 1 & 2 (a-c) Flashcards
How does color M-mode flow propagation velocity (Vp) change with preload in all patients?
Increases Vp with increases in preload in all patients
(Sensitive with loading conditions)
Is the mitral annular tissue doppler early velocity (e’) load dependent or load independent?
Is this for all patients, or selected only for diastolic dysfunction?
Load independent
Only in patients with diastolic dysfunction
What is the normal e’ velocity?
e’ >10 cm/sec
When is E/e’ unreliable?
Normal patients
What is seen here?
Septal Tricuspid Valve Leaflet
What is the most load independent of systolic function?
End Systolic Elastance
Other than End-Systolic elastance, name 3 other relatively load independent indexes of contractility.
1. Preload recuitable stroke work
2. Strain rate
3. Preload adjusted max power
What is the end systolic elastance?
The slope of a line through the end-systolic pressure-volume point (the left upper corner of the P-V loop) is termed End-Systolic Elastance (Ees) and is a measure of ventricular contractility.
What is the slope of the line where you have
Y-axis = Stroke Work
X-axis = End Diastolic Volume
Preload Recruitable Stroke Work = True Index of contractility
Y-axis = Stroke Work
X-axis = End Diastolic Volume
What is the formula for Preload Adjusted Max Power?
(Hint; There are 2 of them)
Preload Adjusted Max Power = Stroke Work / EDV2
Preload Adjusted Max Power = Stroke Work / EDA(3/2)
Preload Adjusted Max Power
Load dependent or load independent?
Load independent
How do you obtain tissue doppler peak systolic velocity?
Put PWD gate on the lateral annulus of the 4 chamber view
What are the 4 measures of systolic function that are load independent?
- End Systolic Elastance
- Preload Recruitable Stroke Work
- Strain Rate
- Preload Adjusted Max Power
What is the formula for Strain?
Strain = (L2-L1) / L1
What is the formula for Strain Rate?
Strain / Change in time = [(L2-L1) / L1] / Change in time
How do you logistically measure strain ratae of the LV on Echo?
Measure V1 Tissue Doppler
Measure V2 Tissue Doppler
measure “x” = Distance between the 2 velocities
Is speckle tracking angle independent or dependent?
Speckle Tracking = Angle Independent
What is strain rate dependent on?
(Reason why people don’t use this)
Angle
What is the normal value for strain rate of the LV or RV?
Anything more negative than -20.
Anything that is “more positive” than -20, is abnormal
What is this?
Papillary Fibroelastoma
Where do fibroelastomas develop (Be specific)?
Downstream side of the Valve
(LV side of the MV or Aortic side of the AV)