High Yield

Question 1

major regulatory hormones of the PCT

Answer 1

dopamine, NE, E, angiotensin II

Question 2

major regulatory hormones of the LoH

Answer 2

aldosterone, angiotensin II

Question 3

major regulatory hormones of the Distal tubule

Answer 3

aldosterone, angiotensin Ii

Question 4

major regulatory hormones of the late distal tubule and CD

Answer 4

aldosterone, ANP, BNP, urodilation, uroguanylin, guanylin, angiotensin II

Question 5

Angiotensin II: major stimulus, where it acts, effect

Answer 5

1. increased renin
2. PCT, DCT, TAL, CD
3. increase H20 and Na+ reabsorption

Question 6

Aldosterone: major stimulus, where it acts, effect

Answer 6

1. TAL, DCT, CD
2. increased plasma K+ or increased angiotensin II
3. Increased H20 and Na+ reabsorption

Question 7

ANP, BNP, urodilation: major stimulus, where it acts, effect

Answer 7

1. increased ECF
2. CD
3. decreased H20 and Na+ reabsorption

Question 8

Uroguanylin, guanylin: major stimulus, where it acts, effect

Answer 8

1. oral ingestion of NaCl
2. PCT, CD
3. decreased H20 and Na+ reabsorption

Question 9

Sympathetic nerves: major stimulus, where it acts, effect

Answer 9

1. decreased ECF
2. PCT, TAL, DT/CD
3. increased H20 and Na+ reabsorption

Question 10

Dopamine: major stimulus, where it acts, effect

Answer 10

1. increased ECF
2. PCT
3. decrease H20 and Na+ reabsorption

Question 11

AVP (ADH): major stimulus, where it acts, effect

Answer 11

1. increased Posm and decreased ECF
2. DT/CD
3. increased H20 and Na+ reabsorption

Question 12

PCT reabsorption

Answer 12

glucose, aa: 100%
phosphate, K, Ca, H20: 70%
Na: 65-70%
Mg: 100%
Urea: 50%

Question 13

TAL reabsorption

Answer 13

Na, Ca: 25%
Mg: 60%
K: 20%
Water/Urea: variable

Question 14

PST reabsorption

Answer 14

phosphate: 15%

Question 15

CD reabsorption

Answer 15

Na: 3%

Water/Urea: variable

Question 16

DCT reabsorption

Answer 16

Na, Mg: 5%
Ca: 8%
Water/Urea: variable

Question 17

Bladder reabsorption

Answer 17

Na, Ca: >1%
K+: 1-100%
Mg: 5%
phosphate: 15%
Water/Urea: variable

Question 18

Filtered Load=

Answer 18

Px X GFR

Question 19

Filtration Fraction=

Answer 19

GFR/RBF

Question 20

Urinary excretion=

Answer 20

filtered - reabsorbed + secreted

Question 21

Tubular Reabsorption

Answer 21

filtered - (secreted + excreted)

Question 22

Urine excretion rate=

Answer 22

Ux X V

Question 23

C=

Answer 23

(Ux X V) / Px

Question 24

GFR=

Answer 24

PUF X KF or (Ux X V) / Px

Question 25

PUF=

Answer 25

Pgc - Pbc - PIgc

Question 26

OSM=

Answer 26

(2Na) + (BUN/2.8) + (Glucose/18)

or

2(plasma Na)

Question 27

Afferent arteriole vasodialtion

1. what does it
2. what happens to RBF, GFR, Peritubular cap HP

Answer 27

1. Prostaglandins, bradykinin, NO, Dopamine, ANP

2. increased all three

Question 28

Afferent arteriole vasoconstriction

1. what does it
2. what happens to RBF, GFR, Peritubular cap HP

Answer 28

1. ACE inhibitors, sympathetics

2. decrease all three

Question 29

Efferent arteriole vasodialtion

1. what does it
2. what happens to RBF, GFR, Peritubular cap HP

Answer 29

1. Vasoactive dilators

2. increase, decrease, increase

Question 30

Efferent arteriole vasoconstriction

1. what does it
2. what happens to RBF, GFR, Peritubular cap HP

Answer 30

1. Angiotensin II

2. decrease, increase/stay the same, decrease

Question 31

Aldosterone vs. ADH

Answer 31

1. increases Na+ reabsorption by the DCT, which increases ECF, blood volume, and arterial pressure
2. involved in BP regulation in cases like hemorrhage–> works as a vasoconstrictor via VI receptors on arterioles; and increases H20 reabsorption by the DCT and CD; regulates Aquaporin II in CDs