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Renal > Embryo > Flashcards

Embryo Flashcards

1
Q

what type of mesoderm gives rise to the urinary system and parts of the genital system?

A

intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

What gives rise to the nephrogenic cord? what does it give rise to?

A
  1. the urogentical ridge (intermediate mesoderm found on either side of the dorsal aorta)
  2. Pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros
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3
Q

Order of kidney development: urogentical ridge–>

A

nephrogenic cord–>pronephros–>mesonephros–>metanephros

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4
Q

When does the pronephros develop? when does it degenerate?

A
  1. early 4th week (located in cervical region; open into the cloaca)
  2. day 24-25 (but pronephric ducts persist)
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5
Q

When does the mesonephros develop? what structures does it give rise to? when does it degenerate?

A
  1. late 4th week (caudal to pro); functions wk 6-10
  2. first the mesonephric duct, and then the mesonephric tubules
  3. Wk 12 (all but the efferent ductiles and sperm passageways)
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6
Q

Where does the mesonephric duct come from?

A

the leftover pronephros

-functons to drain any formed urine

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7
Q

How are the mesonephric tubules formed?

A
  • interaction of ducts with nephrogenic cord (intermediate mesoderm)
  • form renal corpuscles (medial end of the tubules is a cup-shaped glomerular capsule
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8
Q

When does the metanephros from? what two structures are associated?

A
  1. week 5 (functional kidney by week 9/10)

2. Uteric bud (outgrowth of mesonephric duct) and metanephric blastema (from nephrogenic cord)

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9
Q

What is the function of the fetal kidney?

A

to produce amniotic fluid

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10
Q

How is the renal pelvis formed?

A

the steric bud elongates and penetrates the blastema

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11
Q

How are the ureters formed?

A

stalk of steric bud becomes them

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12
Q

How are the calices formed?

A
  1. 1st generations (4) of tubules enlarge–>major calices

2. 2nd generation (4)–>minor

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13
Q

What involving the uteric bud and the MB is vital to allow proper kidney development?

A

reciprocal inductions

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14
Q

Five steps of Nephron development

A
  1. Arched collecting tubule induces cells of MB to form metanephric vesicles
  2. These vesicles elongate to form metanephric tubules
  3. Proximal end will form glomerular capsule and is invalid by glomeruli (blood supply)
  4. other end of the tubule lengthens and differentiates into the PCT, DCT, and nephron loop
  5. Each DCT contacts an arched collecting tubule (now connected)
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15
Q

The nephron is derived from? collecting tubule?

A
  1. MB

2. U. bud

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16
Q

When do the kidneys reach their adult position in their ascent?

A

the 9th week (now in contact with suprarenal glands)

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17
Q

What is the cause of unilateral renal agenesis?

A

U bud doesn’t develop or it degenerates too soon (so no communication with MB)

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18
Q

What does the urorectal septum separate?

A

bladder (urogentical sinus) and rectum (anorectal canal) parts formed by cloaca

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19
Q

What are the three parts of the urogenital sinus?

A
  1. Vesical part (forms most of urinary bladder)
  2. Pelvic part (forms neck of bladder, prostatic urethra (m), urethra (f))
  3. Phallic part (spongy urethra (m), lning of vaginal vestibule (f))
20
Q

When is the mesonephric duct incorporated into the posterior wall of the bladder?

A

4-6 weeks

21
Q

What is the trigone?

A

triangular region of the mesonephric and ureteric ducts blending into posterior bladder

*intermediate mesoderm

22
Q

The bladder develops mainly from…

A

the vesical part of the urogenital sinus

23
Q

How is the urachus formed? what is is called after birth?

A
  1. allantois constricts and becomes ligamentous

2. median umbilical ligament

24
Q

Exstrophy of the bladder is a ___ ____ problem.

A

body folding (4th week)

  • defective closure of ventral abdominal wall
  • exposure of mucosa of the posterior wall of bladder
25
Q

What causes urachal cysts?

A

remnants of the epithelial lining of the urachus that can become infected and enlarged

26
Q

What causes urinary sinus?

A

end of teh urachus remains open into the bladder or umbilicus

27
Q

What causes urachal fistula?

A

entire urachus remains patent and allows urine to escape from the umbilical orifice

28
Q

What are the three zones of the suprarenal gland’s cortex and what do they secrete?

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids)
  2. Zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids)
  3. Zona reticularis (estrogen and testosterone related hormones)
29
Q

What comprises the medulla of the suprarenal gland, and what do they secrete?

A
  1. Chromaffin cells (NC derived)

2. E and NE

30
Q

What is DHEA?

A
  • converted by placenta into estradiol

- essential for maintaining pregnancy

31
Q

20% of Potter sequence patients have…

A

renal genesis

32
Q

Duplex kidney results from

A

abnormal division of uteric bud

  • incomplete: divided kidney, bifed ureter
  • complete: double kidney, bifed ureter or double ureter
33
Q

Cystic Kidney disease

A
  • auto recessive polycystic kidney disease
  • mutation of PKHD1 gene
  • both kidneys contain small cysts
  • renal insufficiency
  • 25% associated with pulmonary hypoplasia
34
Q

Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

A
  • abnormal development of renal system (cysts are wide dilations of LoH)
  • 75% of the time only one kidney is affected (fewer cysts seen than in Cystic kidney disease)
35
Q

What type of endoderm is the bladder?

A

hindgut

36
Q

What is the trigone derived from?

A

mesoderm

37
Q

Epispadias

A

improper location of genetical tubercles caudal to cloacal membrane
-urethral openings is on the dorsal of the genital tubercle rather than on its ventral side

38
Q

Suprarenal glands:

  1. Medulla
  2. Capsule
  3. Cortex
A
  1. NC: chromatin cells
  2. Mesonephric mesoderm
  3. a. coelomic epi (somatic mesoderm)
    b. fetal cortex: first cellular wave
    c. adult cortex: second cellular wave
    d. fetal cortex: pituitary ACTH, glucocorticoids, and DHEA (estrogen precursor)
39
Q

What adult structures come from the uteric bud?

A
  1. Renal pelvis
  2. ureter
  3. Major and minor calyces
  4. Collecting ducts
40
Q

What adult structures come from the metanephric blastema?

A
  1. Bowman’s capsule

2. DCT/PCT/LoH

41
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

fusion of inferior poles

  • asymptomatic
  • ascent prevent by IMA
42
Q

Accessory Renal Vessels

A
  • can obstruct ureter–>hydronephrosis (preventive of fluid out of the kidneys)
  • end arteries–>if damaged or ligated, can cause ischemia
43
Q

What gets incorporated into the bladder between weeks 4-6?

A

mesonephric duct –>posterior wall
-openings are carried inferior to the pelvic urethra

*uteric bud is also attached; connects openings of uteric buds into bladder wall

44
Q

Trigone

A

triangular region of the mesospheric and ureteric ducts blending into posterior bladder

45
Q

Development of the supra renal gland

A
  1. 5th week, coelomic epi delaminates and enters surrounding mesoderm—>fetal cortical cells
  2. NCC migrate into the medulla, and become chromatin cells
  3. Fetal cortex regresses (2nd month PN) and reorganize into the 3 zonas

Renal (8 decks)

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