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Renal > Anatomy & Histology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organs of the urinary system?

A

kidneys, ureters, urethra, urinary bladder

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2
Q

Where do we find the kidneys anteriorly? posteriorly? How big are they?

A
  1. retroperitoneal lying about T12-L3
    - the right kidney sits lower than the left
    - have a suprarenal gland above
  2. left hilum near transpyloric plane
    - transpyloric plane runs through superior pole of right kidney (one index finger width above iliac crest)
    - superior parts lie deep to 11th and 12th ribs
  3. 10cm long, 5cm wide, 2 cm thick
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3
Q

What is the perinephric fat? renal fascia? paranephric fat?

A
  1. adjacent kidney capsule that extends into renal hilum and pelvis
  2. Covers fat enveloping kidney and suprarenal gland (superiorly continuous with infer diaphragmatic fascia)
  3. external to renal fascia
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4
Q

Capsule

A

dense irregular CT on surface with inner layer of myofibroblasts (have contractile properties)

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5
Q

Renal cortex

A

outer portion containing renal corpuscles

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6
Q

Renal medulla

A

collection of renal pyramids and columns

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7
Q

Renal pyramids

A

cone shaped masses in the medulla projecting into calyx

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8
Q

Renal columns

A

tissue lying between pyramids running from context to the calyx

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9
Q

Renal lobes

A

single pyramids plus surrounding adjacent cortex

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10
Q

Renal pelvis

A

collecting funnel for urine

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11
Q

Renal calyxes

A

out pocketing of the renal pelvis (where final, concentrated urine is collected)

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12
Q

Renal papillae

A

projections of medullary pyramids apices into calyxes

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13
Q

Renal arteries include…

A

segmental arteries

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14
Q

Ureter arteries include…

A

renal branches, gonadal branches, iliac branches, superior vesicular branches, pelvic branches

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15
Q

Renal blood supply: aorta–>…??…–>IVC

A

Aorta–>renal arter–>segmental artery–>interloper artery–>arcuate artery–>cortical radiate artery–>afferent arteriole–>glomerulus–>efferent arteriole–>peritubular capillaries and vasa recta–> cortical radiate vein–>arcuate vein–>interlobar vein–>renal vein–>IVC

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16
Q

Sympathetic innervation? parasympathetic?

A
  1. Lesser splanchnic (T10-11), and least splanchnic (T12) synapse in the aorticorenal ganglia; lumbar splanchnic nerve (L1-L2)
  2. Vagus N.
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17
Q

What comprises the nephron?

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubules

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18
Q

Where do we find renal corpuscles?

A

cortex only

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19
Q

What do we find in the renal interstitium?

A

fibroblasts that produce EPO depending on O2 levels

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20
Q

What is the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule made of?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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21
Q

Where do we find podocytes?

A

visceral layer of the glomerular capsule

22
Q

Hallmarks of glomerular endothelium

A
  1. Fenestrations
  2. Thick luminal glycocalyx
  3. aquaproin water channels
23
Q

What influences NO and PGE2 production?

A

angiotensin II

24
Q

What do podocytes form?

A

filtration like slits that have intervening ultra thin diaphragm made of several EC protein molecules critical in regulating size, latency, and selectivity of filtration

25
Q

Where do we find filtration slits?

A

between foot process of podocytes with slit diaphragm

26
Q

What is the basement membrane of the filtration membrane made of?

A

fused basement membranes of the endothelium and podocytes

-type IV and XVIII collagens, laminin, entactin, proteoglycans

27
Q

What is the purpose of the filtration membrane?

A
  • allows passage of water, ions, glucose, AAs, urea

- denies passage of blood cells, Igs, large proteins

28
Q

What is albuminia?

A

-albumin is found in the urine, which indicatives damage of GBM (seen in later stage diabetes)

29
Q

What is the role of mesangial cells?

A
  • support glomerular loops and EC matrix of podoctyes
  • phagocytic (remove cellular debris and protein aggregates)
  • can control glomerular filtration
  • are contractile (can prevent glomerular dissension due to high glomerular BP)
  • secrete growth factors and cytokines in response to injury
30
Q

What cells proliferate in certain kidney diseases?

A

mesangial cells

31
Q

What is the most active tubule in resorption and secretion?

A

PCT

32
Q

What is the PCT made of?

A 
Simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium with
abundant microvilli (i.e., brush boarder)
33
Q

Thin limb segment of the loop of henle

A

thin permeable simple squamous epithelial wall lacking a brush border; some nuclei bulge into the lumen

34
Q

Thick limb segment of the loop of henle

A

simple cuboidal epithelium with numerous microvilli but no visible brush border

35
Q

What is the role of the loop of henle?

A

to set up a hyper osmotic gradient to draw more water back into the cells of the tubules

36
Q

What is the DCT made of?

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium with sparse microvilli
  • confined to cortex
  • taller cells than thick LoH
  • influenced by angiotensin II to influence Na+ resorption
37
Q

What are collecting ducts lined by?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium, but are simple columnar at their ends

*primary function is water reabsorption

38
Q

What is the role of light cells? dark cells?

A
  1. Principal cells: large of aldosterone; cilia attached to detect fluid flow through tubule
  2. Intercalated cells: involved in H+ and bicarb transport
39
Q

Where do peritubular capillaries come from?

A
  • efferent arterioles

- they are surrounded by convoluted tubules, and lined with fenestrated endothelium

40
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A
  • thin-walled vessels that also arise from efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary glomeruli; descending lined with continuous endothelium but fenestrated when ascending
  • Run along-side the loop of Henle; part of urine concentrating system
41
Q

What structures acts as a chemoreceptor by monitoring salt levels?

A

Maula densa –>cinglas release of renin form JG cells if sodium is low

42
Q

Renin release leads to an ___ of Na+ levels

A

increase

43
Q

What organs are lined by transitional epithelium?

A

urinary bladder, ureters, renal calyxes, renal pelvis, and sometimes part of the urethra

44
Q

What are the three layers of transitional epithelium?

A
  1. Superficial: stretched and relaxed
  2. Intermediate: sliding layer
  3. Basal: stem cells
45
Q

What is the role of fusiform vesicles?

A

constantly are adding and removing pm when the cell is distended/rebounds

46
Q

What is the role of urothelial plaques?

A

form impermeable barrier

47
Q

Where do we find a full bladder?

A

expands into the abdominal cavity

*an empty bladder sits entirely within the pelvis

48
Q

What is the bladder wall lined with?

A
  1. Transitional epithelium
  2. 3 layers of smooth muscle (detrusor muscle)
  3. Fibrous adventitia
49
Q

What epithelium is found in the urethra?

A
  1. Transitional epithelium – maybe found at its origin near the bladder
  2. Pseudostratified columnar – majority of urethra 3 Stratified squamous epithelium – at the very distal end
50
Q

Features of the female urethra

A
  1. very short (3-5cm)
  2. Membranous urethra
    • Internal urethral sphincter – involuntary smooth muscle
    • External urethral sphincter–voluntary skeletal muscle
51
Q

Features of the male urethra

A
  1. very long (20cm)
  2. Three named regions
    • Prostatic urethra–passes through prostate gland
    • Membranous urethra–through the urogenital diaphragm
    • Spongy (penile) urethra-passes through the length of the penis
52
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease

A
  • Autosomal dominant
  • Cysts form that crush tissue and impede drainage. Eventually leads to kidney failure and blood pressure miss-regulation. Many kidney infections as well.

Renal (8 decks)

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