High Yield Flashcards
When are you at risk for Respiratory acidosis?
When respiration is impaired in anyway! (inadequate CO2 elimination)
=pneumonia, emphysema, severe asthma, acute pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure, drugs that inhibit respiratory centers
-because CO2 accumulates and dissolves in the blood to form carbonic acid
What is the result of respiratory acidosis?
increased PCO2 forms:
increased carbonic acid, which breaks down to form:
Increased H+ and Increased HCO3- (so chronically elevated bicarbonate)
When are you at risk for Metabolic acidosis?
Anytime H+ is elevated or HCO3- decreases
-ketosis (from poorly controlled diabetes or starvation)
Kidney damage
Chronic diarrhea (loss of bicarb)
excessive lactate production
What is the result of metabolic acidosis?
Increased H+, which requires bicarb to bind it up, so bicarb decreases! Then CO2 combines with water to form carbonic acid, which breaks down to H+ and bicarb (to replace the bicarb)
-so we use a lot of CO2 and CO2 becomes chronically low
What causes respiratory alkalosis?
Any factor that decreases PCO2
- hyperventilation
- high altitude
So what is the result of excessive CO2 elimination (resp. alkalosis)?
So the Low PCO2, results in less carbonic acid formation, which results in less breakdown, and therefore less H+ and chronically low bicarb
Metabolic alkalosis?
Anything that increases bicarb or decreases H+
- excessive ingestion of antacids
- really prolonged vomiting
What is the result of metabolic alkalosis?
the decreased H+ causes more CO2 retention (PCO2 is chronically increased) so that we can used it to form carbonic acid, which breaks down to replace the H+, but also increases bicarb
A 19-year-old male with type I diabetes fails to administer his insulin, thus causing the onset of diabetic ketoacidosis. This results in deep and rapid breathing (Kussmaul breathing). Which of the following best describes how the increased breathing acts to compensate for (i.e. correct) the acidosis?
It reduces the concentration of CO2 and carbonic acid in the blood, thereby increasing the association of protons with bicarbonate
A medical student becomes extremely anxious during a Biochemistry examination and begins to hyperventilate uncontrollably. What initial effects does the hyperventilation have on the student’s PCO2 and blood pH?
PCO2 decreases and pH increases
he glycosidic linkage forms when an anomeric carbon reacts with an OH or NH group from another compound.
explain sugar, milk, potato/flour (starch - storage form of carbohydrates in plants)
glycogen = storage form of carbohydrates in humans
sugar = sucrose = glucose + fructose (alpha; 1,2) milk = lactose = glucose + galactose (Beta; 1,4)
Potato or Flour = starch = glucose + glucose (alpha 1,4 amylose / alpha 1,6 amylopectin)
maltose = glucose + glucose (alpha; 1,4) cellulose = glucose + glucose (BETA; 1,4)
A 6-week-old male is admitted to the ICU with jaundice, lethargy and feeding difficulties. History is significant for intermittent vomiting since birth. Physical examination reveals hepatomegaly and the initial stages of cataract formation. A diagnosis of galactosemia is made. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of cataract formation in this patient?
*Osmotic uptake of water into the lens, causing aggregation of crystallin proteins
simple lipid
glycerophospholipid
sphingophospholipid
glycolipid
= 3 FA + Glycerol (alcohol)
=2 FA + Glycerol (alcohol) + phosphate + head group
= 1 FA + Sphingosine + phosphate + head group
= 1 FA + Sphingosine + carbohydrate
Eicosanoids - 3 types
(made from nutritionally essential FAs)
- Prostanoids
- Leukotrienes - chemotaxis, inflammation, allergic rxns
- Lipoxins - anti-inflammatory, oppose action of Leukotrienes
Prostanoids
(one type of eicosanoid)
3 examples:
- Prostaglandins - inflammatory response, hormone production, ion transport
- Prostacyclins - inhibits platelet aggregation, promotes vasodilation
- Thromboxanes - promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction
Test question asked what type of lipid is a thromboxane
(answer is eicosanoid)
oleic acid naming:
18: 1 (9)
18 carbons, 1 double bond, at the 9th carbon
The fat soluble vitamins are all
lipids
Vitamin D can be synthesized from cholesterol (a steroid) with adequate sunlight
steroids
characteristic picture - recognize it
cholesterol (synthesize steroid hormones, bile acid, vit D)
sterols (steroid + OH),
Essential fatty acids (body cant make)
plant sources:linoleic (omega 6) / linolenic (omega 3)
animal sources: EPA, DHA
flax seeds, almonds, fish
Kwashiorkor
protein malnutrition
- negative Nitrogen balance
- lack of essential AA (can’t make proteins)
- edema caused by decreased serum proteins (albumin)
- patient appears plump from the edema
Marasmus
caloric malnutrition
-patient is skin and bones
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
= dairy, poultry, fish, lean meat, nuts, eggs
=deficiency can cause *pellagra (rash)
Vitamin K
= cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, other green leafy vegetables, cereal
=deficiency can cause problems with blood clotting
