Fuel Metabolism, Fed, Fasted Flashcards

1
Q

*Caloric content of fuels (protein, fat, carbohydrate)

A
Protein= 4
Fat= 9
Carbohydrate= 4
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2
Q

Possible fates for ingested food (Metabolism, Fuel Storage, Waste Disposal)

A
Metabolism:
-fuel oxidation (catabolism)
-biosynthesis (anabolism)
Fuel Storage
Waste Disposal
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3
Q

Lipogenesis -

A

term for excess glucose being converted to fat or free FA stored as fat

note: excess glucose is first stored in the liver as glycogen, then excesses after that converted to fat for storage

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4
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

carbon skeletons (of AA or whatever) being converted to glucose

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5
Q

our bodies total fuel storage:

Fat, Protein, muscle glycogen, liver glycogen

A

Fat - 85%
Protein - 14.4%
Liver glycogen - .2&
Muscle glycogen - .4%

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6
Q

*Daily Energy expenditure (DEE)

A

= BMR + Activity component

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7
Q

BMR
activity component

note: 1 kg = 2.2 lbs

A

= (24kcal/day/kg) x (weight in kilograms)

= BMR x (30% for sedendary ppl, 60% for moderate active, 100% for super active ppl)

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8
Q

BMI (kg/m^2)

A

= (weight in lbs.) x (704) / (height in inches)^2

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9
Q

BMI range

A
< 18.5 underweight
18.5 - 24.9 healthy
25 - 29.9 overweight
30 - 39.9 obese
> 40 morbidly obese
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10
Q

Healthy diet -

A

go for nutrient dense food (not all calories are equal)

  • whole grains over refined carbohydrates
  • animal proteins have all essential AA, while plant proteins do not
  • vitamins help enzymes work properly (co enzymes or co factors)

%of daily calories
carbs (45 - 65%)
fats (25-35%)
protein (10-30%)

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11
Q

Essential fatty acids (body cant make)

A

plant sources:linoleic (omega 6) / linolenic (omega 3)
animal sources: EPA, DHA
flax seeds, almonds, fish

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12
Q

Essential AA (body can’t make)

A

PVT TIM HALL

-remember animal protein will get you all of these (not plant protein though)

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13
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

protein malnutrition

  • negative Nitrogen balance
  • lack of essential AA (can’t make proteins)
  • edema caused by decreased serum proteins (albumin)
  • patient appears plump from the edema
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14
Q

Marasmus

A

caloric malnutrition

-patient is skin and bones

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15
Q

Vitamin A

A

= eggs, meat, dairy, green leafy vegetables, intensely colored fruits and vegetables

=deficiency causes eye problems

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16
Q

Vitamin C

A

= *citrus fruits, strawberries, tomatoes, broccoli, sweet/white potato

= deficiency can lead to scurvy (bleeding gums/loose teeth)

17
Q

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

A

= dairy, poultry, fish, lean meat, nuts, eggs

=deficiency can cause *pellagra (rash)

18
Q

Vitamin K

A

= cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, other green leafy vegetables, cereal

=deficiency can cause problems with blood clotting

19
Q

Vitamin D

A

= the sun, cheese, butter, milk, fish, fortified cereals

= deficiency can cause rickets

20
Q

fed state

A

as soon as food crosses the epithelium into the blood

over when last molecules of food are absorbed

21
Q

***Actual test question asked what would happened if glucose transporter were saturated

A

= this would prevent the movement of glucose from lumen into the blood

22
Q

How are proteins cleaved into AAs
Fats?
Carbs?

A

protease enzymes
lipases
amylase in mouth and primarily in small intestine

23
Q

Foods are used or stored

-glucose (regulated by insulin and glucagon)

A

liver 1st, some stored as glycogen, some goes into circulation (all cells use glucose). Then anything left gets packaged into glycoproteins and stored as fats

24
Q

Foods are used or stored

-Amino acids

A

Liver 1st - hepatic portal vein - may oxidize for energy, use for anabolism (albumin), concert to ketone bodies, convert to glucose,

25
Foods are used or stored | -Lipoproteins
transported by chylomicrons as TG, but enzymes in the capillaries cleave off the FA and they are used for storage (adipose) or into muscle for fuel
26
**tough test question: after a month of starving (surviving on scraps) what would your body be getting energy from
ketone bodies remember prolonged fast is the starving state! your body uses FA (oxidizes to KB for brain!)
27
Sources of carbon for gluconeogenesis?
carbon skeleton of: - AA (from muscle protein) - Lactate (from muscles and RBCs) - Glycerol (from lipolysis)
28
*test question: three hours after a meal, what is high insulin or glucagon?
x
29
If BG should be kept around 80 – 100 mg/dL at ALL TIMES, what maintains this during a brief fast?
THE LIVER - 1 day worth of glycogen stores - gluconeogenesis
30
What is a prolonged fast? What is the role of fat? signs of prolonged fast?
3 days or more. lipolysis supplies muscle and other tissues with FAs liver can use glycerol ``` liver makes less glucose - so less urea is seen in urine increased KB (due to increased FAs in the blood) ```
31
Short fast signs
overnight to 3 days 1-2 days a lot of urea seen in urine
32
what does increased Ketone bodies (+increased glucose) indicate?
Insulin deficiency? | Type 1 diabetes?
33
How could serum albumin and creatine be useful?
creatinine - used as a constant to measure urine filtration If serum albumin is low, protein deficiency