Fuel Metabolism, Fed, Fasted Flashcards
*Caloric content of fuels (protein, fat, carbohydrate)
Protein= 4 Fat= 9 Carbohydrate= 4
Possible fates for ingested food (Metabolism, Fuel Storage, Waste Disposal)
Metabolism: -fuel oxidation (catabolism) -biosynthesis (anabolism) Fuel Storage Waste Disposal
Lipogenesis -
term for excess glucose being converted to fat or free FA stored as fat
note: excess glucose is first stored in the liver as glycogen, then excesses after that converted to fat for storage
gluconeogenesis
carbon skeletons (of AA or whatever) being converted to glucose
our bodies total fuel storage:
Fat, Protein, muscle glycogen, liver glycogen
Fat - 85%
Protein - 14.4%
Liver glycogen - .2&
Muscle glycogen - .4%
*Daily Energy expenditure (DEE)
= BMR + Activity component
BMR
activity component
note: 1 kg = 2.2 lbs
= (24kcal/day/kg) x (weight in kilograms)
= BMR x (30% for sedendary ppl, 60% for moderate active, 100% for super active ppl)
BMI (kg/m^2)
= (weight in lbs.) x (704) / (height in inches)^2
BMI range
< 18.5 underweight 18.5 - 24.9 healthy 25 - 29.9 overweight 30 - 39.9 obese > 40 morbidly obese
Healthy diet -
go for nutrient dense food (not all calories are equal)
- whole grains over refined carbohydrates
- animal proteins have all essential AA, while plant proteins do not
- vitamins help enzymes work properly (co enzymes or co factors)
%of daily calories
carbs (45 - 65%)
fats (25-35%)
protein (10-30%)
Essential fatty acids (body cant make)
plant sources:linoleic (omega 6) / linolenic (omega 3)
animal sources: EPA, DHA
flax seeds, almonds, fish
Essential AA (body can’t make)
PVT TIM HALL
-remember animal protein will get you all of these (not plant protein though)
Kwashiorkor
protein malnutrition
- negative Nitrogen balance
- lack of essential AA (can’t make proteins)
- edema caused by decreased serum proteins (albumin)
- patient appears plump from the edema
Marasmus
caloric malnutrition
-patient is skin and bones
Vitamin A
= eggs, meat, dairy, green leafy vegetables, intensely colored fruits and vegetables
=deficiency causes eye problems
Vitamin C
= *citrus fruits, strawberries, tomatoes, broccoli, sweet/white potato
= deficiency can lead to scurvy (bleeding gums/loose teeth)
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
= dairy, poultry, fish, lean meat, nuts, eggs
=deficiency can cause *pellagra (rash)
Vitamin K
= cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, other green leafy vegetables, cereal
=deficiency can cause problems with blood clotting
Vitamin D
= the sun, cheese, butter, milk, fish, fortified cereals
= deficiency can cause rickets
fed state
as soon as food crosses the epithelium into the blood
over when last molecules of food are absorbed
***Actual test question asked what would happened if glucose transporter were saturated
= this would prevent the movement of glucose from lumen into the blood
How are proteins cleaved into AAs
Fats?
Carbs?
protease enzymes
lipases
amylase in mouth and primarily in small intestine
Foods are used or stored
-glucose (regulated by insulin and glucagon)
liver 1st, some stored as glycogen, some goes into circulation (all cells use glucose). Then anything left gets packaged into glycoproteins and stored as fats
Foods are used or stored
-Amino acids
Liver 1st - hepatic portal vein - may oxidize for energy, use for anabolism (albumin), concert to ketone bodies, convert to glucose,