Fuel Metabolism, Fed, Fasted

Question 1

*Caloric content of fuels (protein, fat, carbohydrate)

Answer 1

Protein= 4
Fat= 9
Carbohydrate= 4

Question 2

Possible fates for ingested food (Metabolism, Fuel Storage, Waste Disposal)

Answer 2

Metabolism:
-fuel oxidation (catabolism)
-biosynthesis (anabolism)
Fuel Storage
Waste Disposal

Question 3

Lipogenesis -

Answer 3

term for excess glucose being converted to fat or free FA stored as fat

note: excess glucose is first stored in the liver as glycogen, then excesses after that converted to fat for storage

Question 4

gluconeogenesis

Answer 4

carbon skeletons (of AA or whatever) being converted to glucose

Question 5

our bodies total fuel storage:

Fat, Protein, muscle glycogen, liver glycogen

Answer 5

Fat - 85%
Protein - 14.4%
Liver glycogen - .2&
Muscle glycogen - .4%

Question 6

*Daily Energy expenditure (DEE)

Answer 6

= BMR + Activity component

Question 7

BMR
activity component

note: 1 kg = 2.2 lbs

Answer 7

= (24kcal/day/kg) x (weight in kilograms)

= BMR x (30% for sedendary ppl, 60% for moderate active, 100% for super active ppl)

Question 8

BMI (kg/m^2)

Answer 8

= (weight in lbs.) x (704) / (height in inches)^2

Question 9

BMI range

Answer 9

< 18.5 underweight
18.5 - 24.9 healthy
25 - 29.9 overweight
30 - 39.9 obese
> 40 morbidly obese

Question 10

Healthy diet -

Answer 10

go for nutrient dense food (not all calories are equal)

• whole grains over refined carbohydrates
• animal proteins have all essential AA, while plant proteins do not
• vitamins help enzymes work properly (co enzymes or co factors)

%of daily calories
carbs (45 - 65%)
fats (25-35%)
protein (10-30%)

Question 11

Essential fatty acids (body cant make)

Answer 11

plant sources:linoleic (omega 6) / linolenic (omega 3)
animal sources: EPA, DHA
flax seeds, almonds, fish

Question 12

Essential AA (body can’t make)

Answer 12

PVT TIM HALL

-remember animal protein will get you all of these (not plant protein though)

Question 13

Kwashiorkor

Answer 13

protein malnutrition

• negative Nitrogen balance
• lack of essential AA (can’t make proteins)
• edema caused by decreased serum proteins (albumin)
• patient appears plump from the edema

Question 14

Marasmus

Answer 14

caloric malnutrition

-patient is skin and bones

Question 15

Vitamin A

Answer 15

= eggs, meat, dairy, green leafy vegetables, intensely colored fruits and vegetables

=deficiency causes eye problems

Question 16

Vitamin C

Answer 16

= *citrus fruits, strawberries, tomatoes, broccoli, sweet/white potato

= deficiency can lead to scurvy (bleeding gums/loose teeth)

Question 17

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Answer 17

= dairy, poultry, fish, lean meat, nuts, eggs

=deficiency can cause *pellagra (rash)

Question 18

Vitamin K

Answer 18

= cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, other green leafy vegetables, cereal

=deficiency can cause problems with blood clotting

Question 19

Vitamin D

Answer 19

= the sun, cheese, butter, milk, fish, fortified cereals

= deficiency can cause rickets

Question 20

fed state

Answer 20

as soon as food crosses the epithelium into the blood

over when last molecules of food are absorbed

Question 21

***Actual test question asked what would happened if glucose transporter were saturated

Answer 21

= this would prevent the movement of glucose from lumen into the blood

Question 22

How are proteins cleaved into AAs
Fats?
Carbs?

Answer 22

protease enzymes
lipases
amylase in mouth and primarily in small intestine

Question 23

Foods are used or stored

-glucose (regulated by insulin and glucagon)

Answer 23

liver 1st, some stored as glycogen, some goes into circulation (all cells use glucose). Then anything left gets packaged into glycoproteins and stored as fats

Question 24

Foods are used or stored

-Amino acids

Answer 24

Liver 1st - hepatic portal vein - may oxidize for energy, use for anabolism (albumin), concert to ketone bodies, convert to glucose,

Question 25

Foods are used or stored

-Lipoproteins

Answer 25

transported by chylomicrons as TG, but enzymes in the capillaries cleave off the FA and they are used for storage (adipose) or into muscle for fuel

Question 26

**tough test question: after a month of starving (surviving on scraps) what would your body be getting energy from

Answer 26

ketone bodies
remember prolonged fast is the starving state!
your body uses FA (oxidizes to KB for brain!)

Question 27

Sources of carbon for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 27

carbon skeleton of:

• AA (from muscle protein)
• Lactate (from muscles and RBCs)
• Glycerol (from lipolysis)

Question 28

*test question: three hours after a meal, what is high insulin or glucagon?

Answer 28

x

Question 29

If BG should be kept around 80 – 100 mg/dL at ALL TIMES, what maintains this during a brief fast?

Answer 29

THE LIVER

• 1 day worth of glycogen stores
• gluconeogenesis

Question 30

What is a prolonged fast?

What is the role of fat?

signs of prolonged fast?

Answer 30

3 days or more.

lipolysis supplies muscle and other tissues with FAs
liver can use glycerol

liver makes less glucose - so less urea is seen in urine
increased KB (due to increased FAs in the blood)

Question 31

Short fast

signs

Answer 31

overnight to 3 days

1-2 days a lot of urea seen in urine

Question 32

what does increased Ketone bodies (+increased glucose) indicate?

Answer 32

Insulin deficiency?

Type 1 diabetes?

Question 33

How could serum albumin

and creatine be useful?

Answer 33

creatinine - used as a constant to measure urine filtration

If serum albumin is low, protein deficiency