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MCAT biology > High Yield > Flashcards

High Yield Flashcards

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1
Q

In hypertonic/hypotonic solutions, what moves in/out is ONLY

A

WATER, NOT SOLUTES

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2
Q

Sodium-Potassium pump _______s cell concentration with net _____ of positive charge

A

Decreases, net loss of 1 positive charge

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3
Q

Fetal structure uses ________ and _________ to shunt blood away from underdeveloped lung.

A

foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus

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4
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

Connects Pulmonary Artery and Aorta, shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta.

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5
Q

foramen ovale

A

Shunts blood away from the Right Ventricle and Pulmonary Artery.

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6
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Connects Umbilical Vein to Inferior Vena Cava, bypasses the fetal liver before convergint to Inferior Vena Cava.

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7
Q

In fetal circulation, blood is oxygenated at ________

A

Placenta, because fetal lungs are nonfunctional before birth

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8
Q

In fetal circulation, Pulmonary Arteries from Right Ventricle carry ________nated blood

A

Oxygenated blood, send toward lungs to develop lungs

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9
Q

In fetal circulation, deoxygenated blood leaves from ________

A

Aorta

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10
Q

Gastrin stimulates _________ cells

A

Parietal cells

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11
Q

Parietal cells secrete _________

A

HCl

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12
Q

HCl is necessary in the __________.

A

stomach because proper function of pepsin requires pH=1~3

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13
Q

Pancreatic proteases and lipases require pH of ___

A

8.

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14
Q

To raise pH for enzymes to function, Pancreas secrete _________

A

Bicarbonate

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15
Q

Carbohydrates are digested in _______& _______

A

Mouth, Small Intestine

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16
Q

Proteins are digested in ________& ________

A

Stomach, Small Intestine

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17
Q

Lipids are emulsified & digested in _________

A

Small Intestine

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18
Q

Pancreas secretes ______lytic enzymes: (4 examples)

A

hydrolytic enzymes: amylase, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, pancreatic lipases

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19
Q

pH levels of _______ and _______ affect the function of enzymes sent there

A

stomach, small intestine

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20
Q

Gas exchange occurs between _______& ________

A

Alveolar air & Pulmonary Capillaries

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21
Q

To use more alveoli for gas exchange, increase _________

A

Pulmonary blood flow (increased output from right ventricle)

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22
Q

Increased O2 consumption in the heart occurs when:

A

When there is increased aortic pressure, increased heart rate, increased contractility and or increased heart size

23
Q

Heart murmurs result from:

A

turbulent blood flow through the valves of the heart, caused by deformities of valves

24
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Abnormal enlargement of muscles

25
Q

Left Ventricle pumps blood out through ______ to the ______

A

Aorta, to the Body

26
Q

Stenosis

A

condition in which leaves of the heart valve adhere to each other, decreasing blood flow through valve

27
Q

Right Ventricle pumps blood out through ______ to the ______

A

Pulmonary Arteries, to the Lungs

28
Q

Oxygenated blood enters the Left Atrium from the _________

A

Pulmonary Vein

29
Q

Deoxygenated blood enters the Right Atrium from the _________

A

Vena Cavae

30
Q

Oxygen dissociation curve is the graph of the %Saturation of ________ vs. Partial Pressure of O2

A

Hemoglobin

31
Q

At P_O2=100mmHg, Hemoglobin %Saturation is:

A

100%

32
Q

At P_O2=25mmHg, Hemoglobin %Saturation is:

A

50%

33
Q

At P_O2=40mmHg, Hemoglobin %Saturation is:

A

80%

34
Q

The Oxygen Dissociation Curve is S-shaped(sigmoidal) because:

A

Hemoglobin’s Cooperative Binding of O2

35
Q

Venous blood is _____nated

A

deoxygenated

36
Q

Arterial blood is _____nated

A

oxygenated

37
Q

The oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the Right (lower % saturation) if:

A

Increases in Pco2, decreases in pH, increases in temperature

38
Q

The oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the Left (higher % saturation) if:

A

Decrease in Pco2, increase in pH, decrease in temperature

39
Q

In venous blood, hemoglobin ______ more oxygen

A

Releases

40
Q

At the lungs, alveolar air has Po2 of ____mmHg

A

100mmHg.

41
Q

p50 denotes:

A

mmHg where %saturation is 50%

42
Q

Fetal oxygen dissociation curve shifts ____ward compared to adult

A

shifts to the left compared to adult

43
Q

To use oxygen for metabolism, ________ has to unload them

A

hemoglobin

44
Q

Increase in CO2 = decrease in pH. This _______ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

A

decreases

45
Q

Lymphatic vessels are different from blood vessels because they lack ______ and _______

A

they lack smooth muscle around the vessel and tight junctions between endothelial cells

46
Q

Lymphatic vessels require __________ to move lymph along

A

skeletal muscles

47
Q

Lymphatic vessels are _____-directional, made possible by ________

A

unidirectional, one way valves

48
Q

To allow interstitial fluids to enter, lymphatic vessels have openings which open when:

A

skeletal muscle contraction pulls on filaments that connect lymphatic vessels and underlying connective tissue, resulting in distortion of lymphatic vessels

49
Q

Filtrate in lymphatic vessels rejoins the blood circulation at:

A

at where the thoracic duct joins with the brachiocephalic vein

50
Q

Caffeine inhibits _____ actitivity

A

ADH activity

51
Q

ADH works directly on the __________, by __________ its permeability to _______

A

collecting duct, increasing, water

52
Q

ADH secretion is triggered by___________

A

high plasma osmolarity = high concentration

53
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equation fail to apply when: 5 cases

A

mutation, gene migration, nonrandom mating, genetic drift, natural selection

54
Q

Genetic drift

A

change in gene frequency due to random sampling

MCAT biology (4 decks)

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