High Yield

Question 1

In hypertonic/hypotonic solutions, what moves in/out is ONLY

Answer 1

WATER, NOT SOLUTES

Question 2

Sodium-Potassium pump _______s cell concentration with net _____ of positive charge

Answer 2

Decreases, net loss of 1 positive charge

Question 3

Fetal structure uses ________ and _________ to shunt blood away from underdeveloped lung.

Answer 3

foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus

Question 4

ductus arteriosus

Answer 4

Connects Pulmonary Artery and Aorta, shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta.

Question 5

foramen ovale

Answer 5

Shunts blood away from the Right Ventricle and Pulmonary Artery.

Question 6

Ductus venosus

Answer 6

Connects Umbilical Vein to Inferior Vena Cava, bypasses the fetal liver before convergint to Inferior Vena Cava.

Question 7

In fetal circulation, blood is oxygenated at ________

Answer 7

Placenta, because fetal lungs are nonfunctional before birth

Question 8

In fetal circulation, Pulmonary Arteries from Right Ventricle carry ________nated blood

Answer 8

Oxygenated blood, send toward lungs to develop lungs

Question 9

In fetal circulation, deoxygenated blood leaves from ________

Answer 9

Aorta

Question 10

Gastrin stimulates _________ cells

Answer 10

Parietal cells

Question 11

Parietal cells secrete _________

Answer 11

HCl

Question 12

HCl is necessary in the __________.

Answer 12

stomach because proper function of pepsin requires pH=1~3

Question 13

Pancreatic proteases and lipases require pH of ___

Answer 13

8.

Question 14

To raise pH for enzymes to function, Pancreas secrete _________

Answer 14

Bicarbonate

Question 15

Carbohydrates are digested in _______& _______

Answer 15

Mouth, Small Intestine

Question 16

Proteins are digested in ________& ________

Answer 16

Stomach, Small Intestine

Question 17

Lipids are emulsified & digested in _________

Answer 17

Small Intestine

Question 18

Pancreas secretes ______lytic enzymes: (4 examples)

Answer 18

hydrolytic enzymes: amylase, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, pancreatic lipases

Question 19

pH levels of _______ and _______ affect the function of enzymes sent there

Answer 19

stomach, small intestine

Question 20

Gas exchange occurs between _______& ________

Answer 20

Alveolar air & Pulmonary Capillaries

Question 21

To use more alveoli for gas exchange, increase _________

Answer 21

Pulmonary blood flow (increased output from right ventricle)

Question 22

Increased O2 consumption in the heart occurs when:

Answer 22

When there is increased aortic pressure, increased heart rate, increased contractility and or increased heart size

Question 23

Heart murmurs result from:

Answer 23

turbulent blood flow through the valves of the heart, caused by deformities of valves

Question 24

Hypertrophy

Answer 24

Abnormal enlargement of muscles

Question 25

Left Ventricle pumps blood out through ______ to the ______

Answer 25

Aorta, to the Body

Question 26

Stenosis

Answer 26

condition in which leaves of the heart valve adhere to each other, decreasing blood flow through valve

Question 27

Right Ventricle pumps blood out through ______ to the ______

Answer 27

Pulmonary Arteries, to the Lungs

Question 28

Oxygenated blood enters the Left Atrium from the _________

Answer 28

Pulmonary Vein

Question 29

Deoxygenated blood enters the Right Atrium from the _________

Answer 29

Vena Cavae

Question 30

Oxygen dissociation curve is the graph of the %Saturation of ________ vs. Partial Pressure of O2

Answer 30

Hemoglobin

Question 31

At P_O2=100mmHg, Hemoglobin %Saturation is:

Answer 31

100%

Question 32

At P_O2=25mmHg, Hemoglobin %Saturation is:

Answer 32

50%

Question 33

At P_O2=40mmHg, Hemoglobin %Saturation is:

Answer 33

80%

Question 34

The Oxygen Dissociation Curve is S-shaped(sigmoidal) because:

Answer 34

Hemoglobin's Cooperative Binding of O2

Question 35

Venous blood is _____nated

Answer 35

deoxygenated

Question 36

Arterial blood is _____nated

Answer 36

oxygenated

Question 37

The oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the Right (lower % saturation) if:

Answer 37

Increases in Pco2, decreases in pH, increases in temperature

Question 38

The oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the Left (higher % saturation) if:

Answer 38

Decrease in Pco2, increase in pH, decrease in temperature

Question 39

In venous blood, hemoglobin ______ more oxygen

Answer 39

Releases

Question 40

At the lungs, alveolar air has Po2 of ____mmHg

Answer 40

100mmHg.

Question 41

p50 denotes:

Answer 41

mmHg where %saturation is 50%

Question 42

Fetal oxygen dissociation curve shifts ____ward compared to adult

Answer 42

shifts to the left compared to adult

Question 43

To use oxygen for metabolism, ________ has to unload them

Answer 43

hemoglobin

Question 44

Increase in CO2 = decrease in pH. This _______ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

Answer 44

decreases

Question 45

Lymphatic vessels are different from blood vessels because they lack ______ and _______

Answer 45

they lack smooth muscle around the vessel and tight junctions between endothelial cells

Question 46

Lymphatic vessels require __________ to move lymph along

Answer 46

skeletal muscles

Question 47

Lymphatic vessels are _____-directional, made possible by ________

Answer 47

unidirectional, one way valves

Question 48

To allow interstitial fluids to enter, lymphatic vessels have openings which open when:

Answer 48

skeletal muscle contraction pulls on filaments that connect lymphatic vessels and underlying connective tissue, resulting in distortion of lymphatic vessels

Question 49

Filtrate in lymphatic vessels rejoins the blood circulation at:

Answer 49

at where the thoracic duct joins with the brachiocephalic vein

Question 50

Caffeine inhibits _____ actitivity

Answer 50

ADH activity

Question 51

ADH works directly on the __________, by __________ its permeability to _______

Answer 51

collecting duct, increasing, water

Question 52

ADH secretion is triggered by___________

Answer 52

high plasma osmolarity = high concentration

Question 53

Hardy-Weinberg equation fail to apply when: 5 cases

Answer 53

mutation, gene migration, nonrandom mating, genetic drift, natural selection

Question 54

Genetic drift

Answer 54

change in gene frequency due to random sampling