high/middle/low income countries Flashcards
define world bank
is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital projects. It classifies countries based on their income levels of low, lower-middle, upper-middle and high
define gross national income
the value of a country’s total annual income, expressed in US dollars, and divided by it’s population to indicate the average income of the country’s citizens
characteristics of high-income countries
- availability of social support
- established infrastructure
- good trade links
- food security
- access to water and sanitation
- equal opportunities for men and women
characteristics of middle-income countries
- experiencing economic growth
- some essential resources
- urban infrastructure needs to improve
- increased urban growth
- improve trade and economy
- developing infrastructure and institutions
characteristics of low-income countries
- debt (mismanaged)
- lack of social support
- low levels of educational attainment
- high population growth
- poor access to water and sanitation
- lower agricultural activity
economic characteristics
- level of debt
- income
- trade
- poverty
- welfare support
- industry
environmental characteristics
- infrastructure
- clean water
- improved sanitation
- food security
- agricultural activity
- energy use
social characteristics
- social support
- employment
- birth rates
- education levels
- healthcare system
- access to technology
- legal and political systems
- living standards
- social justice
what are factors contributing to similarities and differences in health status
- access to safe water
- sanitation
- poverty
- global marketing
- inequality and discrimination
access to safe water
- adequate access to clean drinking water reduces spread of illness
- quality and availability
- children in drought can spend hrs collecting water
- lack sufficient water to grow crops/keep livestock
sanitation
- washing, cooking, going to the toilet
- lack of developed sewerage systems and insufficient knowledge about spread of infectious diseases
- regular collection and safe disposal of rubbish
poverty
- lack of access to food, services and essential goods
- country experiencing poverty can’t provide basic human requirements
- poorest people have the worst health status
inequality and discrimination
- high-income countries have laws and regulations to fight discrimination- race, religion, sex, sexual orientation
- people in low-income countries might not experience what should be their guaranteed human rights
global marketing - tobacco
- tobacco companies target vulnerable low-income
- low/middle income countries are easy targets as their governments don’t have laws to regulate the sale of tobacco
- don’t have health promotion organisations to advocate
global marketing - alcohol
- low/middle income countries are vulnerable to social consequences - poverty, under nutrition, violence
- vulnerable population groups are exposed to persuasive marketing techniques
- increased production, availability and distribution
