health and human development/sustainability Flashcards
define sustainability
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generatioms to meet their own needs
explain social sustainability
is about equitably meeting and promoting the needs of all people now and in the future
eg. social support systems, high employment, investing in education, development of healthcare systems, sustainable birth rates
explain economic sustainability
involves the efficient and responsible use of available resources to ensure that all financial obligations over time can be met
eg. managing debt, increasing incomes, increasing opportunities for trade, building industry, increasing opportunities for employment
explain environmental sustainability
involves making decisions and implementing practices that minimise the degradation of the planet and having awareness of natural resources and fragility of the natural environment
eg. responsible development of infrastructure, responsible use of non-renewable resources and energy, responsible agricultural productivity, reducing emissions
define human development - need to know 3 elements
Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding peoples choices and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.
define the human development index
is a measurement system that attempts to reflect the level of human development being experienced in different countries and regions
how are countries classified using the HDI
Countries are classified into 1 of 4 clusters of achievement
- very high HD (HDI of 0.800 or above)
- high HD (HDI of 0.700 - 0.799)
- medium HD (HDI of 0.500 - 0.699)
- low HD (HDI of less than 0.500)
Name the 3 dimensions of HDI
- a long and healthy life
- knowledge
- a decent standard of living
Name and explain each of the 4 indicators of HDI
- life expectancy at birth: an indication of how long a person can expect to live
- mean years of schooling: the average number of years of school completed by people aged 25 and over
- expected years of schooling: the total number of years of schooling expected for a child of school entry age
- GNI per capita
advantages of the HDI
- it provides a more accurate measure than simply using income or life expectancy
- provides a way of measuring human development and enabling comparisons
- it’s a single statistical measure allowing clear and accurate evaluations to be made
- global patterns and progress can be observed from the HDI data over time.
limitations of HDI
- not all countries receive a HDI ranking and data may not be available, is estimated or difficult to confirm
- it’s not a complete measure of HD as it doesn’t include indicators such as gender equality or human rights
- data sourced from the low-income countries may be unreliable and difficult to confirm as countries use different methods to measure key components.
- GNI does not measure unequal distribution of income within a country
climate change - definition and cause
is the increasing temperature of the planet due to the burning of fossil fuels for energy, which increases the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. It impacts rising sea levels, changing weather patterns and extreme weather events - which reduces clean air and water therefore negatively impacting agricultural activity.
conflict and mass migration - definition and cause
- Conflict is the disturbance of peace that is often created through violence such as war. It can destroy the physical environment and infrastructure, therefore leaving many people displaced and without a home.
- Mass migration is when a majority of people are forced to flee their homes due to conflict, persecutions and natural disasters. Many migrants spend years living in refugee camps adding extra demand on resources.
world trade and tourism - definition and cause
- World trade is the exchange and transport of goods and services between countries. It has the potential to increase economic security in low-middle income countries, and increased trade generates more income.
- Tourism is the opportunities to travel to different locations around the world. It brings income, provides jobs and creates new markets for goods and services.
Both of these increase pollution
digital technologies - definition and cause
technology is making our world more interconnected and making information more available and accessible. More health knowledge and data are able to be shared in short periods of time through digital technologies.
