HHI

Question 1

Happy Planet Index

Answer 1

Measures how well nations are doing at achieving long happy sustainable lives. Score between zero - 100. Experienced well being x life expectancy/ecological footprint.

Question 2

Sharia law

Answer 2

Believed converting from Islam should be punished by death, prioritizing religion, less gender equality. Examples include Sudan, Iran, Nigeria, Saudi and Afghanistan.

Question 3

Bhutans philosophy of gross national happiness.

Answer 3

Carbon neutral, 62% forest cover at all times, currently at 72%. Preservation of culture, parliamentary democracy established.

Question 4

Why is education important to development?

Answer 4

• Increases the value of human capital.
• better understanding of human rights, so people are more likely to assert their rights.
• Better understanding of how to take care of themselves and their family.
• Unskilled work can be dangerous.

Question 5

Relationship between education and life expectancy.

Answer 5

In 2011 Italy had a 99% literacy rate with a life expectancy of 82.2 years. In contrast, Chad had a literacy rate of 35.4% and a life expectancy of 56.9.

Question 6

Why does access to education vary globally?

Answer 6

Different countries view the importance of Education in different ways, education varies in cost, conflict and natural disasters,

Question 7

How many girls are not in education globally?

Answer 7

130 million.

Question 8

Hans Rosling

Answer 8

Holds the view that improvements in health and life expectancy are a significant goal for development.

Question 9

Regional and ethnic variations in life expectancy in Australia.

Answer 9

In 2017 life expectancy at birth was 75.6 years for indigenous males and 80.2 years for non indigenous males.
Infant mortality rates were twice as high for indigenous people.

Question 10

Variations in life expectancy in India.

Answer 10

80% of poor people in India live in rural areas. They have less access to important services, such as clean water.

Question 11

The caste system in India.

Answer 11

Every year, over 24,000 lower class people are harmed or killed due to their social standing.
By the time they are 11, 70% of children have dropped out of school.

Question 12

Differences in life expectancy within the uk.

Answer 12

The North South divide, the Glasgow effect. Poor people have unhealthy habits. Poor people tend to live in the same places.

Question 13

Types of government and development.

Answer 13

The type of government can influence levels of social spending and development. Welfare states will have high levels of social spending and totalitarian regimes will have low levels of social spending. This will influence the levels of Education, Health and human rights.

Question 14

IGOs view of development.

Answer 14

A neoliberal approach where economic development is based on free trade, privatization and deregulation of capital markets.
However, this may benefit businesses and TNCS more than ordinary people and create inequalities. Furthermore, rural areas may miss out on economic growth and development.

Question 15

Which of the MDG’s were achieved by 2015?

Answer 15

1: halve the proportion of people in poverty.
2: all regions had achieved or were close to gender parity in primary education.
6: 3.3 million deaths from malaria were prevented.

Question 16

Define human rights

Answer 16

Inalienable and fundamental rights, to which a person is inherently entitled simply because they are a human being.

Question 17

UDHR.

Answer 17

The universal Declaration of human rights. was signed in 1948 by 48 nations.
not legally binding at an international level.
Countries have used it as a justification for military action.
basis for other human rights covenants

Question 18

ECHR.

Answer 18

The European Convention on Human Rights. is a legally binding document.,
Many see it as erasure of national sovereignty.- our ability to rule how we see fit.

Question 19

The Geneva conventions.

Answer 19

Former basis on international law for prosecuting individuals.
endorsed by 196 countries.
universally ratified.
Hard to avoid harming civilians.
141 countries still use torture.

Question 20

Some states frequently invoke human rights in international forums, eg USA.

Answer 20

• Expressing concerns about the lack of rights in Cambodia.
• ensuring council could gather evidence about human rights in Yemen.
• sponsoring focus on violations in Syria.

Question 21

Prioritizing economic development over human rights in Bangladesh.

Answer 21

Rana Plaza factory - 1,100 workers died when the factory collapsed in 2013.
In 2000 and 12 the textile industry accounted for 45% of employment.

Question 22

Human rights variations within Australia.

Answer 22

The ATSI people. Aboriginal children removed from parents not. allowed to vote until 1967. less likely to have completed secondary education.. The closing the gap initiative: increased number of ATSI teachers aiming to halve the gap in child mortality

Question 23

Women’s rights in Afghanistan.

Answer 23

Not allowed in education, passports, cannot leave the house without male chaperone, no women’s shelters so they go to prison for protection. Progress: 23% increase in girls in schools. plus 10 years life expectancy.

Question 24

What are the different geopolitical interventions used in defence of human rights?

Answer 24

Military aid and action, diplomacy, development aid, economic sanctions.

Question 25

Example of development aid.

Answer 25

In 1970 it was suggested that wealthy countries should give 0.7% of their gni to development aid.

Question 26

Economic sanctions example / trade embargoes.

Answer 26

In the 1980s the U. N imposed an embargo on oil and military supplies to South Africa to end the system of apartheid

Question 27

Military aid example.

Answer 27

In 2014 $1.4 billion was given to Egypt to help it fight Isis.

Question 28

National sovereignty

Answer 28

The idea that each nation has a right to govern itself without interference from other nations.

Question 29

Example of military action.

Answer 29

In 2011 NATO forces backed by the U. N undertook bombing raids against Libya’s government forces.

Question 30

Advantages of development aid

Answer 30

• can address the impacts of hazards e.g Haiti earthquake. (providing. 32,000 farmers with seeds)
• Help dealing with preventable diseases. EG, malaria in Cambodia. 548 million insecticidal nets distributed.
• Improving human rights.
• Decreasing inequalities.

Question 31

Disadvantages of development aid.

Answer 31

• Aid encourages dependency. however, aid dependence in Mozambique fell from 67% in 1992 to 12% in 2014.
• A lot of aid is tied aid, which benefits the recipient over the donor. EG Pergau Dam in Malaysia. (built by british companies)
• Negative environmental impacts

Question 32

Costs and benefits of oil exploration in the Niger Delta.

Answer 32

• life expectancy lower than the rest of Nigeria.
• 2976 oil spills between 1976 and 1991.
• drinking water in the Niger Delta contains carcinogens 900 times above WHO guidelines.
• However, increased employment and development of infrastructure.

Question 33

Why is democracy seen as a useful measure of success?

Answer 33

Moving from dictatorship to democracy often leads to other changes, including economic growth and the advancement of women’s rights and well being.

Question 34

Evidence that democracy aid works.

Answer 34

36 out of 57 countries that became democracies between 1980 and 1995 received democracy aid from the USA.
Between 1996 and 2000 the USA provided over $18 million in democracy aid to Guatemala, which then became a democracy. This money was spent on training government officers, rebuilding the justice system, and developing anti corruption measures.

Question 35

Evidence that China puts economic growth ahead of human rights

Answer 35

No freedom of religion - torture to uyghur Muslims
No workers rights
death penalty
restrictions on political freedom.

Question 36

Direct military intervention in Iraq.
“War on terror.”

Answer 36

Justification - Saddam Hussein was a dictator., many human rights abuses, preventing development of country, weapons of mass destruction. Protecting US’s interests in oil in the Middle East.

Question 37

Military intervention in Iraq successful

Answer 37

• HDI increased in 18 years.
• First Free Democratic election in 2000 and five.
• US selling off oil fields.
• GDP per capita increased by more than five times.

Question 38

Military intervention in Iraq, not necessarily / unsuccessful.

Answer 38

Weapons of mass destruction were never found.
Unemployment rates stay the same.
Approximately 20,000 people killed due to friendly fire from US forces.
US spent $728 billion on the war over 9 years.

Question 39

Use of torture - Guantanamo Bay.

Answer 39

• nine people died in custody.
• force feeding of hunger strikers.
• abuse of religion.
• USA defends continued existence by saying people in there are terrorists .
• There are only thirty people there currently.

Question 40

Indirect military intervention in Saudi Arabia by the UK.

Answer 40

£43 billion in arms deals from 1985 to 2010.
Ensure the UK’s access to valuable resources.
However, the uk is harming its international reputation and does not really have that much influence over Saudi.

Question 41

Timor-leste non military intervention.

Answer 41

1999-2012 The U. N sent a peacekeeping force to restore calm. the UN trained police officers there.

advantages - elections in 2012 resulted in a peaceful transition of power. Police officers are now trained. Life expectancy has increased from 46 to 68.
Disadvantages - only 35% of people completed secondary education. Political accusations of corruption

Question 42

Zimbabwe no military action.

Answer 42

President Mugabe - dictator ordered military operations within Zimbabwe, resulting in thousands of civilians’ deaths.
EU imposed an embargo on arms and military goods in 2002.
43% of Zimbabweans live below the national poverty line
Top 10 largest forest losses from1990 to 2010
shows that the UN and world leaders are prepared to act in some situations but tolerate others