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Geography > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

define globalisation

A

the process by which people, culture, good or money and information can be transferred between countries with little or no barriers - the world coming more interconnected..

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2
Q

What are the four flows of globalisation?

A

Capital, commodities, info, people.

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3
Q

four flows stats

A

2019 the volume of foreign transactions reached $6.6 trillion per day.
low production costs in china
facebook had 2.9 billion users in 2021
2019 tourism contributed $2.9 trillion to global GDP

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4
Q

4 factors accelerating globalisation

A

TNCs, IGOs, transport, ICT.

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5
Q

Containerisation

A

by 1970 it was 20x cheaper to transport goods than in 1965

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6
Q

easy jet 2014

A

in 2014 easyjet carried 65million people to their . destinations

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7
Q

ICT

A

There are currently more than a dozen undersea cables between america and europe. Facebook and microsoft funding cable.

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8
Q

Role of IGOs

(trade)

A

promoting free trade policies and encouraging FDI. reducing protectionism.

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9
Q

World trade org

A

ensuring economic tensions are kept low.
advocated for trade liberalisation.
however works in the interest of the wealthy and failed to stop worlds richest from subsiding their food products which is harmful to poorer nations.

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10
Q

World Bank

A

provides funding for developing countries/ temporary loans, helping to end extreme poverty.
HOWEVER strict conditions on loans and grants and lack of success on getting all members to agree

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11
Q

International monetary fund

A

stabilises currencies, providing advice to ciuntries in need.
HOWEVER usa holds a lot of influence and imf forces poor countries to sell their assets to TNCs

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12
Q

3 ways national govs contributes

A

Free market liberalisation - encourages FDI
Privatisation - increasing efficiency. - more likely to get more money.
Encouraging business start ups. - grants to important new businesses.
joining trade blocs such as

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13
Q

chinas open door policy

A

in 1978 created special economic zones , giving foreign investors more control over their operations, reducing tarrifs.

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14
Q

Why are SEZs attractive to FDI?

A

tariff free, NO UNIONS (strikes banned), infrastructure provided by governments.

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15
Q

ASEAN

A

Promoting peace and stability
10 member states
enlarging markets.

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16
Q

EU

A

multigovernmental organisation
own curreny
freedom of movement
political unity.

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17
Q

How do TNCs contribute to globalisation? (4)

A

Outsourcing
Offshoring
Developing new markets
Glocalisation

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18
Q

APPLE

A

shares worth 1.9 trillion in 2020
800 production facilities globally, 380 in china

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19
Q

apple imacts on people and env

A

workers make $2 an hour , high suicide rates
spikes in air pollution, 137 workers injured by toxic chemicals in 2011.

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20
Q

Costs of TNCs

A

cost to host country to attract TNC
loss to local firms and multiplier effect
growing global wealth divide
environmental degredation

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21
Q

Benefits of TNCs

A

Political stability eg china
Raising env awareness - using renewables
rasing living standards - investing through FDI
Multiplier effect (theory of cumulative causation)
Transfer of technonogy and creating a more skilled workforce.

22
Q

How has glocalisation accelerated globalisation?

A

Spreads products from the west in a way that is easily consumed by other cultures, gives large TNCs advantages over local businesses.

23
Q

What three indicators are used to calculate the KOF index?

A

economic - volume of FDI
social - information flows
and political globalisation - eg. number of foreign embassies in the country

24
Q

Four indicators used to calculate the AT kearney index?

A

Political engagement
technological connectivity
personal contact
economic intergration

25
Q

What makes a place switched off from globalisation?

A
  • poor transport and communication (unnattractive to FDI)
  • lack of natural resources
  • governement debt
  • corruption or terrorism
26
Q

Costs and Benefits of isolation

A
  • no access to modern medicine
  • lack of global awareness
  • Sustainable lifestyle
  • preventing cultural erosion
27
Q

Examples of switched off places

A

North Korea - no undersea cables
dictatorship, banned most imports

Sahel - landlocked, difficult to grow crops. political instability.

28
Q

3 factors accelerating global shift

A

asian open door policies
TNCs seeking areas for manufacturing
FDI coming into emerging asian countries.

29
Q

How have TNCs helped global shift?

A

Multiploer effect, and building housing, training centres, and improving communications.

30
Q

How has china become switched on?

A

53% of its exports are produced by foreign owned companies.
China has overtaken the USA as the world biggest consumer
Chinas has over half a billion mobile phones users.

31
Q

Costs to china

A

20% of people still live on $2 a day
most degraded marine areas on earth
60% of groundwater is poor quality.

32
Q

Why is india switched on

A

outsourcing of services - call centre
in 2006 indias economic output rose by 8.5%

33
Q

4 Ds

A

Deindustrialsation
dereliction
depopulation
deprivation

34
Q

Detroit

A

4th largest city in US in 1920s
cheaper to manufacture cars in japan
detroit became bankrupt in 2013.
highest murder rates

35
Q

Why do megacities grow ?

A

advancements in medicine, better quality of life, more job opportunities, escaping conflict.

36
Q

impacts of rural-urban migration

A

less primary sec, ageing pop in rural, pollution, diease

37
Q

India rural-urban migration

A

1/3 of worlds poor live in india
double wages in cities
consequences: growth of slums
pollution, overcrowding, env affected.

38
Q

Russian Oligarchs to london

A

global property hotspot, inflating property prices, housing pressure.

39
Q

low wage migrants

A

india to uae - make up 30% of population
grows economy but loss of workers from source.

40
Q

How do TNCs, media and migration contribute to global culture?

A

tncs - dispersal of goods
media - disney movies
migration - new languages and foods

41
Q

Coca cola in Kerala

A

employs 6000 local people directly
wells dried up high levels of lead found
1 million litres of water used per day

42
Q

Changing diets in Asia

A

increasing meat consumption
methane emissons
china biggest market for processed food.

43
Q

france, china and iran against globalisation

A

france - excluding culture from trade agreements
China - imprisoning people who break internet use rules.
Iran - banning facebook and twitter

44
Q

kuznets curve

A

env degredation/ income

45
Q

Env deg

A

40% of earths surface used for agriculture

46
Q

lorenz curve

A

shows a line of equality

47
Q

gini coeffiecent

A

measures income inequality 0=

48
Q

how can globalisation increase income inequality

A

bigger tncs grow and gather larger proportions of money

49
Q

political tenions

A

increased migration 13% of uk residents born outside the uk
2010 target cutting net migration to 100,000 people/ year not met

50
Q

is globalisation sustainable?

A

growing consumer society
exploitation
resource use (transport)
50% increase in global energy use by 2035

51
Q

strategies to tackle globalisation

A

transition towns (totnes)
fair trade helps to regulate prices
ethical shopping (patagonia)

52
Q

recycling costs and benefits

A

costs - plastic waste exported , toxic fumes
222.9 tons of waste made in uk in 2016

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