HF Flashcards
What is an error?
Actions or inactions that lead to a deviation from intentions or expectations.
What is Human Factors?
Optimising how humans relate and interact with the environment, procedures, technology and other people.
What is SHELL?
Software Hardware Environment Liveware to human Liveware to machine
Types of errors:
Slips
Lapses
Mistakes
What factors contribute to an accident?
Reason Model:
Organisational
Workplace
Individual / Team
Defences
What is a threat?
Anything that requires crew attention and management to maintain safety margins.
Describe the TEM model.
Threat -> Manage
Error -> Manage
Undesired Operation State -> Manage
Cornerstones of Just Culture
- Actively seek out risk
- Support a learning culture
- Manage employee behaviour
- Focus on fixing the system
Types of safety behaviour
- Human error
(an inadvertent action) - At risk
(choice that increases risk) - Reckless
(conscious disregard for substantial risk)
How do you manage behaviours to improve the system?
Human error - Support
At risk - Coach
Reckless - Discipline
What is the Support Language?
R - Relay A - Ask I - Indicate concern S - Solution E - Emergency language
Take notice and respond appropriately
What is communication?
Effective transfer of information
Strategies for effective communication
- Make time for introductions to set tone & build rapport
- Foster a relationship with the crew
- Lead by example
- Show respect
- Encourage open & honest 2-way communication
- Check for understanding
What is SA?
The process of matching your perceptions with reality.
What are the levels of SA?
Perceiving
Understanding
Anticipating
SA is the foundation for…
effective flight path management.
How do you recover SA?
SAFE PLACE
Stabilise the aircraft
Buy time
Communicate & gather information
Types of decision making
Analytical - GRADE
(calculate optimum choice)
Cue based or Intuitive
(evaluating as problem evolves)
What is risk?
Likelihood vs Consequence
Examples of bias decision making
- Group think
- Confirmation / expectation
- Overconfidence
- Familiarity / frequency
- Selective / preconceived
Stages of team formation
Tuckman Model
- Forming
- Storming
- Norming
- Performing
- Adjourning
Strategies for building & maintaining your team
???
- At sign on or briefing?
- Before pushback?
- In flight?
- After the flight?
What is group think?
A frame of mind where ‘being part of’ the group has higher priority than independent thinking.
NTB - Situational Awareness
- Systems Awareness
- Environmental Awareness
- Anticipation
NTB - Teamwork
- Team Building and Maintaining
- Considering Others
- Supporting Others
- Conflict Solving
NTB - Decision Making
- Problem Definition / Diagnosis
- Option Generation
- Risk Assessment / Option Choice
- Outcome Review
NTB - Leadership & Managerial Skills
- Use of Authority & Assertiveness
- Providing & Maintaining Standards
- Planning & Coordination
- Workload management
What behaviour does Just Culture tolerate?
Human error and at risk behaviour.
Does not tolerate reckless behaviour.
Signs of degraded of SA
- Confusion
- Errors
- Fixation
- Not responding
- Getting quiet
- Not meeting targets
- Bad gut feel
Common circumstances that can induce ‘press on itis’
MIT study on T/S penetration:
- Close to destination
- Darkness
- Other aircraft are getting in
- More than 15min behind schedule
Workload management strategies
- Load shed
- Delegation
- Prioritisation
Crew briefing tool used by QLink
not tested
I - Introduction S - Status T- Turbulence O - Operational info P - Password
Considerations
not tested
- Safe
- Legal
- Standard
- Comfort
- Cost
- Wise
Whom do you talk to in an emergency?
not tested
Across the Comms Panel
VHF 1/2/3, HF, INT, CAB
TLAR
not tested
That looks about right
Take stock…
not tested
What do I have?
What have I lost?
What do I need?
Expand the team…
not tested
- ATC
- Passengers who speak up
- Pilots on other aircraft
How to handle a suspected Capt under the influence
not tested
- Ask RUOK?
- Call duty captain
- Stand yourself down?
Strategies for monitoring
- Passive vs active monitoring
- Understand SOPs
- Shared metal model
- Monitor for position and progress
- Observe sterile cockpit & avoid interruptions
- Flag errors
- Be alert for potential/actual breakdown in SA
How to regain SA
Verify:
- Airspeed
- Attitude
- Altitude
- Orientation
- Last ATC instruction
What is a distraction?
Something that draws attention away.
What is an interruption?
Something that takes away from the task????
Providing and maintaining standards
- Time pressure leads to unconscious shedding
- Reconstructing SA after distraction is difficult
- Abnormal situations make us vulnerable to errors
- Multi-tasking doesn’t work well
