HESI GENERAL KNOWLEDGE PART 4 Flashcards
CRANIAL CAVITY IS SURROUNDED BY:
THE SKULL AND CONTAINS ORGANS SUCH AS THE BRAIN AND PITUITARY CAVITY
THORACIC CAVITY IS ENCIRCLED BY WHAT AND CONTAINS WHAT ORGANS?
ENCIRCLED BY: STERNUM AND RIBS
CONTAINS: LUNGS, HEART, TRACHEA, ESOPHAGUS, AND BRONCHIAL TUBES
ABDOMINAL CAVITY IS SEPARATED FROM THE THORACIC CAVITY BY THE:
DIAPHRAGM
WHAT ORGANS DOES THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY CONTAIN:
STOMACH, GALL BLADDER, LIVER, SMALL INTESTINE, LARGE INTESTINE
WHAT HOLDS ABDOMINAL ORGANS TOGETHER?
PERITONEUM
PELVIC CAVITY IS ENCLOSED BY:
PELVIS OR BONES OF THE HIP
ORGANS IN THE PELVIC CAVITY:
BLADDER, UETHRA, URETERS, ANUS, AND RECTUM
CONTAINS REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
SPINAL CAVITY IS SURROUNDED BY WHAT:
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
HOW MANY REGIONS DOES THE VERTEBRAL COLUMNS HAVE:
5
WHAT ARE THE FIVE REGIONS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN?
CERVICAL, THORACIC, LUMBAR, SACRAL, COCCYGEAL
CERVICAL IS RELATING TO:
NECK
CLAVICULAR IS RELATING TO THE :
CLAVICLE/COLLAR BONE
OCULAR RELATING TO:
THE EYES
ACROMIAL RELATING TO THE:
SHOULDER
CUBITAL RELATING TO:
ELBOW
BRACHIAL RELATING TO:
ARM
CARPAL RELATING TO:
WRIST
THORACIC RELATING TO THE:
CHEST
ABDOMINAL RELATING TO :
ABDOMEN
PUBIC RELATING TO THE:
GROIN
PELVIC RELATING TO:
PELVIS OR BONES OF THE HIPS
FEMORAL RELATING TO:
FEMUR OR THIGH BONE
GENICULATE RELATING TO:
KNEE
PEDAL RELATING TO:
FOOT
PALMAR RELATING TO:
PALM OF HAND
PLANTAR RELATING TO:
SOLE OF FOOT
RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC IS WHAT REGION:
REGION BELOW THE CARTILAGE OF THE RIBS
EPIGASTRIC IS WHAT REGION:
REGION ABOVE STOMACH BETWEEN HYPOCHONDRIAC REGIONS
RIGHT LUMBAR:
REGION OF THE WAIST
UMBILLICAL:
REGION BETWEEN LUMBAR REGIONS WHERE THE UMBILICUS OR BELLY BUTTON IS LOCATED
LEFT LUMBAR IS WHAT REGION:
REGION OF WAIST
RIGHT INGUAL IS WHAT REGION:
GROIN
HYPOGASTRIC IS WHAT REGION:
REGION BELOW STOMACH BETWEEN INGUINAL REGIONS
LEFT INGUINAL REGION:
REGION OF THE GROIN
SQUAMOUS ARE CELLS WITH WHAT SHAPE:
FLAT
CUBOIDAL ARE CELLS IN WHAT SHAPE:
CUBE
WHAT ARE THE THREE LAYERS OF SKIN:
EPIDERMIS, DERMIS, AND HYPODERMIS
WHAT DOES THE HYPODERMIS DO:
BELOW THE DERMIS AND CONTAINS FAT AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE
IMPORTANT FOR INSULATION
THE OUTER EPIDERMIS IS COMPOSED OF:
DEAD CELLS
THE MOST INNER EPIDERMAL TISSUE IS A SINGLE LAYER OF CELLS CALLED:
STRATUM BASALE
THE STRATUM BASALE IS COMPOSED OF:
RAPIDLY DIVIDING CELLS THAT PUSH OLD CELLS TO THE SKIN’S SURFACE
THE DERMIS CONTAINS:
SUPPORTING COLLAGEN FIBERS PEPPERED WITH NERVES, BLOOD VESSELS, HAIR FOLLICLES, SWEAT GLANDS, OIL GLANDS, AND SMOOTH MUSCLES
SEBUM FUNCTIONS:
moisturize skin, prevents water loss, keeps skin elastic, its slight acidity provides a chemical defense against bacterial and fungal infections
Eccrine glands are:
sweat glands not attached to hair follicles
WHICH SWEAT GLANDS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THERMOREGULATION?
ECCRINE GLANDS
WHICH GLANDS REMOVE BODILY WASTE BY SECRETING WATE AND ELECTROLYTES?
ECCRINE GLANDS
WHAT ARE APOCRINE GLANDS?
SWEAT GLANDS ATTACHED TO HAIR FOLLICLES
WHEN ARE APOCRINE GLANDS ACTIVE?
POST PUBERTY
WHEN ARE APOCRINE GLANDS STIMULATED?
STESS AND AROUSAL
WHICH GLANDS SECRETE A THICKER, VISCOUS SUBSTANCE THAT IS ATTRACTIVE TO BACTERIA?
APOCRINE GLANDS
WHICH GLANDS LEAD TO THE UNPLEASANT SMELL IN ARMPITS, FEET, AND GROIN?
APOCRINE GLANDS
YELLOW BONE MARROW STORES ______
LIPIDS AND FATS
RED BONE MARROW PRODUCES _____
RED AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS AS WELL AS PLATELETS
THE PROCESS THAT RESULTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF RED AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS AS WELL AS PLATELETS IS CALLED:
HEMOPOEISIS
TENDONS ATTACH ____ TO ____
BONES TO MUSCLES
THE VERTEBRAE ARE ____ JOINTS
CARTILAGINOUS
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS HAVE SPACES BETWEEN THEM FILLED WITH :
CUSHION LIKE INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS THAT ACT AS SHOCK ABSORBERS
WHAT ARE FIBROUS JOINTS:
HAVE FIBROUS TISSUE BETWEEN THE BONES AND NO CAVITY BETWEEN THEM, THEY ARE FIXED JOINTS AND ARE IMMOBILE
FIBROUS JOINTS ARE FOUND IN THE :
SKULL
COMPACT BONES HAVE A ____ SYSTEM
HAVERSIAN
WHAT IS THE HAVERSIAN SYSTEM COMPOSED OF:
EMBEDDED BLOOD VESSELS, LYMPH VESSELS, AND NERVE BUNDLES THAT SPAN THE INTERIOR OF THE BONE FROM ONE END TO THE OTHER
WHAT ARE THE CANALS OF VOLKMANN:
BRANCH FROM THE CENTRAL CANAL TO THE SURFACE OF THE BONE WHICH DELIVER MATERIALS TO PERIPHERAL OSTEOCYTES
WHAT ARE LAMALLE?
CONCENTRIC CIRCLES SURROUDING CENTRAL Haversian canal
LACUNAE ARE:
GAPS BETWEEN LAMALLAE WHERE OSTEOCYTES ARE EMBEDDED
WHAT ARE TRABECULAE:
BEAMS OF TISSUE THAT ADD SUPPORT
WHAT IS CARTILAGE:
FLEXIBLE CONNECTIVE TISSUE MADE OF COLLAGEN AN DTHE FLEXIBLE ELASTIN
DOES CARTILAGE HAVE BLOOD VESSELS?
NO
HOW DOES CARTILAGE OBTAIN MATERIALS?
DIFFUSION
MUSCLES THAT WORK TOGETHER ARE CALLED:
SYNERGISTS
SKELETAL MUSCLES ARE MADE OF BUNDLES OF LONG ____. THESE FIBERS CONTAIN _____ WHICH ARE MADE UP OF ALTERNATING ______. THE THICKER MYOSIN FILAMENTS ARE IN BETWEEN THE SMALLER ACTIN FILAMENTS IN A UNIT CALLED A ____
FIBERS, MYOFIBRILS, FILAMENTS, SARCOMERE
ACTIN FILAMENTS ARE ATTACHED TO THE ____ LINE AND MYOSIN FILAMENTS ARE ATTACHED TO THE ____
Z LINE, M LINE
THE SLIDING FILAMENT MODEL OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION IS DEPENDENT ON:
MYOSIN MOLECULES FORMING AND BREAKING CROSS-BRIDGES WITH ACTIN IN ORDER TO PULL THE ACTIN FILAMENTS CLOSER TO THE M LINE
SKELETAL MUSCLES ARE CONTROLLED BY _____
NERVOUS SYSTEM
MOTOR NEURONS CONNECT TO MUSCLE FIBERS VIA _____
NUEROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS
MOTOR NEURONS MUST RELEASE THE NEUROTRANSMITTER ______ WHICH RELEASES CALCIUM IONS TO STIMULATE MYOSIN CROSS BRIDGING AND CONTRACTION
ACETYLCHOLINE
ACETYLCHOLINE TRIGGERS THE RELEASE OF WHAT TO STIMULATE WHAT:
RELEASES CALCIUM IONS TO STIMULATE MYOSIN CROSS BRIDGING AND CONTRACTION
HOW MANY NUCLEI DOES SMOOTH MUSCLE HAVE:
1
SMOOTH MUSCLES OPERATE VIA _____ WHICH SEND IMPULSES DIRECTLY FOM CELL TO CELL
GAP JUNCTIONS
CARDIAC MUSCLE _____ (DOES/DOES NOT) HAVE STRIATIONS
DOES
WHAT ARE NEUROGLIA
CONNECT AND SUPPORT THE NEURONS
MOTOR NEURONS USE _____ AND _____ AND CHANNELS IN ORDER TO MAKE ACTION POTENTIALS OCCUR
SODIUM, POTASSIUM
DENDRITES ARE:
RECEIVE ELECTRICAL SIGNALS FROM OTHER NEURONS ACROSS SMALL GAPS CALLED SYNAPSES
THEY ARE THE BRANCHES COMING OUT OF THE CELL BODY
THE NERVE CELL BODY IS:
THE HUB OF PROCESSING AND PROTEIN MANUFACTURE FOR THE NEURON
AXON :
TRANSMITS SIGNAL FROM CELL BODY TO OTHER NEURONS
THE SINGLE LONG PROJECTION
TERMINALS:
BRIDGE THE NEURON TO DENDRITES OF OTHER NEURONS AND DELIVER THE SIGNAL VIA CHEMICAL MESSENGERS CALLED NEUROTRANSMITTERS
WHICH SYSTEM IS DIVIDING INTO TWO DIVISIONS, THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OR THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM?
PNS
THE FOREBRAIN CONSISTS OF:
CEREBRUM, THALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUS, AND THE REST OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
FRONTAL LOBE FUNCTIONS:
VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT, JUDGEMENT, PROBLEM SOLVING, PLANNING
TEMPORAL LOBE FUNCTION:
HEARING AND LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
PARIETAL LOBE FUNCTION:
PROCESSES SENSORY INPUT FROM SKIN
OCCIPITAL LOBE FUNCTION:
PROCESSES VISUAL INPUT FROM EYES
HIPPOCAMPUS FUNCTION:
PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN MEMORY
AMYGDALA FUNCTION:
INVOLVED IN EMOTIONAL RESPONSES LIKE FEAR AND ANGER
MIDBRAIN FUNCTIONS:
ALERTNESS, SLEEP/WAKE CYCLES, TEMP REGULATION
SUBSTANTIA NIGRA FUNCTION:
PRODUCES MELATONIN
MEDULLA OBLONGATA:
BREATHING, SWALLOWING, REGULATION OF HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE
WHAT FORMS THE BRAIN STEM?
MIDBRAIN AND MEDULLA OBLONGATA
CEREBELLUM FUNCTION:
POSTURE, BALANCE, AND MUSCULAR COORDINATION
PNS RELAYS INFO BETWEEN ____ AND _____
CNS AND REST OF BODY
AUTONOMIC NS FUNCTIONS:
INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT, BODY FUNCTIONS, BREATHING, HEART RATE, DIGESTION, TEMP, AND BP
THE AUTONOMIC NS IS DIVIDED INTO THE :
SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC
PARASYMPATHETIC FUNCTIONS:
REST AND DIGEST
DECREASE HEART RATE, DECREASE BREATHING, PREPARE DIGESTION, ALLOW URINATION
SYMPATHETIC NS FUNCTION:
FIGHT OR FLIGHT, INCREASE HEART RATE AND BREATHING
INHIBIT DIGESTION, URINATION, EXCRETION
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
GOVERNS VOLUNTARY CONTROL OF SKELETAL MUSCLES
AFFERENT NEURONS CARRY:
SENSORY MESSAGES FROM SKELETAL MUSCLES, SKIN, OR SENSORY ORGANS TO THE CNS
EFFERENT NUERONS RELAY:
MOTOR MESSAGES FROM CNS TO SKELETAL MUSCLES, SKIN, OR SENSORY ORGANS
HYPOTHALAMUS FUNCTIONS:
CONNECTS NEROUS SYSTEM TO ENDOCRINE SYSTEM BECAUSE IT RECIEVES SENSORY INFO THROUGH NERVES AND IT SENDS INSTRUCTIONS VIA HORMONES DELIVERED TO THE PITUITARY
PITUITARY GLAND FUNCTION:
SECRETES GROWTH HORMONE AND HORMONES THAT CONTROL REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, CHILDBIRTH, NURSING, BLOOD OSMOLARITY, AND METABOLISM
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IS ALSO CALLED THE:
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
BLOOD VESSELS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR:
TRANSPORTING BLOOD THROUGHOUT THE BODY
ARTERIES CARRY BLOOD FROM:
THE HEART TO THE REST OF THE BODY
VEINS CARRY BLOOD FROM:
THE BODY BACK TO THE HEART
CAPILLARIES CONNECT:
ARTERIES TO VEINS AND FORM NETWORKS THAT EXCHANGE MATERIALS BETWEEN BLOOD AND CELLS
COTINUOUS CAPILLARIES ARE:
MADE UP OF EPITHELIAL CELLS TIGHTLY CONNECTED TOGETHER
LIMIT THE TYPES OF MATERIALS THAT CAN PASS INTO AND OUT OF THE BLOOD
FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES ARE:
HAVE OPENINGS THAT ALLOW MATERIALS TO BE FREELY EXCHANGED BETWEEN BLOOD AND TISSUES
WHERE ARE FENESTRATED ARTERIES COMMONLY FOUND?
DIGESTIVE, ENDOCRINE, AND URINARY SYSTEM
SINUSOIDAL CAPILLARIES HAVE:
LARGER OPENINGS AND ALLOW PROTEINS AND CELLS THROUGH
SINUSOIDAL CAPILLARIES ARE MOSTLY FOUND:
LIVER, SPLEEN, BONE MARROW
MONOCYTES FUNCTION:
EAT AND DESTROY INVADERS LIKE BACTERIA AND VIRUSES
LYMPHOCYTES FUNCTIONS:
RESPONSIBLE FOR ANTIBODY CREATION IN THE DEFENSE AGAINST INVASIVE ORGANISMS AND INFECTIONS
NEUTROPHILS FUNCTIONS:
TAKE OUT BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL ORGANISMS
WHICH WHITE BLOOD CELL IS THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE AGAINST INFECTIONS?
NEUTROPHILS
WHICH IS THE MOST ABUNDANT WHITE BLOOD CELL?
NEUTROPHILS
____ ARE MAST CELLS THAT SECRETE HISTAMINES
BASOPHILS
WHAT IS HISTAMINE?
THE SUBSTANCE RESPONSIBLE FOR ITCHING ASSOCIATED WITH ALLERGIC DISEASES
EOSINIPHILS FUNCTION:
TARGET PARASITES AND CANCER CELLS
WHICH WHITE BLOOD CELLS ARE PART OF THE BODY’S ALLERGIC RESPONSE?
EOSINOPHILS
WHICH WHITE BLOOD CELLS HAVE LOW PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY AND PRIMARILY DESTRUCTIVE ENZYMES
EOSINOPHILS
DIASTOLE IS:
THE PHASE DURING WHICH THE HEART RELAXES AND FILLS WITH BLOOD
SYSTOLE IS:
PHASE DURING WHICH THE HEART CONTRACTS AND DISCHARGES BLOOD
THE SUPERIOR VENA CAVA IS A LARGE VEIN THAT:
DRAINS BLOOD FROM THE HEAD AND THE UPPER BODY
THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA IS A LARGE VEIN THAT:
DRAINS BLOOD FROM THE LOWER BODY
THE AORTA IS THE LARGEST ARTERY IN THE HUMAN BODY AND CARRIES BLOOD FROM:
THE HEART TO BODY TISSUES
THE PULMONARY ARTERIES CARRY:
BLOOD FROM THE HEART TO THE LUNGS
THE PULMONARY VEINS TRANSPORT BLOOD FROM:
THE LUNGS TO THE HEART
PULMONARY CIRCULATION FUNCTION:
SUPPLIES BLOOD TO LUNGS
