HESI A AND P GENERAL KNOWLEDGE PART 3 Flashcards
What is anterior to the esophagus?
A. Trachea
B. Lungs
C. Bronchioles
D. Larynx
A. Trachea
The neck is _______ to the face.
inferior
The chin is ______ to the navel.
superior
The rib cage is ______ to the heart.
ventral
The nose is _____ to the eyes.
medial
The ears are_____ to the eyes
lateral
The fingers are _____ to the wrist.
distal
The wrist is ____ to the fingers.
proximal
ANOTHER WORD FOR ANTERIOR IS:
VENTRAL
Osteogenic Cells are:
the only bone cells that divide and become osteoblasts
Osteoblasts are:
cells that secrete matrix for bone formation
Osteocytes are:
bone cells embedded in the matrix
The Haversian Canal are:
tiny tubes that form a network to communicate with bones and their blood vessels
Types of Synovial Joints:
ball and socket (shoulder and hip), hinge (elbow and knee)
Epimysium:
Outermost layer
Perimysium:
Surrounds muscles fibers
Endomysium:
Deepest layer of muscles
Zygomaticus is located where:
cheek area
Zygomaticus function:
It is a muscle of facial expression which draws the angle of the mouth superiorly and posteriorly to allow one to smile.
Temporalis location and function:
primarily close the jaw while the middle fibers bilaterally retrude the mandible. Acting unilaterally, the temporalis muscle deviates the mandible to the same side.
This muscle’s action is to move the mandible up, back, and side-to-side. These movements allow the temporalis muscle to play an important role in biting and chewing food.
rectus femoris function:
The rectus femoris is the most superficial of the quadriceps muscles alongside the vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis.
The primary function is knee extension. It also assists with hip flexion. The rectus femoris can perform these two functions simultaneously
vastus lateralis function:
the largest and most powerful part of the quadriceps femoris, a muscle in the thigh. Together with other muscles of the quadriceps group, it serves to extend the knee joint, moving the lower leg forward.
vastus medialis function:
Vastus medialis, together with the other muscles that make up quadriceps femoris, extends the knee jointand it also contributes to correct tracking of the patella.
It also is active in maintaining thigh and kneecap position while walking and running.
vastus intermedius function:
Vastus Intermedius is the deepest of the four quadriceps muscles, which work together to straighten the knee. It plays a significant role in stepping activities such as climbing stairs, as well as in squatting down.
Gastrocnemius function:
the chief muscle of the calf of the leg, which flexes the knee and foot. It runs to the Achilles tendon from two heads attached to the femur.
the main plantarflexor of the ankle joint. The muscle is also a powerful knee flexor. It is not able to exert full power at both joints simultaneously, for example when the knee is flexed, gastrocnemius is unable to generate as much force at the ankle
Deltoid function:
Deltoid muscles help you move your arms in different directions. They also protect and stabilize your shoulder joint
Pectoralis major function:
Its major actions are adduction, or depression, of the arm (in opposition to the action of the deltoideus muscle) and rotation of the arm forward about the axis of the body.
Pectoralis minor function:
stabilization, depression, abduction or protraction, internal rotation and downward rotation of the scapula.
Serratus anterior function:
all three parts of the serratus anterior muscle work together to lift the ribs, assisting with respiration. The serratus anterior, also known as the “boxer’s muscle,” is largely responsible for the protraction of the scapula, a movement that occurs when throwing a punch
Both flows will always go from the VEINS, ATRIUM VALVE VENTRICLE VALVE again and then finally out of the _____
ARTERY.
deoxygenated flow will start from the ____ side and the oxygenated fresh flow will start from the _____ side of the heart.
right , left
Epicardium is:
The outermost layer and is in contact with the serous connective layer called the pericardium
Myocardium is:
The second layer of the heart including the cardiac walls which lets the blood flows in and out
Endocardium is:
Made up of the simple squamous epithelium cells and lines the inside of the heart chambers and the surface of the valves
T cells are:
lymphocytes (white blood cells) are produced in the bone marrow, then move into the thymus, which is what the “t” stands for
B cells are:
lymphocytes which are produced in the bone marrow and are the surveillance for pathogens
Thymus is:
an organ which lies behind the sternum and in front of the trachea, t cells are stored here and is at its largest size during childhood
Basophil are:
white blood cells with granulocytes, least common of all other granulocytes
Eosinophil are:
white blood cells which are “acidic loving” granulocytes
Neutrophil are:
white blood cells with granulocytes and most abundant in our blood
Plasma/Thrombocytes are:
platelets and cell fragments that do not have a nucleus but help in creating blood clotsz
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is:
secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and acts on the kidney to preserve fluid and electrolyte balance by increasing water reabsorption
Luteinizing hormone (LH) is:
secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and occurs midway through the menstrual cycle, it triggers ovulation and creates the corpus luteum
Follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) is:
secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and helps eggs mature and causes the menstrual cycle to start in females at puberty.
Prolactin is:
secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and is responsible for milk production; lactation
Estrogen is:
produced in the sex organs and promotes growth and development in females
Testosterone is:
produced in the sex organs and promotes growth and development in males
Aldosterone is:
produced by the adrenal gland and increases reabsorption of sodium ions (and eventually water like ADH) from the nephron
Oxytocin is:
secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and triggers childbirth
Serotonin is:
the main hormone for regulating mood and feelings of well-being
Pituitary gland is:
at the base of the brain, right under the hypothalamus, and is considered the “master” gland because it affects other glands in the body
Pineal gland is:
situated right between the two brain hemispheres and produces the hormone melatonin which modulates sleep patterns
Adrenal gland is:
found on top of the kidney and secretes cortisol
Parathyroid gland regulates:
the amount of calcium that flows into the blood and bones
Hypothalamus is:
an organ in the brain that is responsible for keeping our body at homeostasis, it is considered the “command center’ of the brain” and is anatomically attached to the pituitary gland and therefore controls body temp., fatigue, hunger, and thirst.
Cerebellum function:
directs motor control (muscle coordination), balance, and equilibrium
Cerebrum function:
assists with motor control and cognitive functions such as learning
Medulla oblongata function:
brain stem of the brain which connects the spinal cord to the brain; controls autonomic functions (parasympathetic, sympathetic)
Olfactory nerve function:
sensory component for the sense of smell
Optic nerve function:
registers visual information
Vagus nerve function
slows down the heart rate
Retina is:
a layer in the back of the eyeball, where visual images are formed
Rods are:
cells that are responsible for seeing in dim, dark lighting
Cones are:
cells that are responsible for color, and seeing in bright light
Iris is the:
color portion of the eye, in the image below it’s a hazel blue
Vitreous Humor is:
gel-like fluid that fills the eyeball
Fovea centralis is:
a cavity in the eye that holds the cone cells
Fallopian Tubes function:
The tubes in which the eggs travel from the ovaries to reach the uterus
