Herpes/EBV/CMV/GI viruses/HIV/Hepato viruses Flashcards
Describe Herpes simplex 1 and 2 in terms of viral structure, disease, primary vs latent and secondary infection and treatment
Structure: enveloped DNA virus
Disease: cold sores, keratoconjunctivitis, genital lesions, gingivostomatitis
Latent infection: viruses hide in nerve ganglia serving the primary lesions, held in check by cell mediated immunity
Secondary lesions: stress causes cell mediated immunity to decrease and virus remerges causes lesions usually less severe than the primary lesions
Treatment: rx to relieve symptoms but virus is not cured
Describe Herpes zoster in terms of alternate names, viral structure, and disease, symptoms, and transmission
Alternate name: Varicella-Zoster
Structure: enveloped DNA virus
Disease: Chicken pox and Shingles
Symptoms: moderately large but smaller in number vesicle type skin lesions mostly on the trunk
Transmission: droplets via respiratory tract
Describe Shingles disease process
Herpes zoster that was latent re-emerges from nerve ganglia and causes numerous, small spaced vesicles in an area served by the infected nerve ganglion
Describe Epstein-Barr virus in terms of virus type, disease caused, what cells it infects, symptoms, transmission, latent phase and dx testing
DNA virus
Disease: Infectious mononucleosis in adolescents and adults
Cells it infects: B-cells
Symptoms: Fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, swelling of liver and spleen
Transmission: oral secretions
Latent: virus may go into latent phase or be eliminated by cell mediated immunity
Dx testing: immunodiagnostic testing
Describe Cytomegalovirus in terms of disease caused, symptoms, transmission, and Lab Dx
Disease:
-congenital cytomegalic inclusion disease in children, occasionally CMV mononucleosis w/ microcephaly, jaundice and multiorgan infection
-In immunosuppressed (AIDS, cancer, organ transplant) can cause febrile mononucleosis, hepatis, encephalopathy
Transmission: baby is infected from vaginal microbiota
Dx: PCR and immunodiagnostic test
Describe Rotavirus in terms of viral structure, disease caused, transmission, vaccine availability and Lab Dx.
Structure: RNA virus
Disease: most common cause of epidemic diarrhea in infants and children
Transmission: fecal oral
Vaccine: yes
Lab Dx: PCR, immunologic test
Describe Norwalk virus in terms of viral structure, symptoms, and transmission
Structure: nonenveloped RNA virus
Disease: major worldwide cause of viral gastroenteritis
Transmission: food, water, vomitus very difficult to prevent spread
-often seen in camps, cruise ships, schools
What disease does Sapovirus and Astrovirus cause
gastroenteritis in children and adults
-less frequent than Norwalk virus
Describe the viral structure of Human Immunodeficiency virus
Enveloped RNA virus with glycoprotein 41 (GP-41) and glycoprotein-120 (GP-121) with a core of 2 strands of RNA and reverse transcriptase
What is protein 24 in HIV and why do we care
P24 is a capsid protein of HIV, it is help identify the different stages of HIV infection
What glycoprotein on HIV’s envelop binds to CD4 marker
GP 120
Where does GP-41 of HIV bind
CXCR4 or CCR5 on macrophages
What are the 2 antigenic types of HIV and where are they found
HIV-1= found worldwide
HIV-2= western Africa
True or False HIV alters the ability of CD4 cells to produce cytokines
True
How is HIV transmitted
contact with body fluids (sex, blood, perinatally)
Describe the 4 stages of HIV infection
Stage 1: viruses are replicated and shed at a moderate rate causing mono or flu like illness then becomes asymptomatic
-p24 antigen is high and p24 antibodies are starting to be produced
Stage 2 (latent phase): Last few months to several years. Low rate of virus replication and shedding, CD4 cells gradually decrease. HIV antibodies are detectable
Stage 3 (Persistant generalized lympadenopathy or AIDS related complex): Virus replication and shedding occurs at a high rate. Opportunistic infections start, night sweats and diarrhea accompany lymphadenopathy. -p24 antigen begins to elevate again and p24 antibodies diminish
Stage 4 (AIDS): CD4 <200, no cell mediated or humoral immunity -p24 antigens are elevated p24 antibodies are gone because virus overwhelms antibody production
Name some opportunistic infections typically seen in AIDS pts
- TB
- Pnuemocystis carnii
- Fungal infections
- Toxoplasmosis gondii
- Herpes type 1 and 2
- Cryptosporidium
- Cytomegalovirus
- MAC
True or False HIV/AIDS can cause dementia
True
Describe Hepatitis B in terms of viral structure, disease caused, symptoms, transmission, vaccine availability and Lab Dx.
Viral structure: enveloped virus w/ Hep B surface antigen and core w/ DNA, DNA polymerase, and Hep B core E antigen
Disease caused: acute (3-6 months) or chronic (>6 months) infection
Symptoms: anorexia, wt loss, hepatic tenderness, jaundice, dark urine
Transmission: blood or bodily fluids, parenteral route most predominant route
Vaccine availability: yes
What is the earliest marker of acute Hep B infection
Hep B surface antigen, indicates infectious state
If Hep B surface antigen is still present after 6 months what does this indicate
Chronic disease/infection
What does the presence of Hep B core E antigen (HBeAg) indicate
indicates active virus replication and the most infectious period
What does the presences of Hep B E antibodies (AntiHBe) indicate
resolution of infection and lowering of transmissibility
What does the presences of Hep B s antibodies (AntiHBs) indicate
recovery from infection and immunity, major protective antibody against Hep B
-can develop from vaccination
In chronic Hep B, does the person seroconvert
No, chronic Hep B pts do not develop Hep B s and e antibodies
Describe Hepatitis C in terms of viral structure, disease caused, transmission, vaccine availability and Lab Dx.
Viral structure: lipid enveloped RNA virus
Transmission: parenteral route
Vaccine availability: no vaccine
Describe Hepatitis A in terms of viral structure, transmission, high risk groups, vaccine availability.
Viral structure: non-enveloped RNA virus
Transmission: fecal oral route
High risk: institutionalized perons, military, day care centers, drug addicts, world travelers
Vaccine availability: yes
