hernia

Question 1

how is a large pneumothorax treated

Answer 1

needle aspiration-thoracocentesis
2. sitting of a chest drain
both procedures via 4th or 5th intercostal space in midaxillary line

Question 2

what is a large pneumothrox defined as

Answer 2

greater than 2 cm

Question 3

where is the safe triangle

Answer 3

the anterior border of the latissimus dorsi
the posterior border-pectoralis major
axial line superior to the nipple

Question 4

how is a tension pneumothorax managed

Answer 4

insert a large gauge cannula into the pleural cavity via the 2nd or 3rd intercostal space midclavicular line on the side of the tension pneumthorax

Question 5

where do diaphragmatic hernia develop

Answer 5

in normal anatomical weaknesses at attachments to the xiphoid
oesophageal hiatus-hiatus hernia
normal anatomical weakness at posterior attachments

Question 6

how do inguinal hernia develop

Answer 6

1. presence of inguinal canal in the inguinal part of the anterolateral abdominal wall
2. increased pressure in intra-abdominal area- thought to be due to chronic cough, chronic constipation, occupation lifting heavy objects, athletic effort

Question 7

where do the inguinal ligaments attach

Answer 7

attach between the ASIS and pubic tubercle

Question 8

what do the medial halves of the floors of the inguinal ligaments form

Answer 8

the floor of the inguinal canals

Question 9

what is the floor of the inguinal canal formed from

Answer 9

the medial half of the inguinal ligaments

Question 10

what and where are the inguinal canals

Answer 10

around 4cm passageways through the anterior abdominal wall in the inguinal regions

Question 11

what do the inguinal canals run between

Answer 11

a deep ring and a superficial ring

Question 12

where do the inguinal canals run through

Answer 12

the anterior abdominal wall in the inguinal regions

Question 13

what is contained within the inguinal canal

Answer 13

the spermatic cord in males and round ligament in females

Question 14

what is the processus vaginalis

Answer 14

peritoneal sac through which testes descend into the scrotum

Question 15

where is the deep ring of the inguinal canal

Answer 15

where the testis pushed into the transverse fascia

Question 16

where id the superficial ring of the inguinal canal

Answer 16

the defect in the external oblique aponeurosis where the testis passed into the superficial fascia of the scrotum

Question 17

what layers does the testes have to pass through as it descends

Answer 17

transversalis fascia, transversus abdominus, internal oblique, external oblique, deep fascia and superficial fascia

Question 18

what does the conjoint tendon do

Answer 18

the medial end of the combined aponeuroses of internal oblique and transversus abdominus, anchors these muscles inferiorly to the pubic bone

Question 19

which tendon, joins the medial end of the combined aponeuroses of internal oblique and transversus abdominus anchoring theses muscles anteriorly to the pubic bone

Answer 19

conjoint tendon

Question 20

what are the three coverings gained as the testis passes through the inguinal canal

Answer 20

internal spermatic fascia-transversalis fascia
cremasteric fascia- internal oblique
external spermatic fascia-external oblique aponeurosis

Question 21

what is the cremasteric fascia

Answer 21

a covering of skeletal muscle fibres from the internal oblique

Question 22

pneumonic for remembering the layers of the scrotum

Answer 22

Some damn Englishmen called it the testes 
skin
dartos muscle and fascia 
external spermatic fascia
cremasteric fascia 
internal spermatic fascia 
tunica vaginalis 
tunica albuginae

Question 23

what is the cremasteric fascia formed from

Answer 23

fibres of the internal oblique