hernan cortes section stuff Flashcards
What were Viceroys?
Spanish officials who governed large territories in the Americas on behalf of the Spanish crown.
What were Peninsulares?
Spanish-born individuals who held the highest social status in the Spanish colonies.
What were Creoles?
people of Spanish descent born in the Americas. They were often wealthy but had less political power than peninsulares.
What were Mestizos?
people of mixed European and Native American ancestry, forming a large part of the colonial population.
Who was Samuel de Champlain?
was a French explorer who founded Quebec in 1608 and is often called the “Father of New France.”
Who was Jacques Cartier?
was a French explorer who explored Canada and claimed the land for France, paving the way for French colonization.
Who was John Smith?
was an English soldier and explorer, credited with helping to establish the Jamestown Colony in Virginia.
Who was William Penn?
was an English Quaker who founded the Pennsylvania Colony as a haven for religious freedom.
What was the role of King Charles V in the Age of Exploration?
was the monarch who oversaw Spain’s empire in the Americas during the age of exploration and colonization
Who was Bartolome de las Casas?
was a Spanish missionary who advocated for the rights of Indigenous people and spoke out against the abuses of the encomienda system.
Who was Olaudah Equiano?
was an African writer and abolitionist who was born in slavery and later wrote a famous autobiography about his experiences in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.
What was the Mit’a System?
a labor system used by the Inca and later adapted by the Spanish, forcing Indigenous people to work in mines and other industries.
What is Mercantilism?
an economic theory that promotes government regulation of trade and industry to increase national wealth, often by creating colonies.
What was the Encomienda System?
a Spanish labor system where conquistadors were granted control over Indigenous people and their land in exchange for protection and Christianization.
What is a Peon?
a worker, often Indigenous, who was forced to work in the Spanish colonies, especially under systems like encomienda or debt peonage.
What was the Columbian Exchange?
the widespread exchange of goods, animals, diseases, and cultures between the Old World (Europe) and the New World (Americas) following Columbus’ voyages.
What was the French and Indian War?
was a conflict between Britain and France in North America, with Native American tribes playing key roles. It ended with British victory.
What was the Mayflower Compact?
a social contract signed by the Pilgrims in 1620, establishing self-government in their New England colony.
What was the Treaty of Paris (1763)?
ended the French and Indian War, with France ceding much of its North American territory to Britain.
What was the Casta System?
a hierarchical social classification system in Spanish colonies that ranked people based on their racial ancestry, from Europeans to Indigenous people and Africans.
What was the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade?
the forced transport of millions of Africans to the Americas for labor, primarily on plantations.
What was the Triangular Trade?
a system of transatlantic trade routes where European goods were exchanged for African slaves, who were then sent to the Americas, and raw materials were shipped back to Europe.
What was the Middle Passage?
the brutal voyage that transported enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.
