enlightenment

Question 1

A government where the king or queen has total control, without limits on their power.

Answer 1

Absolute monarchy

Question 2

The idea that kings get their power directly from God, so they don’t have to answer to anyone else.

Answer 2

divine right

Question 3

The idea that there are basic rules of right and wrong that everyone can understand using reason.

Answer 3

natural law

Question 4

Basic rights that people are born with, like life, freedom, and property, and no government can take them away.

Answer 4

natural rights

Question 5

The idea that people agree to give up some freedoms in exchange for protection and order from a government.

Answer 5

social contract–

Question 6

An economic system where the government doesn’t interfere much with business or trade.

Answer 6

laissez-faire–

Question 7

Enlightenment thinkers who wanted to use reason to improve society, like Voltaire and Rousseau

Answer 7

philosophes

Question 8

Economists who believed that the economy’s wealth comes from farming, and that the government should leave businesses alone.

Answer 8

physiocrats –

Question 9

Social gatherings where intellectuals and thinkers would meet and discuss ideas, often hosted by women.

Answer 9

salons

Question 10

A style of art and architecture that’s very detailed, dramatic, and grand.

Answer 10

baroque

Question 11

An economic system where prices and goods are controlled by supply and demand, with little government involvement.

Answer 11

free market

Question 11

A lighter, more playful style of art that was popular in the 18th century, with soft colors and elegant designs.

Answer 11

rococo

Question 12

The belief that God created the world but doesn’t interfere in it, and that reason and nature explain everything.

Answer 12

deism

Question 13

Someone who believes in Deism – that God created the world but doesn’t intervene in it.

Answer 13

deist

Question 14

A thinker who argued that the economy works best when businesses are free to compete without government control. He is known as the father of modern economics.

Answer 14

Adam Smith (The Wealth of Nations)

Question 15

A philosopher who believed that people should agree to follow laws that help everyone, and that government power comes from the will of the people.

Answer 15

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (The Social Contract)–

Question 16

An early advocate for women’s rights, she argued that women should have the same opportunities and rights as men, especially in education.

Answer 16

Mary Wollstonecraft (A Vindication of the Rights of Woman)–

Question 17

An author best known for writing Robinson Crusoe, a story about survival and adventure, which became one of the first modern novels.

Answer 17

Daniel Defoe (Robinson Crusoe)–

Question 18

A writer and philosopher who criticized the government, the church, and society. He is known for his sharp wit and his belief in freedom of speech and religion.

Answer 18

Voltaire (Candide)–

Question 19

A philosopher who questioned ideas about religion and reason, and believed that human knowledge comes from experience and observation.

Answer 19

David Hume–

Question 20

A thinker who believed that people are naturally selfish and need a strong government to maintain peace and order.

Answer 20

Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan)

Question 21

A philosopher who argued that people are born with natural rights (life, liberty, and property) and that government’s role is to protect these rights.

Answer 21

John Locke (Two Treatises on Government)–

Question 22

A thinker who believed that government power should be divided into different branches to prevent any one group from becoming too powerful.

Answer 22

Montesquieu (Spirit of the Laws; The Persian Letters)–

Question 23

The editor of the Encyclopedia, a massive collection of knowledge that aimed to spread Enlightenment ideas about science, politics, and society.

Answer 23

Denis Diderot (Encyclopedia)–

Question 24

The king of Prussia who modernized his country, promoted education, and allowed more religious freedom, while still keeping strong control over the government.

Answer 24

Frederick the Great–

Question 25

The Empress of Russia who expanded the Russian Empire, supported arts and education, and made some reforms, but kept autocratic control.

Answer 25

Catherine the Great

Question 26

The Holy Roman Emperor who attempted to reform his empire by promoting religious tolerance, ending serfdom, and modernizing laws, but faced resistance.

Answer 26

Joseph II

Question 27

Advocated for religious tolerance and freedom of speech.

Answer 27

Voltaire

Question 28

Monarchs who embraced some Enlightenment ideas while maintaining absolute power.

Answer 28

Enlightened Despots:

Question 29

Supported religious tolerance, legal reforms, and improved education while strengthening the monarchy.

Answer 29

Frederick the Great (Prussia)

Question 30

What is Deism and how does it contribute to the change in attitudes during the Enlightenment?

Answer 30

belief in a rational, non-interventionist God who created the universe but does not intervene in human affairs. It contributed to the Enlightenment by promoting reason, natural law, and the rejection of traditional religious authority.

Question 31

How did music, art, and literature change as a result of the Enlightenment?

Answer 31

Music became more structured and formal, with composers like Bach and Mozart. Art moved towards Neoclassicism, focusing on reason, clarity, and symmetry. Literature became more focused on reason, individualism, and satire, with writers like Voltaire and Rousseau.

Question 32

What are salons and who participated in them?

Answer 32

Salons were gatherings of intellectuals, artists, and writers, usually hosted by women in private homes. They played a significant role in the spread of Enlightenment ideas, fostering discussions on politics, philosophy, and society.

Question 33

What are some specific ways in which the “Enlightened Despots” enacted change?

Answer 33

Enlightened despots, like Catherine the Great and Frederick the Great, enacted reforms such as promoting education, legal reform, and religious tolerance. They also modernized economies and bureaucracies to increase their control and effectiveness.

Question 34

How did Catherine the Great and Frederick the Great use the Enlightenment to their advantage?

Answer 34

Catherine the Great used Enlightenment ideas to justify her expansionist policies and reforms, though she did not fully implement them. Frederick the Great reformed the legal system, promoted education, and simplified the administration, using Enlightenment principles to consolidate his power and strengthen the state.

Question 35

Where did the concept of coffeehouses originate?

Answer 35

Coffeehouses originated in the Middle East, particularly in the Ottoman Empire, before spreading to Europe in the 17th century.

Question 36

How did coffeehouses contribute to the spread of Enlightenment ideas?

Answer 36

Coffeehouses became meeting places for intellectuals and public discussions, fostering the exchange of ideas on politics, philosophy, and science. They were key to the spread of Enlightenment thought across Europe.

Question 37

Why would the middle and professional urban class be the main audience for Enlightenment works and ideas?

Answer 37

The middle and professional urban class had the education, leisure time, and financial means to engage with Enlightenment ideas. They were also seeking social and political reforms that aligned with the Enlightenment’s values of reason, individual rights, and social progress.